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Rome at a Glance
Time-line &
Notes
Rulers
1000-800BC

Fall of Troy.

Aeneas escapes for Italy and founds Lavinium.

Aeneas' son Ascanius founds Alba Longa at a site near the future Rome.

10 generations after Ascanius, Amulius steals the kingdom from his brother
Numitor and forces Numitor's daughter Rhea Silvia, future mother of Romulus and
Remus, to become a Vestal Virgin.
Rhea Silvia hides the boys in a basket and sends it down the Tiber river where they are
found by a She Wolf (probably a prostitute actually) and a shepherd called Faustulus.
 Romulus and Remus avenge their uncle and mother and leave Alba Longa to
found their own city - Rome.
21st or 24th of
April 753BC
?
Rome
founded by
Romulus.
Romulus
(753-715BC)
Founder and
first King of
Rome
Class
structure of
the
population.
Ruling
structure
was King,
Senate,
Citizens.
Citizens of Rome
divided into
Patricians,
Clients, Slaves
and Plebeians
Elders of Patrician
families (the
nobility) are
Senators (from
"senex", meaning
"old").
State affairs

Rome
founded "Ab
Urbe Condita".

Romulus
invites all who
wish to come to
become citizens.

Myth of
women kidnapped
from the nearby
Sabines (probably
alluding to taking
of the salt trade).

Peace
made with the
Sabines who
settle on the
Palatine.

The "first"
families are the
nobles or
Patricians. Only
they have Roman
citizenship.
700BC Six kings of Rome after Romulus:
Debut of the
43 years of
Numa Pompilius 
gods Jupiter,
Mars, Janus
and Terminus.
(715-673BC)
A belligerent soand-so who
taught his
subjects the art
of war but forgot
to worship the
gods.
Tullus Hostilius.
650 BC
Ancus Martius
A Sabine elected by the
Romans
(673-642BCC)
3rd King of Rome
(642-617BC)
4th King of Rome Grandson of Numa
Pompilius (2nd King).
Made the Etruscan
Tarquinius Priscus tutor
of his sons.
600 BC
First of the
Estruscan
kings of
Lucius
Tarquinius
Priscus
(616-579BC) -
peace.

Temple of
Janus on Capitol
with doors closed
in times of peace.

Became
ruler of Alba
Longa also.

Alba Longa
destroyed and
citizens moved to
Rome.

Was pious
and fortified the
city.

City of
Ostia founded at
the Tiber's mouth
to the
Mediterranean.

Overcame
the Etruscans and
conquered other
surrounding tribes.
Other Events
Prominent
persons

Romulus
kills his brother
Remus in a fight
as they plough the
sacred furrow
(Pomoerium)
round the city.
Romulus remains
sole ruler of the
new city.

Treachery
of Tarpeia allows
the Sabines to
enter the city but
the Sabine women
force peace.

715 BC
Romulus dies. He
appears in a
vision predicting
that Rome will be
capital of the
world.


Set the
foundations of
worship of the
gods and
cultivation of the
land. Land is
subdivided.

Picked a
war with Alba
Longa. The war
was decided by a
fight between the
Horatii and
Curiatii brothers.

Tablets
published with
rules of proper
worship.

Opening of
trade routes by
sea

First bridge
across the Tiber

Creation of
the religious
figurehead and
title "Pontifex
Maximus" now
held by the Pope.

Urban
development:
- The Capitol
- The city sewers
- Circus Maximus
Homer, poet
(800BC).
Greek writer of the
Iliad and Odissey:
the roots of
western literature.
8 centuries later
Emperor Augustus
gets the poet Virgil
to produce a well
written sequel: the
Aeneid - linking his
Julio Claudian
dynasty to the very
founding of Rome
and the gods
themselves.
ROME: Art and
Architecture

Remains of
shepherd huts and
settlements found
around the Palatine
and Capitoline hills
dating back to the
10th century BC.

Tomb of
Romulus - "Lapis
Niger" plaque
placed by Julius
Caesar in the Forum

The
Pantheon is built 8
centuries later by
Augustus on the
spot from which
Romulus' spirit
supposedly
transformed into an
eagle and flew up to
join the gods.

Tarpeian
Rock on the
Palatine reminds us
of Tarpeia's
treachery &
punishment.

