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VADEMECUM Rome free The www.mariamilani.com Rome at a Glance Time-line & Notes Rulers 1000-800BC Fall of Troy. Aeneas escapes for Italy and founds Lavinium. Aeneas' son Ascanius founds Alba Longa at a site near the future Rome. 10 generations after Ascanius, Amulius steals the kingdom from his brother Numitor and forces Numitor's daughter Rhea Silvia, future mother of Romulus and Remus, to become a Vestal Virgin. Rhea Silvia hides the boys in a basket and sends it down the Tiber river where they are found by a She Wolf (probably a prostitute actually) and a shepherd called Faustulus. Romulus and Remus avenge their uncle and mother and leave Alba Longa to found their own city - Rome. 21st or 24th of April 753BC ? Rome founded by Romulus. Romulus (753-715BC) Founder and first King of Rome Class structure of the population. Ruling structure was King, Senate, Citizens. Citizens of Rome divided into Patricians, Clients, Slaves and Plebeians Elders of Patrician families (the nobility) are Senators (from "senex", meaning "old"). State affairs Rome founded "Ab Urbe Condita". Romulus invites all who wish to come to become citizens. Myth of women kidnapped from the nearby Sabines (probably alluding to taking of the salt trade). Peace made with the Sabines who settle on the Palatine. The "first" families are the nobles or Patricians. Only they have Roman citizenship. 700BC Six kings of Rome after Romulus: Debut of the 43 years of Numa Pompilius gods Jupiter, Mars, Janus and Terminus. (715-673BC) A belligerent soand-so who taught his subjects the art of war but forgot to worship the gods. Tullus Hostilius. 650 BC Ancus Martius A Sabine elected by the Romans (673-642BCC) 3rd King of Rome (642-617BC) 4th King of Rome Grandson of Numa Pompilius (2nd King). Made the Etruscan Tarquinius Priscus tutor of his sons. 600 BC First of the Estruscan kings of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (616-579BC) - peace. Temple of Janus on Capitol with doors closed in times of peace. Became ruler of Alba Longa also. Alba Longa destroyed and citizens moved to Rome. Was pious and fortified the city. City of Ostia founded at the Tiber's mouth to the Mediterranean. Overcame the Etruscans and conquered other surrounding tribes. Other Events Prominent persons Romulus kills his brother Remus in a fight as they plough the sacred furrow (Pomoerium) round the city. Romulus remains sole ruler of the new city. Treachery of Tarpeia allows the Sabines to enter the city but the Sabine women force peace. 715 BC Romulus dies. He appears in a vision predicting that Rome will be capital of the world. Set the foundations of worship of the gods and cultivation of the land. Land is subdivided. Picked a war with Alba Longa. The war was decided by a fight between the Horatii and Curiatii brothers. Tablets published with rules of proper worship. Opening of trade routes by sea First bridge across the Tiber Creation of the religious figurehead and title "Pontifex Maximus" now held by the Pope. Urban development: - The Capitol - The city sewers - Circus Maximus Homer, poet (800BC). Greek writer of the Iliad and Odissey: the roots of western literature. 8 centuries later Emperor Augustus gets the poet Virgil to produce a well written sequel: the Aeneid - linking his Julio Claudian dynasty to the very founding of Rome and the gods themselves. ROME: Art and Architecture Remains of shepherd huts and settlements found around the Palatine and Capitoline hills dating back to the 10th century BC. Tomb of Romulus - "Lapis Niger" plaque placed by Julius Caesar in the Forum The Pantheon is built 8 centuries later by Augustus on the spot from which Romulus' spirit supposedly transformed into an eagle and flew up to join the gods. Tarpeian Rock on the Palatine reminds us of Tarpeia's treachery & punishment. The Capitol The Cloaca Maxima sewers The mouth of truth (bocca della VADEMECUM Rome free Rome. an Etruscan who came from the north and settled in Rome. Father of Lucius Tarquinius (Superbus) 550 BC Good king Servius never forgot his humble origins. Servius Tullius (579-535BC) - a End of the Kings of Rome. Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) - Tyrant (535-509BC) - Tarquinius Superbus expelled by his nephew Lucius Brutus. slave adopted by Tarquinius Priscus. Took power when Tarquinius was murdered by one of Ancus Martius' sons. Etruscan. Together with Servius' daughter he plotted and murdered Servius Tullius in the Forum. www.mariamilani.com Reform of the army. Landowners forced to join the army. Formed Comitia Centuriata Fortified Rome's defences. Tarquinius' love for war and alliance with his three sons brought many surrounding tribes to heel through force and trickery. 509 Tarquinius allies with Rome's enemies to win his throne back. Roman troops become battle hardened. Took the Etruscan symbols of power including the purple robe and bundles of rods with axe. Class structure divided into 5 levels of land ownership Division of the city into four areas. Established a census. Purchase of the sacred Sybilline books foretelling Rome's future. The Etruscan king Porsenna threatens invasion (probably actually succeeded to take the city). Peace is eventually struck when Porsenna is overawed by Roman courage. verita') is a very famous drain cover. The Circus Maximus Sybil of Cumae, seer who wrote the Sybilline books held sacred by all Romans hence forth especially when the city was in danger. Servian walls around the city (parts still visible in various points such as by Termini station). Campus Martius area for military training. Villages of Sutri and Tuscania to the north of Rome. These were Etruscan towns which participated in the Tarquinius Superbus affair. Towns still lived in to this day. 509BC - Rome becomes a republic 509BC - ? Period of adjustment as nobles fight for power. Lucius Brutus - a quasi King - Consul 500-400BC Constant war and conquest of Italy Two Consuls are periodically elected out of the "Patricians" (aristocracy) to rule jointly. In times of war and danger a Dictator is elected for a fixed term of 6 months . Rich becoming richer and poor becoming poorer. Social struggles continue between nobles and commoners. Tribunes created to represent Plebeian rights and counter-balance power of the nobility (Patricians) Position of "Aedile" created to assist the Tribunes (Julius Caesar was to become aedile 400 years later) 450 Brief rule of the Decemvirs (ten men). It is unlikely that a clear system emerged immediately to replace the king. A "Magister Populi" or "Praetor" probably took over for set mandates. Unrest as the plebeians demand land and rights in exchange for their efforts at war. The Plebeians threaten to leave Rome to found their own city. Economic development during the Etruscan epoch brought merchants, nobles and other free men of various extractions to the city: "Clients" First written laws of Rome. Published on 12 bronze tablets. Election of Tribunes given to the assembly of (Plebeian) "Tribes". The Valerio-Horatian laws give Tribunes the right to sit & listen at the Senate and Socrates, philosopher (469399BC) "Capitoline Wolf", bronze statue of Etruscan manufacture in the Capitoline Museum. It represents the She-wolf and Romulus and Remus. The archetypal symbol of Rome. VADEMECUM Rome free 390BC Records and "authentic" history of Rome begins. All previous written records were destroyed by the Gauls who invaded the city in 390. 350-300 BC Patricians and Plebeians achieve equal rights in the state. Consular power continues Deeds of Cincinnatus who was called to leave his work as farmer to serve as Dictator. He defeated the Aequians and then returned to work his small farm. Government of Rome still held by 2 elected Consuls. At least one Consul must be Plebeian. 