Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Weather Lesson 2: Weather Patterns Lesson 3: Climate Lesson 4: California Climate and Local Weather Patterns Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson. 11.1 Weather weather humidity relative humidity dew point precipitation water cycle 11.1 Weather Weather Factors • Weather is the atmospheric conditions and short term changes of a certain area at a certain time. 11.1 Weather Weather Factors (cont.) • Weather factors include: – Air temperature – Precipitation – Barometric pressure – Humidity – Cloud cover – Visibility 11.1 Weather Weather Factors (cont.) • Air temperature: the measure of the average kinetic energy of the air molecules • Air pressure: the measure of pressure a column of air exerts on the air below it • Wind direction: the direction from which the wind is coming 11.1 Weather Weather Factors (cont.) • Humidity: the amount of water vapor per volume of air • Relative humidity: the amount of water vapor present in the air compared to the maximum amount it can hold at that temperature Humidity 11.1 Weather Weather Factors (cont.) • Dew point: the temperature at which air becomes fully saturated with water vapor • Cloud: water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere • Fog: a cloud that forms close to the Earth’s surface 11.1 Weather Weather Factors (cont.) Clouds 11.1 Weather Weather Factors (cont.) • Precipitation: water in its liquid or solid state—such as rain, snow, sleet, and hail— falling from the atmosphere 11.1 Weather The Water Cycle • The water cycle is the constant movement of water between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. • The hydrosphere: 96 % salt water in the oceans; 4% fresh water in glaciers, polar ice, lakes, rivers and ground Water Cycle The Water Cycle (cont.) 11.1 Weather The Sun’s Energy • Solar radiation causes water in the hydrosphere to evaporate and enter Earth’s atmosphere. • As land and water are cooled, the water vapor in the air condenses. • Water droplets form clouds and precipitation falls from the clouds back to Earth’s surface. 11.1 Weather 0% 0% 0% D 0% C What is condensation? A a process in which water changes from a gas to a liquid B a process in which water changes from a liquid to a gas C a process in which water changes from a solid to a liquid D a process in which water changes from a liquid to a solid B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.1 Weather 0% 0% 0% D 0% C What is evaporation? A a process in which water changes from a gas to a liquid B a process in which water changes from a liquid to a gas C a process in which water changes from a solid to a liquid D a process in which water changes from a liquid to a solid B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.1 Weather 0% 0% 0% D 0% C What is relative humidity? A the temperature at which air becomes fully saturated with water vapor and condensation forms B the amount water vapor the air in relation to the maximum amount it can hold at that temperature before becoming saturated C the amount of water vapor per volume of air D the minimum amount of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature before becoming saturated B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.2 Weather Patterns air mass cold front warm front season drought flash flood 11.2 Weather Patterns Air Masses • An air mass is a body of air that has consistent weather features. • Air masses get their characteristics from the surface over which they develop. 11.2 Weather Patterns Weather Fronts • A front is a boundary between two air masses of different density, moisture, and temperature. – A cold front occurs when colder air moves toward warmer air. – A warm front forms when lighter, warmer air moves over heavier, colder air. 11.2 Weather Patterns Weather Fronts (cont.) Cold Front Warm Front Weather Fronts (cont.) 11.2 Weather Patterns Highs and Lows • An area of low pressure is created when warm air rises causing a decrease in pressure close to the Earth’s surface. – Often associated with cloudy, stormy weather • An area of high pressure is created when cold air sinks causing pressure to increase as more air moves down. – Often associated with fair weather 11.2 Weather Patterns Weather Maps • Weather maps provide information on the atmospheric conditions over an area of interest. How do meteorologists predict the weather? 11.2 Weather Patterns Cycles that Affect Weather • Day and night cycles – Air goes through a daily cycle of warming and cooling. • Seasons are the regular changes in temperature and length of day that result from the tilt of Earth’s axis. 11.2 Weather Patterns Cycles that Affect Weather (cont.) • El Niño – Sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific are warmer than normal • La Niña – Sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific are colder than normal 11.2 Weather Patterns Cycles that Affect Weather (cont.) 11.2 Weather Patterns Severe Weather • Drought – A period of time when precipitation is much lower than normal or absent all together – Can cause problems, such as famine and economic depression 11.2 Weather Patterns Severe Weather (cont.) • Floods occur when water enters an area faster than it can be taken away, absorbed, or contained. – A flash flood is a flood that takes place suddenly. – Floods are the leading cause of weather related deaths in the United States. 11.2 Weather Patterns Severe Weather (cont.) 11.2 Weather Patterns What would be the characteristics of an air mass that forms over the Gulf of Mexico? A cold and dry B warm and dry C warm and humid D cold and humid 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.2 Weather Patterns Which weather scenario is most likely associated with a cold front? A clear sky and cold weather B clear sky and warm weather C cloudy sky and dry weather 0% 0% D 0% C D cloudy sky and rainy weather 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.2 Weather Patterns Which of the following is the main reason we have seasons on Earth? A Earth’s tilt on its axis B Sun’s power fluctuates annually C Earth’s spherical shape 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D Earth’s speed of revolution B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.3 Climate climate mediterranean climate highland climate 11.3 Climate What is climate? • Climate is the long-term average of the weather patterns of an area. • Earth is classified into climate regions based on temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. What is climate? (cont.) 11.3 Climate California Climate • Most of California has either a mediterranean or highland climate. – Mediterranean climates are characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. – Highland climates are characterized by cool-to-cold temperatures and are found in the mountains and on high plateaus. 11.3 Climate Climate Controls • Air and ocean currents influence the different climate regions. • Other factors include: – Distribution of land and water – Presence or absence of mountain barriers – Altitude – Latitude 11.3 Climate Climate Controls (cont.) 11.3 Climate Land and Water • Land surfaces heat and cool rapidly whereas ocean surfaces heat and cool slowly. The average daytime temperature increases as you move away from coastal areas. 