The Capitol

The Cloaca
Maxima sewers

The mouth
of truth (bocca della
VADEMECUM Rome free
Rome.
an Etruscan who
came from the north
and settled in Rome.
Father of Lucius
Tarquinius (Superbus)
550 BC
Good king
Servius never forgot
his humble
origins.
Servius Tullius
(579-535BC) - a
End of the
Kings of
Rome.
Tarquinius
Superbus
(Tarquin the
Proud) - Tyrant (535-509BC) -
Tarquinius
Superbus
expelled by
his nephew
Lucius
Brutus.
slave adopted by
Tarquinius Priscus.
Took power when
Tarquinius was
murdered by one of
Ancus Martius' sons.
Etruscan. Together
with Servius' daughter
he plotted and
murdered Servius
Tullius in the Forum.
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
Reform of
the army.
Landowners
forced to join the
army.

Formed
Comitia Centuriata

Fortified
Rome's defences.

Tarquinius'
love for war and
alliance with his
three sons brought
many surrounding
tribes to heel
through force and
trickery.

509
Tarquinius allies
with Rome's
enemies to win his
throne back.
Roman troops
become battle
hardened.

Took the
Etruscan symbols
of power including
the purple robe
and bundles of
rods with axe.

Class
structure divided
into 5 levels of
land ownership

Division of
the city into four
areas.

Established
a census.

Purchase
of the sacred
Sybilline books
foretelling Rome's
future.

The
Etruscan king
Porsenna
threatens invasion
(probably actually
succeeded to take
the city).

Peace is
eventually struck
when Porsenna is
overawed by
Roman courage.
verita') is a very
famous drain cover.

The Circus
Maximus

Sybil of
Cumae, seer who
wrote the Sybilline
books held sacred
by all Romans
hence forth
especially when
the city was in
danger.

Servian
walls around the
city (parts still
visible in various
points such as by
Termini station).

Campus
Martius area for
military training.

Villages of
Sutri and Tuscania
to the north of
Rome. These were
Etruscan towns
which participated in
the Tarquinius
Superbus affair.
Towns still lived in to
this day.
509BC - Rome becomes a republic

509BC - ?
Period of
adjustment
as nobles
fight for
power.
Lucius Brutus - a
quasi King - Consul
500-400BC
Constant
war and
conquest of
Italy
Two Consuls are
periodically elected
out of the "Patricians"
(aristocracy) to rule
jointly.
In times of war and
danger a Dictator is
elected for a fixed
term of 6 months .

Rich
becoming richer
and poor
becoming poorer.
Social
struggles
continue
between
nobles and
commoners.

Tribunes
created to represent
Plebeian rights and
counter-balance
power of the nobility
(Patricians)

Position of
"Aedile" created to
assist the Tribunes
(Julius Caesar was to
become aedile 400
years later)
 450 Brief rule
of the Decemvirs
(ten men).

It is unlikely that a
clear system emerged
immediately to replace
the king. A "Magister
Populi" or "Praetor"
probably took over for
set mandates.
Unrest
as the
plebeians
demand land
and rights in
exchange for
their efforts
at war.

The
Plebeians threaten
to leave Rome to
found their own
city.

Economic
development
during the
Etruscan epoch
brought
merchants,
nobles and other
free men of
various extractions
to the city:
"Clients"

First
written laws of
Rome. Published
on 12 bronze
tablets.

Election of
Tribunes given to
the assembly of
(Plebeian)
"Tribes".

The
Valerio-Horatian
laws give
Tribunes the right
to sit & listen at
the Senate and

Socrates,
philosopher (469399BC)

"Capitoline
Wolf", bronze statue
of Etruscan
manufacture in the
Capitoline Museum.
It represents the
She-wolf and
Romulus and
Remus.
The archetypal
symbol of Rome.
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390BC
Records and
"authentic"
history of
Rome
begins.
All previous
written records
were destroyed
by the Gauls
who invaded the
city in 390.
350-300 BC
Patricians
and
Plebeians
achieve
equal rights
in the state.
 Consular
power
continues
 Deeds of
Cincinnatus who
was called to
leave his work as
farmer to serve
as Dictator. He
defeated the
Aequians and
then returned to
work his small
farm.
 Government
of Rome still
held by 2
elected
Consuls.
 At least one
Consul must
be Plebeian.
250
Conquest of
Italy brings
Rome face
to face with
Carthage as
war for
dominance
of the
Mediterrane
an seas
100
81-79 General
Sulla Dictator
60 Caesar,
Pompey and
Crassus - First
Triumvirate
(division of rule of
Rome by three
men)
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
Deeds of
Coriolanus

Wars of
Camillus against
the Etruscans.

391
Etruscan city of
Veii is sieged and
taken just to the
north of Rome.

A prophecy
announced that
the taking a Veii
would precede the
taking of Rome….