250 Conquest of Italy brings Rome face to face with Carthage as war for dominance of the Mediterrane an seas 100 81-79 General Sulla Dictator 60 Caesar, Pompey and Crassus - First Triumvirate (division of rule of Rome by three men) www.mariamilani.com Deeds of Coriolanus Wars of Camillus against the Etruscans. 391 Etruscan city of Veii is sieged and taken just to the north of Rome. A prophecy announced that the taking a Veii would precede the taking of Rome…. 390 Rome taken by the Gauls. Romans and Etruscans allies 343-290 Wars against the Samnites and Latins (powerful Italian tribes). Roman treaties with Latin cities. 295 Roman victory at Sentinum against Gauls, Etruscans and Samnites. 281-275 War with Pyrrhus 264-241 First Punic War (against the very powerful north African city of Carthage) 216 Terrible defeat of the Romans by Hannibal at Cannae 218-202 Second Punic War 202 Hannibal defeated 149-146 Third and last Punic War 146 Fall of Carthage at the hands of Scipio Africanus 133 Spain becomes a Roman province. 108-101 Northern barbarians move south and threaten Veto measures they did not approve. Plebeians gain right to a position close to that of a Consul: "Military Tribune with Consular Powers" Aristoteles, philosopher. 384322 BC. Student of Plato and Tutor to Alexander the Great. As a philosopher he established the bases of the scientific disciplines. The Patricians (nobles) create a new position to assist the Consuls: "Censor" Law passed to impose at least 1 plebeian Consul to govern. "Capitoline Brutus", very rare bronze portrait bust held in the Capitoline Museum. Myth has it that it is of Lucius Brutus the first Consul after the kingdom. 211 Archimedes killed 123-121 Caius Gracchus proposes his social laws (redistribution of land and cheap corn for the poor). Beginning of the Social Revolts. 73-71 Revolt of the Gladiators led by Spartacus Gracchi brothers, politicians of socialist ideals. Forefathers and inspiration to all future revolutionaries. Julius Caesar, great military leader, dictator of Rome. (100-44BC) VADEMECUM Rome free www.mariamilani.com 48 Julius Caesar Dictator 50 BC End of the Roman Republic 43 Mark-Anthony, Lepidus & Octavianus (Augustus Caesar) form second Triumvirate Year 0 Emperor and Pontifex Maximus (religious leader) Augustus (27BC-14AD) Italy - defeated by the great general Marius. 88-82 Bloody civil war between generals Marius and Sulla. 58-49 Caesar's campaigns in Gaul & First expeditions to Britain 49-48 Civil war between Caesar and Pompey 67 Pirates of the Mediterranean suppressed by general Pompey 63 Cicero Consul & suppression of the Catiline conspiracy against the senate. 42 Death of Brutus at battle of Philippi 31BC Death of MarkAnthony and Cleopatra. Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) 106BC-43BC, Orator, Writer and Lawyer. His politics were generally opposed to those of Julius Caesar. Beginning of the Roman Empire. (Initially called Octavianus) IMP CAESAR AUGUSTUS 4BC Birth of Jesus Christ. 25 Tiberius (14-37) Became a Tyrant. 29AD Jesus Christ Crucified 50 End of the JulioClaudian line of emperors Caligula (37-41) Claudius (41-54) - Good guy with a stutter. Poisoned with a plate of mushrooms by his wife, mother of Nero. wanted to be an artist and went a little crazy under the strain of politics. Start of the Flavian line of emperors 100 14-16 German military campaign 27BC Emperor Octavian is renamed Augustus "The Great One". 29BC Doors to the temple of Janus on the Capitol are closed (peace). 4AD Augustus adopts Tiberius 14 AD Emperor Augustus deified. Had some brain disorder/madness Nero (54-68) - 75 Domitian is a plebeian. 31BC Victory of Augustus over Mark-Anthony at Actium 16-9 BC Annex of Gaul and Germany into the empire 69 - Year of the four emperors followed by…. Vespasian (6979) - Pragmatic soldier. Titus (79-81) Good and idealistic Domitian (81-96) Nerva (96-98) - A 43 Claudius conquers southern Britain 62 Nero's period of madness begins when he does away with his meddling mother and wife. 64 Great fire of Rome 64 Nero's persecution of the Christians. 