11.3 Climate Ocean Currents • Ocean currents help to redistribute heat from Sun’s energy on Earth. – The Gulf Stream moves warm water away from the equator and carries the heat to higher latitudes. – The cold California Current carries cold water off the California coast. Ocean Currents 11.3 Climate Prevailing Winds • A prevailing wind is a wind that blows most often across a particular area. 11.3 Climate What are the characteristics of a mediterranean climate? A mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers B cold, dry winters and hot, wet summers C mild, dry winters and hot, wet summers 0% 0% D 0% C D mild, wet winters and cool, dry summers 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.3 Climate D C Why do oceans affect the climate of an area? A more solar energy is absorbed by oceans than by land B land surfaces heat up and cool slower than ocean surfaces C ocean surfaces heat up and cool slower than land surfaces 0% 0% 0% 0% D land surfaces help to redistribute heat and oceans do not B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.3 Climate Of the following, would you expect to find the lowest afternoon temperature in July? A Bakersfield B Death Valley C Santa Barbara D Palm Springs 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns rain shadow mountain breeze sea breeze Santa Ana wind land breeze valley breeze 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns California Climates • The climate of California is influenced by: – Pacific Ocean – Sierra Nevada Mountains – Prevailing westerly winds • Highland climates are found locations at high elevation. • Locations that are at lower elevations generally have a mediterranean climate. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns Seasonal Changes in California • California has mild, wet winters and dry, warm summers. – California’s rainy season is typically from November to March. – California’s dry season is also referred to as fire season. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns California’s Fog Belts • During summer, warm air masses position offshore. • The westerlies transport air and moisture toward the California coast. • When the air mass travels over the cold water of the California Current, the temperature cools to the dew point and moisture condenses to form coastal fog. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns California’s Rain Shadows • A rain shadow is an area of low rainfall on the downwind slope of a mountain. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns Sea Breezes • A sea breeze is a wind blowing from the sea to the land and generally occurs during the daytime. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns Land Breezes • A land breeze is a wind that blows from the land to the sea and usually occurs at nighttime. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns Valley Breezes • Valley breezes are winds that blow upward from the valley along the mountain slopes during the day. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns Mountain Breezes • Mountain breezes flow downward from mountains, usually at night, in wide valleys that were exposed to the sun during the day. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns Santa Ana Winds • Santa Ana winds are winds, in southern California, that are hot and dry and blow from the east or northeast toward the coast. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns 0% 0% 0% D 0% C What is a rain shadow? A an area of high rainfall on the downwind slope of a mountain B an area of low rainfall on the upwind slope of a mountain C an area of high rainfall on the upwind slope of a mountain D an area of low rainfall on the downwind slope of a mountain B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns In what season do fog belts occur the most? A spring B summer C fall D winter 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.4 California Climate and Local Weather Patterns A land breeze is a _____. A wind that blows from the sea to the land B wind that blows from the land to the sea C wind that blows parallel to the coast 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D wind that blows up a valley B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Concepts in Motion Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab BrainPOP Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Which of the following is defined as the amount of water vapor per volume of air? A humidity B relative humidity C dew point D temperature 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. Seasons are the result of _____. A Earth’s daily revolution B fluctuations in the Sun’s output C the tilt of the Earth’s axis 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D Earth’s path around the sun B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. What are the characteristics of a highland climate? A cool-to-cold temperatures; occurs in the valleys B warm temperatures; occurs in the mountains C warm temperatures; occurs in the valleys 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D cool-to-cold temperatures; occurs in the mountains B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. The _____ are sometimes fiercely hot and gusty winds that usually blow from the mountain passes and canyons of southern California. A Santa Ana winds B Mono wind C sea breezes 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D valley breezes B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. Which of the following statements is true? A Cold air can hold more moisture than warm air. B Condensation forms when the air temperature reaches the dew point. C Relative humidity is the amount of kinetic energy in the air. 0% 0% 0% D 0% C D Air becomes fully saturated with water vapor at the relative humidity. B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.e Which best describes precipitation that freezes to form small ice pellets close to Earth’s surface? A rain B sleet C hail D snow 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 2.d What is the leading cause of weather related deaths in the United States? A landslides B tornadoes C flash floods D lightning 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.d What are El Niño’s affects on California weather? A drier than normal weather B wetter than normal weather C colder than normal weather 0% 0% D 0% C D warmer than normal weather 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.e Which of the following has the greatest effect on California’s climate? A Gulf Stream B Polar Jet Stream C Alaska Current D California Current 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. SCI 4.e Which type of wind results from the land being heated during the day? A sea breeze B land breeze C Santa Ana D valley breeze 0% 0% D 0% C 0% B A B C D A 1. 2. 3. 4. Image Bank Image Bank Interactive Table Interactive Table (cont.)