390 Rome
taken by the
Gauls.

Romans
and Etruscans
allies

343-290
Wars against the
Samnites and
Latins (powerful
Italian tribes).

Roman
treaties with Latin
cities.

295
Roman victory at
Sentinum against
Gauls, Etruscans
and Samnites.

281-275
War with Pyrrhus

264-241
First Punic War
(against the very
powerful north
African city of
Carthage)

216
Terrible defeat of
the Romans by
Hannibal at
Cannae

218-202
Second Punic
War

202
Hannibal
defeated

149-146
Third and last
Punic War

146 Fall of
Carthage at the
hands of Scipio
Africanus

133 Spain
becomes a Roman
province.

108-101
Northern
barbarians move
south and threaten
Veto measures
they did not
approve.

Plebeians
gain right to a
position close to
that of a Consul:
"Military Tribune
with Consular
Powers"

Aristoteles,
philosopher. 384322 BC. Student
of Plato and Tutor
to Alexander the
Great. As a
philosopher he
established the
bases of the
scientific
disciplines.


The
Patricians (nobles)
create a new
position to assist
the Consuls:
"Censor"

Law
passed to impose
at least 1 plebeian
Consul to govern.


"Capitoline
Brutus", very rare
bronze portrait bust
held in the
Capitoline Museum.
Myth has it that it is
of Lucius Brutus the first Consul after
the kingdom.


211
Archimedes killed


123-121
Caius Gracchus
proposes his
social laws
(redistribution of
land and cheap
corn for the poor).

Beginning
of the Social
Revolts.

73-71
Revolt of the
Gladiators led by
Spartacus

Gracchi
brothers,
politicians of
socialist ideals.
Forefathers and
inspiration to all
future
revolutionaries.

Julius
Caesar, great
military leader,
dictator of Rome.
(100-44BC)

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48 Julius Caesar
Dictator
50 BC
End of the
Roman
Republic
43 Mark-Anthony,
Lepidus &
Octavianus
(Augustus
Caesar) form
second
Triumvirate
Year 0
Emperor and
Pontifex
Maximus
(religious
leader)
Augustus
(27BC-14AD)
Italy - defeated by
the great general
Marius.

88-82
Bloody civil war
between generals
Marius and Sulla.

58-49
Caesar's
campaigns in
Gaul & First
expeditions to
Britain

49-48 Civil
war between
Caesar and
Pompey

67 Pirates
of the
Mediterranean
suppressed by
general Pompey

63 Cicero
Consul &
suppression of the
Catiline conspiracy
against the
senate.


42 Death
of Brutus at battle
of Philippi

31BC
Death of MarkAnthony and
Cleopatra.

Cicero
(Marcus Tullius
Cicero)
106BC-43BC,
Orator, Writer and
Lawyer. His
politics were
generally opposed
to those of Julius
Caesar.

Beginning of the Roman Empire.
(Initially called
Octavianus)
IMP CAESAR
AUGUSTUS
4BC Birth of
Jesus
Christ.
25
Tiberius (14-37)
Became a Tyrant.
29AD Jesus
Christ
Crucified
50
End of the
JulioClaudian line
of emperors
Caligula (37-41)
Claudius (41-54)
- Good guy with a
stutter. Poisoned with
a plate of mushrooms
by his wife, mother of
Nero.
wanted to be an artist
and went a little crazy
under the strain of
politics.
Start of the
Flavian line
of emperors
100

14-16
German military
campaign

27BC
Emperor Octavian
is renamed
Augustus "The
Great One".

29BC
Doors to the
temple of Janus
on the Capitol are
closed (peace).

4AD
Augustus adopts
Tiberius

14 AD
Emperor Augustus
deified.
Had some brain
disorder/madness
Nero (54-68) -
75
Domitian is a
plebeian.

31BC
Victory of
Augustus over
Mark-Anthony at
Actium

16-9 BC
Annex of Gaul and
Germany into the
empire
69 - Year of the
four emperors
followed by….
Vespasian (6979) - Pragmatic
soldier.
Titus (79-81) Good and
idealistic
Domitian (81-96)
Nerva (96-98) - A

43
Claudius
conquers
southern Britain

62 Nero's
period of madness
begins when he
does away with his
meddling mother
and wife.

64 Great
fire of Rome

64 Nero's
persecution of
the Christians.

67 AD
St.Peter crucified

and St.
Paul decapitated.