67 AD St.Peter crucified and St. Paul decapitated. 68 Nero's suicide 70 Titus takes and loots Jerusalem 80 Dominions in Britain extended to Scotland. 85 War against the Dacians. 79 Vesuvius' eruption buries Pompeii and Herculaneum. 96 Domitian claims "God and Master" as a living god & precipitates his own murder. 101 War against the 96 Nerva chosen as Agrippa (6312BC), brother in law of Augustus. Built the Pantheon. Horace (658BC), poet. Livy (59-BC17AD), historian Virgil (7019BC), poet. Ovid (43BC18AD), poet. Generally regarded as an equal to Virgil. Seneca (3BC-65AD), philosopher and tutor to Nero. He spent a period as coadministrator of the empire during which time the empire lived a period of splendour. Pliny the Elder (2479), writer. 29BC Mausoleum (tomb) of Augustus and family. 9BC Ara Pacis altar to peace. 2BC Forum of Augustus Pantheon built by Agrippa in honor of Augustus. Quintilian (35-95), orator. Tacitus (55118). Great Roman historian. 45AD Ostia port built 52AD Claudian acqueduct & Porta Maggiore gate of Rome 64 Nero's Domus Aurea (the Golden House). Included a colossal statue of Nero which years later was moved to the Colosseum (the "Flavian Amphitheatre") and hence gave it its common name of "Colosseum" 80 AD The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) was built. 81AD Arch of Titus 81AD Domus Flavia and Domus Augustana on the Palatine Plutarc (46120) 97 Forum of Nerva VADEMECUM Rome free www.mariamilani.com Start of the "Adoptive emperors" Five good emperors good senator not cut out to be Emperor Trajan (98-117) Great Dacians. The Empire reaches its greatest size. 125 Hadrian (117138) - Fabulous. Went a little quiet when his lover died. Peace of the empire through border fortifications. Hadrian's wall in Britannia. 150 Antonine line of emperors. Antoninus Pius (138-161). Pious as his name suggests. Marcus Aurelius (161-180). A philosopheremperor. Last of the "5 good emperors". Lucius Verus (161-169) Commodus (176192) - Mad on Gladiatorial fights. Died strangled by a fighter. Septimius Severus (193211) Caracalla (198217) - Killed his brother and rubbed his name out. Antoninus the Pius brings the greatest period of peace. 164 War against the Parthians (see column of Marcus Aurelius) 165-180 Black death (Plague) epidemic throughout the empire. Commodus restarts succession by birth. 208-211 War against the Britons. Caracalla murders his brother. Victory against Persians, Rome's worst enemy. Continuous wars and rebellion across the empire. All free persons of the empire are granted Roman Citizenship ("Constitutio Antoniana") End of "Pax Romana" 200 Start of Severus line of emperors 225 Macrius (217) Heliogabalus (218-222) 250 (222-269): Severus/Alexande r/ Maximin/Thrax, Gordian I, II, III, Philip and others, Decius and others, Gallienus emperor by the Senate. Nerva adopts the Spaniard Trajan the first emperor from the provinces. Hadrian journeys throughout the empire (see Yourcenar "Hadrian's memoirs"). Birth of bureaucrats. 107-113 Trajan's Forum, Markets and Column Suetonius (70-130), writerhistorian (Biography of the Caesars). 117 Hadrian's villa in Tivoli 118 Pantheon burnt down and rebuilt to current form. 134 Hadrian's mausoleum (then transformed into Castel St. Angelo) 141 Temple of Antonino Pio and Faustina in the Forum. 145 Temple of Hadrian (on Piazza di Pietra square). 176 Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius Column of Marcus Aurelius "Colonna Antonina" Amazing portrait bust of Commodus as Hercules in the Capitoline Museum 205-270 Plotinus , Philisopher 203 Arch of Septimius Severus 204 Arch of the Argentari (money changers) 216 Caracalla thermal baths 3rd-4th centuries Catacombs of St. Callisto The Sirian sun god is adopted as state religion. The empire's borders are threatened on all sides. Germanic barbarians suppressed as they push into northern Italy. Historian and Philosopher. Pliny the Younger (62113) Juvenal (68128), poet Military rule of Rome and continuous instability and assassinations. 