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Outline • • • • • • Administrative issues Course overview What are Intelligent Systems? A brief history State of the art Intelligent agents Course overview I. Introduction IS II. Intelligent agents III. Search IV. Knowledge and reasoning V. Planning VI. Uncertainty VII. Learning VIII.Hybrid systems Course overview I. Introduction IS II. Intelligent agents III. Search IV. Knowledge and reasoning V. Planning VI. Uncertainty VII. Learning VIII.Hybrid systems What is an Intelligent System? •System that: •does everything that I want it to do & nothing that I don’t •Human-like reasoning •recover from failure •Learns from its mistakes •Adapts to its environment •Makes decision about appropriateness of actions What are Intelligent Systems? (What is AI?) Turing test Logic Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally Cognitive science Agents Turing test (‘50) Turing test pro’s & cons • Predicted that by 2000 a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 min • Anticipated major arguments against AI – Pb: not reproducible, constructive, allows no mathematical analysis • Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning Acting rationally • Doing the right thing • Expected to maximize goal achievement, given available info • Doesn’t necessarily involve thinking!! – Reflexes, etc. Dimensions of AI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. symbolic or sub-symbolic (i.e., numerical) manually engineered or automatically learned cognitively plausible perfect world assumption or probabilistic evaluated by hunch, single example, authoritative tone of voice or numerical measure 6. classification, numerical or planning 7. full system or human-assistor 8. online or offline 9. real-time or offline 10. intelligent or just software engineering 11. sound theoretical foundation or trial&error (some) Categories of intelligent system software All software Expert systems NN Bayesian Evolutionary updating, alg. Certainty theory, Fuzzy logic Simulated Objects, Rule based Annealing frames, systems agents Knowledge based Computational systems intelligence Example: intelligent agent Steve http://www.isi.edu/isd/VET/steve-demo.html Acting rationally + humanly Collaboration Example: evolution Evolving artificial creatures, Karl Sims: http://biota.org/ksims/blockies/index.html#video Other Intelligent Systems Distributed intelligence Applications of Intelligent Systems Applications of Adaptive Systems • expert systems – (e.g. medical diagnosis) • data mining – (e.g. search engines) • computational linguistics • games More Applications • Parallel computing: – evolution of cellular automata • Molecular biology: – molecular evolution, design of useful molecules, protein design • Computer security: – immune systems for computers • Intelligent agents and robotics – Internet!! • Scientific modeling: – evolution, ecologies, economies, insect societies, immune systems, organizations AI is New Science • We're still learning about perceiving, planning and learning • It is hard to compare methods/paradigms You'll be pointed at research + literature I'm you're tour guide: methods and applications Should we replace people with machines? • Yes. Expand the meaning of "grunt-work", and make a machine do it. • No. The devastating dehumanisation of automation. • No. Economic objections? • No. A National Aeronautics and Space Administration report supporting manned space exploration states, "Man is the lowest cost, 150-pound, non-linear, all-purpose computer system that can be mass produced by unskilled labour." – with built-in sense-of-humour system • Yes. what about the expense of life support and litigation? • No. Nothing's gonna replace people; I'm a humanitarian Course overview I. Introduction IS II. Intelligent agents III. Search IV. Knowledge and reasoning V. Planning VI. Uncertainty VII. Learning VIII.Hybrid systems II. Intelligent agents • • • • • Rational agent: generalities Agent & its environment Example: a simple agent Rationality defined Task environment: – PEAS – Proprieties • Agent proprieties