68 Nero's
suicide

70 Titus
takes and loots
Jerusalem

80
Dominions in
Britain extended to
Scotland.

85 War
against the
Dacians.

79
Vesuvius' eruption
buries Pompeii
and Herculaneum.

96
Domitian claims
"God and Master"
as a living god &
precipitates his
own murder.

101 War
against the

96 Nerva
chosen as

Agrippa (6312BC),
brother in law
of Augustus.
Built the
Pantheon.
 Horace (658BC), poet.
 Livy (59-BC17AD),
historian
 Virgil (7019BC), poet.
 Ovid (43BC18AD), poet.
Generally
regarded as
an equal to
Virgil.
 Seneca
(3BC-65AD),
philosopher
and tutor to
Nero.
He spent a period
as coadministrator of
the empire during
which time the
empire lived a
period of
splendour.
 Pliny the
Elder (2479), writer.




29BC
Mausoleum (tomb)
of Augustus and
family.

9BC
Ara Pacis altar to
peace.

2BC Forum
of Augustus

Pantheon
built by Agrippa in
honor of Augustus.
Quintilian
(35-95),
orator.
Tacitus (55118). Great
Roman
historian.

45AD Ostia
port built

52AD
Claudian acqueduct
& Porta Maggiore
gate of Rome

64 Nero's
Domus Aurea (the
Golden House).
Included a colossal
statue of Nero
which years later
was moved to the
Colosseum (the
"Flavian
Amphitheatre") and
hence gave it its
common name of
"Colosseum"

80 AD The
Colosseum (Flavian
Amphitheatre) was
built.

81AD Arch
of Titus

81AD Domus
Flavia and Domus
Augustana on the
Palatine
Plutarc (46120)

97 Forum of
Nerva
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Start of the
"Adoptive
emperors" Five good
emperors
good senator not
cut out to be
Emperor
Trajan (98-117) Great
Dacians.

The
Empire reaches
its greatest size.
125
Hadrian (117138) - Fabulous.
Went a little quiet
when his lover
died.

Peace of
the empire
through border
fortifications.

Hadrian's
wall in Britannia.
150
Antonine line
of emperors.
Antoninus Pius
(138-161). Pious
as his name
suggests.
Marcus Aurelius
(161-180). A
philosopheremperor. Last of
the "5 good
emperors".
Lucius Verus
(161-169)
Commodus (176192) - Mad on
Gladiatorial fights.
Died strangled by
a fighter.
Septimius
Severus (193211)
Caracalla (198217) - Killed his
brother and
rubbed his name
out.

Antoninus
the Pius brings the
greatest period
of peace.

164 War
against the
Parthians (see
column of Marcus
Aurelius)

165-180
Black death
(Plague) epidemic
throughout the
empire.

Commodus
restarts
succession by
birth.

208-211
War against the
Britons.

Caracalla
murders his
brother.

Victory
against Persians,
Rome's worst
enemy.
Continuous wars
and rebellion
across the empire.

All free
persons of the
empire are
granted Roman
Citizenship
("Constitutio
Antoniana")
End of "Pax
Romana"
200
Start of
Severus line
of emperors
225
Macrius (217)
Heliogabalus
(218-222)
250
(222-269):
Severus/Alexande
r/ Maximin/Thrax,
Gordian I, II, III,
Philip and others,
Decius and
others, Gallienus
emperor by the
Senate.

Nerva
adopts the
Spaniard Trajan the first emperor
from the
provinces.

Hadrian
journeys
throughout the
empire (see
Yourcenar "Hadrian's
memoirs").

Birth of
bureaucrats.

107-113
Trajan's Forum,
Markets and
Column

Suetonius
(70-130),
writerhistorian
(Biography of
the Caesars).

117
Hadrian's villa in
Tivoli

118
Pantheon burnt
down and rebuilt to
current form.

134
Hadrian's
mausoleum (then
transformed into
Castel St. Angelo)

141 Temple
of Antonino Pio and
Faustina in the
Forum.

145 Temple
of Hadrian (on
Piazza di Pietra
square).

176
Equestrian statue of
Marcus Aurelius

Column of
Marcus Aurelius
"Colonna Antonina"

Amazing
portrait bust of
Commodus as
Hercules in the
Capitoline Museum

205-270
Plotinus ,
Philisopher

203 Arch of
Septimius Severus

204 Arch of
the Argentari
(money changers)

216
Caracalla thermal
baths


 3rd-4th centuries
Catacombs of
St. Callisto

The Sirian
sun god is
adopted as state
religion.

The
empire's borders
are threatened on
all sides.

Germanic
barbarians
suppressed as
they push into
northern Italy.
Historian and
Philosopher.
Pliny the
Younger (62113)
Juvenal (68128), poet

Military rule
of Rome and
continuous
instability and
assassinations.