248 Celebration of Rome's first Millennium. Calixtus I (217-222) underlines the position of "Bishop of Rome" as head of the church. VADEMECUM Rome free www.mariamilani.com and others, Claudius II 275 300 Tetrarchy (four rulers sharing) power). Empire split into East and West. 325 Acceptance of Christianity. Shift of power to Constantino ple, protecting the West from the East. 350 Attempts to reinstate pagan gods. 375 Aurelian (270-275) a good emperor to give the long line of bad ones a breather. (275-284): Tacitus, Probus, Carus, Carinus, Numerian Diocletian (284305). Generally a good emperor. Realized the need for heavy reforms but also persecuted the Christians. Hats off to him for resigning his post according to selfimposed mandate. Enjoyed his vegetable garden thereafter. (305-324) Maximian, Constantius Chlorus, Galerius, Flavius Severus, Licinus Constantine the Great (306-337) Every bit as great as his name suggests. He definitely shaped the future of the West. (337-361) Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II, Julian "the Apostate" (361363) Valentinian (364- 272 Empress Zenobia of Palmira subdued and transferred to Rome. 274 Gaul retaken and empire reunited. 293 Significant reforms of the empire and institutions. Tetrarchy. 297 Division of the empire into manageable units. Suppressio n of revolts and security of borders. 312 Victory of general Constantine over general Maxentius. 324 Constantine sole emperor. 330 Bizantium called Constantinople & proclaimed "New Rome". Constantin e divides the empire across his three sons (who fight anyway). Paganism makes a final but brief reappearance. 375 Repeated persecutions of the Christians. Economic crises of the Empire. Edict of Christian tolerance. Reform of the army. Introductio n of cult of the emperor joint with cult of sun - "Sol Invictus" Tetrarchy introduced as a means of preventing the continuous military coups d'etat. Oriental style absolute monarch. Diogenes, History of Philisophy. 270 Building of the Aurelian defence walls around Rome. 270 Gate of Saint Sebastian onto the Appian way. Eusebius, History of the Church 300 Temple and altar to Mithras under San Clemente church. 300 Thermal baths of Diocletian 303 Decennalia column base. Heavy persecution of the Christians. 306 Basilica of Maxentius in the Forum. 306 Maxentius' circus on the Appian way Tetrarchy fails. Edict of Christian tolerance. 337 Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and baptised on his death bed. 312 Arch of Constantine 313 Colossal head & hand of Constantine in the Capitoline Museum 313 Church of San Giovanni in Laterano. 319 St. Peter's basilica (subsequently knocked down and rebuilt in its current glory). Some doors are the originals). Arch of Janus in the Forum Boarium Attempt to introduce Mithras as state religion. Pope 380 VADEMECUM Rome free www.mariamilani.com Valentinian and successors 375) Valens, Gratian, Valentinian II Barbarian invasions begin and last through the Middle Ages. Abolition of pagan cults Theodosius I, Maximus, Eugenius 400 Honorius (395-423) The Spaniard Theodosius is emperor of the Eastern Empire and manages to reunite East and Western empire. The empire is redivided on his death. General Stilicho, himself a German defends Rome from barbarian Alaric. Stilicho eliminated by Honorius as a threat to his own throne. Alaric marches into Italy. 425 Valentinian III (425-455) Romulus Augustulus Bizantine mosaics of St Constanza and St Pudenziana churches. Saint Paul's outside the walls. 391 Christianity becomes the official state religion. The supreme authority of the Pope is recognised. St. Augustin (354-430). Reconciles Christianity and Greek philosophy of Plato. Pope Celestine I (422432). The third council of Efesus establishes the cult of Mary, mother of God. Pope Leo the Great (440461) Pope recognised by emperor Valentinian III as religious head for empire of the West. First "Pope" as we know them. 450 475 AD Last Roman Emperor of the West Damasus I (366384) establishes Papal doctrinal authority on basis of succession to St. Peter. 430 Wooden paneled doors of St. Sabina basilica. 438 Mosaics in Santa Maria Maggiore church Basilica of Santa Sabina overlooking circus Maximus on Aventine hill. Wooden portal of St. Sabina has most ancient image of the crucifixion. 475 The boy emperor Romulus Augustulus is deposed. Formal end of the Roman Empire of the West. 500 Pope Felix IV (526-530) The Benedictine order is established. 600 Pope Gregory the Great (590-604). Sets foundations for secular power of the church. First 526 Church of Saints Cosma and Damiano in the forum. Mosaics. 579 Mosaic on the triumphal arch of St. Laurence outside the walls (church of San Lorenzo). 625 Church of Saint Agnes outside the walls (Sant'Agnese fuori le mura) VADEMECUM Rome free www.mariamilani.com 700 Pope Stephen justifies secular power over territories through emperor Constantine' s supposed inheritance. 800 Leo IV: Affirmation of secular and spiritual power of the Pope. "Papa Caput Totius Orbis". Pope head of the whole world. 900 Popes subjected to the (immoral) influence of their lovers. Coup by Leo III who crowns Charlemagne by surprise on Christmas day "Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" and establishes Papal (divine) right to crown (or not) 1000 GREAT SCHISM OF THE CHURCH. (Still going on). 1077 The Normans loot Rome. 1088-1099 Pope Urban II supports the First Crusade and conquest of Jerusalem. Extreme hunger drove many crusaders to cannibalism. 1100 Treaty which recognises Papal secular power in Rome. Pope Clement III (1187-1191). The Pope is recognised by the citizens of Rome as lord of the city. 1200 Innocent III 1146 Arnoldo da Brescia rebels against Papal power over Rome and proclaims a Roman republic. 1155 Arnoldo dB is executed. 1148-51, 1189-92 Second & third Crusades 1202-70 896 Bizarre Council of the Cadaver - Pope Formosus' body (9 months long dead) is hauled into St. Peter's to defend "himself" against accusations of ambition, vanity, insubordination to Pope John VIII and failure to keep faith to oath. Otho 1st Emperor of the HRE of Germany establishes emperor's right to participate in Papal elections. Abbey of Cluny founded in France. Henry IV excommunicated. Affirmation of Papal power over secular. 1054AD GREAT SCHISM of east and west. Orthodox and Catholic churches separate. Celibacy of the clergy imposed. Pope and Henry IV reconciled. The Lateran Council declares independence of the church from secular powers. 1220 - 1223 missions to northern Europe and England. Pope Stephen II (752757). Alliance with the Frankish kings. Their conversion from Arianism to church of Rome. Franks leave territorial rule over central Italy to the Pope. Pope Hadrian II (772795) Charlemag ne, Holy Roman Emperor (742-814) Leo III (795-816) Pope John XII (955-964) Pope Gregory V (996999). First German Pope. Placed on seat of Peter by his cousin Otho 3rd. Crowns Otho 3rd Emperor. Leo IX (1049-1054) First of many fights against the sale of positions in the church. Pope Calixtus II (11191124). Church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin on the Forum Boarium. Churches built: St. Praxedes, St. Cecilia in Trastevere St. Maria in Domnica. Fortification of the urban areas around the Vatican. Frescoes of the lower church at San Clemente (under Leo IV) Church of St. Bartholomew (San Bartolomeo). St Thomas Top level of San Clemente Church of Santi Quattro Coronati (the four crowned saints). Named after the manner of their martyrdom: Iron crowns of thorns nailed into their sculls. Church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere 1150 Basilica of San Saba 1200 San VADEMECUM Rome free 1300 French king Philip IV holds Popes captive at Avignon. www.mariamilani.com (1198-1216) Honorius III (1216-1227) Gregory IX (1127-1241) 1294 Celestine V (abdicates and dies prisoner) Boniface VIII (1294-1303) 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Crusades Clement V (13051314). Gregory XI (13471378) 1378: Urban VI vs. Clement VIII Papal earthly power reaches a peak: The Pope is considered God's right-handman who grants rulers their earthly powers. Lowest ebb in influence of Rome. Lowest ebb in art and culture also. Two Popes elected in 1378. 