248
Celebration of
Rome's first
Millennium.

Calixtus I
(217-222)
underlines
the position
of "Bishop of
Rome" as
head of the
church.
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and others,
Claudius II
275
300
Tetrarchy
(four rulers
sharing)
power).
Empire split
into East and
West.
325
Acceptance
of
Christianity.
Shift of
power to
Constantino
ple,
protecting
the West
from the
East.
350
Attempts to
reinstate
pagan gods.
375
Aurelian
(270-275) a good
emperor to give
the long line of
bad ones a
breather.
(275-284):
Tacitus, Probus,
Carus, Carinus,
Numerian
Diocletian (284305). Generally a
good emperor.
Realized the need for
heavy reforms but also
persecuted the
Christians.
Hats off to him for
resigning his post
according to selfimposed mandate.
Enjoyed his vegetable
garden thereafter.
(305-324)
Maximian,
Constantius
Chlorus, Galerius,
Flavius Severus,
Licinus
Constantine the
Great
(306-337)
Every bit as great
as his name
suggests.
He definitely
shaped the future
of the West.
(337-361)
Constantine II,
Constans,
Constantius II,
Julian "the
Apostate" (361363)
Valentinian (364-

272
Empress Zenobia
of Palmira
subdued and
transferred to
Rome.

274 Gaul
retaken and
empire reunited.

293
Significant reforms
of the empire and
institutions.
Tetrarchy.

297
Division of the
empire into
manageable units.

Suppressio
n of revolts and
security of
borders.

312 Victory
of general
Constantine over
general
Maxentius.

324
Constantine sole
emperor.

330
Bizantium called
Constantinople &
proclaimed "New
Rome".

Constantin
e divides the
empire across his
three sons (who
fight anyway).

Paganism
makes a final but
brief reappearance.

375

Repeated
persecutions of
the Christians.

Economic
crises of the
Empire.

Edict of
Christian
tolerance.

Reform of
the army.

Introductio
n of cult of the
emperor joint with
cult of sun - "Sol
Invictus"

Tetrarchy
introduced as a
means of
preventing the
continuous military
coups d'etat.

Oriental
style absolute
monarch.

Diogenes,
History of
Philisophy.

270 Building
of the Aurelian
defence walls
around Rome.

270 Gate of
Saint Sebastian
onto the Appian
way.

Eusebius,
History of the
Church

300 Temple
and altar to Mithras
under San Clemente
church.

300 Thermal
baths of Diocletian

303
Decennalia column
base.

Heavy
persecution of the
Christians.

306 Basilica
of Maxentius in the
Forum.

306
Maxentius' circus on
the Appian way

Tetrarchy
fails.

Edict of
Christian
tolerance.

337
Emperor
Constantine
converted to
Christianity and
baptised on his
death bed.

312 Arch of
Constantine

313
Colossal head &
hand of Constantine
in the Capitoline
Museum

313 Church
of San Giovanni in
Laterano.

319 St.
Peter's basilica
(subsequently
knocked down and
rebuilt in its current
glory). Some doors
are the originals).

Arch of
Janus in the Forum
Boarium

Attempt to
introduce Mithras
as state religion.

Pope

380
VADEMECUM Rome free
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Valentinian
and
successors
375)
Valens, Gratian,
Valentinian II
Barbarian
invasions begin
and last through
the Middle Ages.
Abolition of
pagan cults
Theodosius I,
Maximus,
Eugenius
400
Honorius
(395-423)

The
Spaniard
Theodosius is
emperor of the
Eastern Empire
and manages to
reunite East and
Western empire.
The empire is redivided on his
death.

General
Stilicho, himself a
German defends
Rome from
barbarian Alaric.

Stilicho
eliminated by
Honorius as a
threat to his own
throne. Alaric
marches into Italy.
425
Valentinian III
(425-455)
Romulus
Augustulus
Bizantine mosaics
of St Constanza
and St Pudenziana
churches.

Saint Paul's
outside the walls.

391
Christianity
becomes the
official state
religion.

The
supreme authority
of the Pope is
recognised.

St.
Augustin
(354-430).
Reconciles
Christianity and
Greek philosophy
of Plato.

Pope
Celestine I (422432). The third
council of Efesus
establishes the
cult of Mary,
mother of God.

Pope Leo
the Great (440461)

Pope
recognised by
emperor
Valentinian III as
religious head for
empire of the
West.

First
"Pope" as we
know them.
450
475 AD
Last Roman
Emperor of
the West
Damasus I (366384) establishes
Papal doctrinal
authority on basis
of succession to
St. Peter.