1400 Pope returns to Rome. Rome centre of the Renaissanc e. Dominican and Franciscan orders established. 1232 Inquisition commences and handed to the Dominicans to execute. Jews closed in Gettos 1300 First Holy Year Clement V recognises clerical dependency on France and moves to Avignon. 1378-1418 Great schism of the church. Pope and antiPope. Aquinas, Theologian and philosopher (1224-1274). Marries philosophy of the ancients, particularly Aristotle, and Christian theology so they work together in harmony. Dante, poet (1265-1321) Giotto, artist (1267-1337) Alexander VI (1492-1503) Borgia Pope Holy Inquisition Julius II (15031513) Leo X (15131521) - de Medici Clement VII (1523-1534) - de Medici Paul III (15341549) - Farnese family Rome continues as centre of the Renaissance 1550 Renaissance Pius V (15661572) Catholic Counter Reformation 1527 Rome is looted and pillaged by Charles V. 1500 Holy Year Pope Leo collects money through indulgences to build St. Peter's. 1534 Birth of the Jesuit order 1545 Council of Trent and the Counter Reformation (against the Protestant reform) Strong action against sale of clerical Lowest ebb in art and culture in Rome Mosaics in Santa Maria Maggiore Frescoes in Santa Maria in Trastevere Giotto (Vatican museums) 1500 Protestant reform. Rome enters the Renaissance and makes it its own Renewed Nepotism Fra Angelico, Martin V Papal and moral avant guard (1417-1431) authority over decadence. renaissance Nicolas V (1447central Italy. painter 1455) Pope Nicolas (monk) Reconstructio attracts men 1395-1455. Sixtus IV (1471n of Rome. of learning, Died in Rome. 1484) Bramante art and science to Rome. Pope Sixtus starts the great art collections (1471) architect (1444-1514). A founder of the mature Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Michelangel o (14751564) Rafael (1483-1520) Martin Luther started the Protestant reform. 1491-1556 St. Ignatius Loyola. Founder of the Jesuit order ("The Society of Jesus"). The strong political influence of the Jesuits led to suppression of the order in 1773. Giordano Bruno, Philosopher. Lorenzo fuori le mura (Saint Lawrence outside the walls) Bronze statue of St. Peter in St. Peter's basilica. 1280 Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva Rome becomes center of the Renaissance. Bronze doors of St. Peter's by Filarete. Sistine chapel (1473) & Pieta' statue (1498) by Michelangelo Palazzo della Cancelleria on Capitol Church of Santa Maria del Popolo Borromini's Tempietto on the Janiculum Tomb of Julius II by Michelangelo Rebuilding of St. Peters Raphael frescoes in the Vatican apartments Last Judgement by Michelangelo in Sistine chapel. 1550 Villa Giulia (now the Etruscan VADEMECUM Rome free becomes Baroque Inquisition continues. Introduction of the modern calendar. 1600 Inquisition continues & Galileo brought to trial. www.mariamilani.com Gregorius XIII (1572-1585) Clement VIII (1592-1605) Urban VIII (16231644) Innocent X (1644-1655) Innocent XI (1676-1689) Innocent XII (1691-1700) Wars against the infidel Turks. Height of Baroque period. positions. 1582 Introduction of the Gregorian calendar (which we use today!) Urban VIII supports France in the 30 years war against Germany and Spain. 1631 Astrology and Astronomy condemned. Innocent XI supports Austria, Poland and Venice against the Turks. 1548-1600 Burned at the stake at Campo de Fiori square. A Dominican monk who perfected Copernican theory (the sun as centre of the solar system). Caravaggio, painter. 1571-1610. Gianlorenzo Bernini, sculptor 1598-1680. Baroque sculptor and architect. Directed the works on St. Peters. Francesco Borromini, sculptor and architect. 