430 Wooden
paneled doors of
St. Sabina basilica.

438 Mosaics
in Santa Maria
Maggiore church

Basilica of
Santa Sabina
overlooking circus
Maximus on
Aventine hill.

Wooden
portal of St. Sabina
has most ancient
image of the
crucifixion.

475 The
boy emperor
Romulus
Augustulus is
deposed.
Formal end of the Roman Empire of the West.
500

Pope Felix
IV (526-530)

The
Benedictine
order is
established.
600

Pope
Gregory the
Great (590-604).
Sets foundations
for secular power
of the church.

First

526 Church
of Saints Cosma
and Damiano in the
forum. Mosaics.

579 Mosaic
on the triumphal
arch of St.
Laurence outside
the walls (church of
San Lorenzo).

625 Church
of Saint Agnes
outside the walls
(Sant'Agnese fuori le
mura)
VADEMECUM Rome free
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700
Pope
Stephen
justifies
secular
power over
territories
through
emperor
Constantine'
s supposed
inheritance.
800
Leo IV:
Affirmation
of secular
and spiritual
power of the
Pope. "Papa
Caput Totius
Orbis". Pope
head of the
whole world.
900
Popes
subjected to
the
(immoral)
influence of
their lovers.

Coup by
Leo III who crowns
Charlemagne by
surprise on
Christmas day
"Emperor of the
Holy Roman
Empire" and
establishes Papal
(divine) right to
crown (or not)
1000
GREAT
SCHISM OF
THE
CHURCH.
(Still going
on).

1077 The
Normans loot
Rome.

1088-1099
Pope Urban II
supports the First
Crusade and
conquest of
Jerusalem.
Extreme hunger
drove many
crusaders to
cannibalism.
1100
Treaty which
recognises
Papal
secular
power in
Rome.
Pope Clement III
(1187-1191).
The Pope is
recognised by the
citizens of Rome
as lord of the city.
1200
Innocent III

1146
Arnoldo da
Brescia rebels
against Papal
power over Rome
and proclaims a
Roman republic.

1155
Arnoldo dB is
executed.

1148-51,
1189-92 Second
& third Crusades

1202-70
896 Bizarre
Council of the
Cadaver - Pope
Formosus' body (9
months long dead)
is hauled into St.
Peter's to defend
"himself" against
accusations of
ambition, vanity,
insubordination to
Pope John VIII
and failure to keep
faith to oath.

Otho 1st
Emperor of the
HRE of Germany
establishes
emperor's right to
participate in
Papal elections.

Abbey of
Cluny founded in
France.

Henry IV
excommunicated.

Affirmation
of Papal power
over secular.

1054AD
GREAT SCHISM
of east and west.
Orthodox and
Catholic churches
separate.

Celibacy
of the clergy
imposed.
 Pope and
Henry IV
reconciled.

The
Lateran Council
declares
independence of
the church from
secular powers.

1220 - 1223
missions to
northern Europe
and England.

Pope
Stephen II (752757).

Alliance
with the Frankish
kings. Their
conversion from
Arianism to church
of Rome.

Franks
leave territorial
rule over central
Italy to the Pope.

Pope
Hadrian II (772795)

Charlemag
ne,
Holy Roman
Emperor
(742-814)

Leo III
(795-816)

Pope John
XII (955-964)

Pope
Gregory V (996999). First German
Pope. Placed on
seat of Peter by
his cousin Otho
3rd. Crowns Otho
3rd Emperor.

Leo IX
(1049-1054)

First of
many fights
against the sale of
positions in the
church.

Pope
Calixtus II (11191124).

Church of
Santa Maria in
Cosmedin on the
Forum Boarium.

Churches
built:
St. Praxedes,
St. Cecilia in
Trastevere
St. Maria in
Domnica.

Fortification
of the urban areas
around the Vatican.

Frescoes of
the lower church at
San Clemente
(under Leo IV)

Church of St.
Bartholomew (San
Bartolomeo).






St Thomas

Top level of
San Clemente
Church of
Santi Quattro
Coronati (the
four crowned
saints).
Named after
the manner of
their
martyrdom:
Iron crowns of
thorns nailed
into their sculls.
Church of
Santa Maria in
Cosmedin
Santa Maria in
Trastevere
1150 Basilica
of San Saba
1200 San
VADEMECUM Rome free
1300
French king
Philip IV
holds Popes
captive at
Avignon.
www.mariamilani.com
(1198-1216)
Honorius III
(1216-1227)
Gregory IX
(1127-1241)
1294 Celestine V
(abdicates and
dies prisoner)
Boniface VIII
(1294-1303)
4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and
8th Crusades
Clement V (13051314).
Gregory XI (13471378)
1378: Urban VI
vs. Clement VIII


Papal
earthly power
reaches a peak:
The Pope is
considered
God's right-handman who grants
rulers their earthly
powers.