1599-1667 Galileo Galilei delivered to the Holy Inquisition and forced to repent. museum) St. Peters dome. Church of Il Gesu' Lateran palace 1589 Piazza del Popolo Carracci frescoes in Farnese Palace 1600 Caravaggio's paintings in Santa Maria del Popolo church 1630 Bernini's awning ifor the altar at St. Peter's & St. Peter's square (1656) 1634 Borromini's church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Loss of Power of the Church. European Cultural and Artistic development moves Northwards. 1789-1799 1773 The Goethe, 1701 1700 Clement XII Capitoline Proclamation Jesuit order Turner, Baroque (1730-1740) Museum of the Roman is disbanded Shelley, fades to Clement XIV Republic in for its Keats, Byron founded by Neo(1769-1774) the wake of excessive & the "Grand Pope Clement 1726 Spanish the French political Tour" make Pius VI Clacissism, steps revolution. influence Rome a Rococo. (1775-1799) 1762 Trevi Romanticism is inspired by Rome's glories of the past. 1800 War against Garibaldi and unification of Italy. Dogma of Papal Infallibility Rome capital of Italy. Pius VII (18001823) Pius IX (18461878) King Victor Emanuel - King of unified Italy. 1798-1801 War with France. The Pope is made prisoner. 1808-1811 Rome is part of the French empire. The Pope is Napoleon's prisoner. 1814 Treaty of Vienna. The Papal state is restored. Garibaldi's annex of Rome to Italy is resisted with aid of having already been prohibited by various European states. End of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire after 1000 years. 1854 Dogma of the Immaculate Conception 1870 Dogma of Papal Infallibility 1870 End of the Vatican state and dominions. 1871 The center of inspiration for European Romanticism. Giuseppe Garibaldi, mercenary fighter. Leader of the "Red Shirts" who played a fundamental role in the expulsion of the Austrians and unification of Italy (18071882) Fountain 1790 Canova's tomb for Clement XIII First excavations of the Forum by Pius VI. Pincio Gardens by Giovanni Valadier 1887 Piazza della Republica following contour of an exedra in Nero's garden 1899 The imposing Palazzo di Giustizia (Law courts) VADEMECUM Rome free 1900 The church is recognised as an independent state. Italian postwar politics develop Bizantine complexity and instability. All focused on keeping Communism out of power. Power sharing leads to general corruption. King Victor Emanuel www.mariamilani.com Benito Mussolini + King VE Various Presidents (post war) Current President: Ciampi (pronounced "Champee") the French but eventually lost when France pulls out (FrancoPrussian war). 1922 The Lateran Treaty recognises Vatican state independenc e and awards indemnity for its lost possessions. 1965 The Second Vatican council proposes efforts to reunite Christian faiths. Pope retires behind the Vatican walls. Paul VI puts an end to the "Holy Inquisition" and changes the name of its chief organs to "Congregatio n for the doctrine of the faith" 1981 Assassinatio n attempt on Pope John Paul II Benito Mussolini. Politician and Dictator (1883-1945) Pius XI (1922-1939) Paul VI (1963-1978) John XXIII (1958-1963) John Paul II (1978-2005). First nonItalian Pope in 400 years. Pope Benedict XVI (2005-) 1885-1901 Altare della Patria (the "Wedding Cake" altar to unknown soldiers) Foro Italico (1936) EUR development of Rome (193958) Restoration of the Sistine Chapel (1994) Tombs of the Kings of Italy in the Pantheon Rome at a Glance by Please note, all information is provided to the best of our knowledge and is intended as a guide only. It is not to be used for any purpose other than personal interest and entertainment. We do not provide any warranty as to the absolute factual correctness of the contents of this document and we withhold the right to correct and amend the contents at any time. Should you feel there is any imprecision in the document's contents you are invited to inform us by contacting us through the www.mariamilani.com web site.