Lowest ebb
in influence
of Rome.
Lowest ebb
in art and
culture also.
Two Popes
elected in
1378.
1400
Pope returns
to Rome.
Rome
centre of
the
Renaissanc
e.
Dominican
and
Franciscan
orders
established.
 1232
Inquisition
commences
and handed
to the
Dominicans
to execute.
 Jews closed
in Gettos

1300 First
Holy Year

Clement V
recognises clerical
dependency on
France and moves
to Avignon.

1378-1418
Great schism of
the church.
Pope and antiPope.
Aquinas,
Theologian
and
philosopher
(1224-1274).

Marries philosophy
of the ancients,
particularly
Aristotle, and
Christian theology
so they work
together in
harmony.
 Dante, poet
(1265-1321)
 Giotto, artist
(1267-1337)
Alexander VI
(1492-1503) Borgia Pope



Holy
Inquisition
Julius II (15031513)
Leo X (15131521) - de Medici
Clement VII
(1523-1534) - de
Medici
Paul III (15341549) - Farnese
family
Rome
continues as
centre of the
Renaissance
1550
Renaissance
Pius V (15661572)
Catholic
Counter
Reformation

1527 Rome
is looted and
pillaged by
Charles V.





1500 Holy
Year
Pope Leo
collects
money
through
indulgences
to build St.
Peter's.
1534 Birth of
the Jesuit
order
1545 Council
of Trent and
the Counter
Reformation
(against the
Protestant
reform)
Strong action
against sale
of clerical
Lowest ebb in
art and culture
in Rome

Mosaics in
Santa Maria
Maggiore
Frescoes in
Santa Maria in
Trastevere
Giotto (Vatican
museums)


1500
Protestant
reform.


Rome enters the Renaissance and makes it its own
 Renewed
 Nepotism
 Fra Angelico,
Martin V
Papal
and moral
avant guard
(1417-1431)
authority over
decadence.
renaissance
Nicolas V (1447central Italy.
painter
1455)
 Pope Nicolas
(monk)
 Reconstructio
attracts men
1395-1455.
Sixtus IV (1471n of Rome.
of learning,
Died in Rome.
1484)
 Bramante
art and
science to
Rome.
Pope Sixtus
starts the
great art
collections
(1471)



architect
(1444-1514).
A founder of
the mature
Italian
Renaissance.
Leonardo da
Vinci
(1452-1519)
Michelangel
o (14751564)
Rafael
(1483-1520)
Martin
Luther
started the
Protestant
reform.
1491-1556
St. Ignatius
Loyola.
Founder of
the Jesuit
order ("The
Society of
Jesus").
The strong political
influence of the
Jesuits led to
suppression of the
order in 1773.
 Giordano
Bruno,
Philosopher.
Lorenzo fuori le
mura (Saint
Lawrence
outside the
walls)
Bronze statue
of St. Peter in
St. Peter's
basilica.
1280 Church
of Santa Maria
sopra Minerva












Rome
becomes
center of the
Renaissance.
Bronze doors
of St. Peter's
by Filarete.
Sistine chapel
(1473) &
Pieta' statue
(1498) by
Michelangelo
Palazzo della
Cancelleria on
Capitol
Church of
Santa Maria
del Popolo
Borromini's
Tempietto on
the Janiculum
Tomb of
Julius II by
Michelangelo
Rebuilding of
St. Peters
Raphael
frescoes in the
Vatican
apartments
Last
Judgement by
Michelangelo
in Sistine
chapel.
1550 Villa
Giulia (now the
Etruscan
VADEMECUM Rome free
becomes
Baroque
Inquisition
continues.
Introduction
of the
modern
calendar.
1600
Inquisition
continues &
Galileo
brought to
trial.
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Gregorius XIII
(1572-1585)
Clement VIII
(1592-1605)


Urban VIII (16231644)
Innocent X
(1644-1655)
Innocent XI
(1676-1689)
Innocent XII
(1691-1700)

Wars against
the infidel
Turks.

Height of
Baroque
period.
positions.
1582
Introduction
of the
Gregorian
calendar
(which we
use today!)
Urban VIII
supports
France in the
30 years war
against
Germany and
Spain.
1631
Astrology
and
Astronomy
condemned.
Innocent XI
supports
Austria,
Poland and
Venice
against the
Turks.
1548-1600
Burned at the
stake at Campo
de Fiori square.
A Dominican
monk who
perfected
Copernican
theory (the sun
as centre of the
solar system).




Caravaggio,
painter.
1571-1610.
Gianlorenzo
Bernini,
sculptor
1598-1680.
Baroque
sculptor and
architect.
Directed the
works on St.
Peters.
Francesco
Borromini,
sculptor and
architect.
1599-1667
Galileo
Galilei
delivered to
the Holy
Inquisition
and forced to
repent.









museum)
St. Peters
dome.
Church of Il
Gesu'
Lateran palace
1589 Piazza
del Popolo
Carracci
frescoes in
Farnese
Palace
1600
Caravaggio's
paintings in
Santa Maria
del Popolo
church
1630 Bernini's
awning ifor
the altar at St.
Peter's &
St. Peter's
square (1656)
1634
Borromini's
church of San
Carlo alle
Quattro
Fontane
Loss of Power of the Church. European Cultural and Artistic development moves Northwards.
 1789-1799
 1773 The
 Goethe,
 1701
1700
Clement XII
Capitoline
Proclamation
Jesuit order
Turner,
Baroque
(1730-1740)
Museum
of the Roman
is disbanded
Shelley,
fades to
Clement XIV
Republic in
for its
Keats, Byron
founded by
Neo(1769-1774)
the wake of
excessive
& the "Grand
Pope Clement
 1726 Spanish
the French
political
Tour" make
Pius VI
Clacissism,
steps
revolution.
influence
Rome a
Rococo.
(1775-1799)
 1762 Trevi

Romanticism
is inspired by
Rome's
glories of the
past.
1800
War against
Garibaldi
and
unification of
Italy.
Dogma of
Papal
Infallibility
Rome capital
of Italy.
Pius VII (18001823)
Pius IX (18461878)
King Victor
Emanuel - King of
unified Italy.




1798-1801
War with
France. The
Pope is made
prisoner.
1808-1811
Rome is part
of the French
empire.
The Pope is
Napoleon's
prisoner.
1814 Treaty
of Vienna.
The Papal
state is
restored.
Garibaldi's
annex of
Rome to Italy
is resisted
with aid of
having
already been
prohibited by
various
European
states.





End of the
Holy Roman
Germanic
Empire after
1000 years.
1854 Dogma
of the
Immaculate
Conception
1870 Dogma
of Papal
Infallibility
1870 End of
the Vatican
state and
dominions.
1871 The
center of
inspiration for
European
Romanticism.



Giuseppe
Garibaldi,
mercenary
fighter.
Leader of the
"Red Shirts"
who played a
fundamental
role in the
expulsion of
the Austrians
and
unification of
Italy (18071882)



Fountain
1790 Canova's
tomb for
Clement XIII
First
excavations of
the Forum by
Pius VI.
Pincio
Gardens by
Giovanni
Valadier
1887 Piazza
della
Republica
following
contour of an
exedra in
Nero's garden
1899 The
imposing
Palazzo di
Giustizia (Law
courts)
VADEMECUM Rome free
1900
The church
is
recognised
as an
independent
state.
Italian postwar politics
develop
Bizantine
complexity
and
instability. All
focused on
keeping
Communism
out of power.
Power
sharing
leads to
general
corruption.
King Victor
Emanuel
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
Benito Mussolini
+ King VE
Various
Presidents (post
war)
Current President:
Ciampi
(pronounced
"Champee")

the French
but
eventually
lost when
France pulls
out (FrancoPrussian
war).
1922 The
Lateran
Treaty
recognises
Vatican state
independenc
e and awards
indemnity for
its lost
possessions.
1965 The
Second
Vatican
council
proposes
efforts to reunite
Christian
faiths.
Pope retires
behind the
Vatican walls.


Paul VI puts
an end to the
"Holy
Inquisition"
and changes
the name of
its chief
organs to
"Congregatio
n for the
doctrine of
the faith"
1981
Assassinatio
n attempt on
Pope John
Paul II
 Benito





Mussolini.
Politician
and Dictator
(1883-1945)
Pius XI
(1922-1939)
Paul VI
(1963-1978)
John XXIII
(1958-1963)
John Paul II
(1978-2005).
First nonItalian Pope
in 400 years.
Pope
Benedict XVI
(2005-)





1885-1901
Altare della
Patria (the
"Wedding
Cake" altar to
unknown
soldiers)
Foro Italico
(1936)
EUR
development of
Rome (193958)
Restoration of
the Sistine
Chapel (1994)
Tombs of the
Kings of Italy
in the
Pantheon
Rome at a Glance by
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