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Unit 5 Planet Earth
Review Questions
1. What is a rock made up of?
It is made up of one or more pure, naturally occurring, non-living crystalline
materials called minerals
2. What is a mineral?
A mineral can be an element ( a pure substance) or a compound.
3. In order to test the properties of a substance which test would you
conduct?
Moh’s Hardness Scale
4. What are the softest and hardest minerals used on the scale?
Talc and diamond
5. Name 5 additional clues that you can use to determine what a mineral is.
Luster, colour, streak, cleavage and fracture, crystals, transparency
6. Minerals that break with rough or jagged edges have ______________.
Fracture
7. If a mineral breaks along smooth, flat surfaces, or planes, it has
_____________.
Cleavage
8. If you can see through a mineral when you hold it up to the light it is
____________________.
Transparent
9. Name the 3 major families, or types, of rocks.
Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary
10. This type of rock forms when lava cools on the surface of the Earth.
Extrusive igneous rock
11. This type of rock forms when magma cools under the surface of the Earth.
Intrusive igneous rock
12. Large crystals will form in which type of rock?
Intrusive
13. This type of rock makes up 75 % of all the rock we can see on the Earth’s
surface.
Sedimentary
14. _______________________ is the arrangement of sedimentary rock in
visible layers.
Stratification
15. ______________, or mudstone, is sedimentary rock formed from fine
grains of clay or mud.
Shale
16. ________________ is formed from larger granules of sand.
Sandstone
17. __________________ is formed from rounded pebbles and small stones
cemented together.
Conglomerate
18. This type of rock can be formed below the Earth’s surface when extremely
high pressure and heat cause the original rock (parent rock) to change
form.
Metamorphic
19. Rocks continually change from one type to another. This is called the
_______________.
Rock cycle
20. Explain how an igneous rock could become a sedimentary rock.
___________________________________________________________
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21. How is soil formed?
___________________________________________________________
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rocks and sediment, plants, animals, leaves, twigs, dead worms and insects. Air
and water fills spaces
22. Most of the decaying matter is made up of dead plant matter, called
______________. (compost) (p. 371)
23. It mixes with other matter to form the dark-coloured portion of the soil
called ____________. (humus)
24. Humus is rich in nutrients. Name them.
_______________________
___________________________
_______________________
___________________________
(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur)
25. As worms, insects, and rodents burrow throughout the soil, they mix the
humus with the ________________________. (fragments of rock)
26. A fertile soil can supply _______________ (nutrients) for plant growth.
27. Some soils are not fertile and do not have many nutrients. Give an
example: ____________________________________ (eroded, rocky
soil of steep cliffs and roadsides)
28. When scientists want to study the different layers of soil they dig and study
the area. This is called a ___________________ (soil profile) ( p. 372)
29. The layers show different degrees of _____________________ (soil
evolution)
30. The top layer in a soil profile is __________ (topsoil). It consists of darkcoloured, rich soil that contains _____________ (humus) and small grains
of __________. (rock)
31. The topsoil has undergone the greatest number of changes from the
underlying ____________. (rock layer)
32. The next layer is lighter in colour because there is little or no
____________ (humus) and it contains ____________ (minerals) that
have leached from the top layer.
33. _________________ (Leaching) is the removal of soil materials dissolved
in water. (p. 372)
34. The bottom layer of a soil profile contains: ________________________
and _____________________from above. (partly weathered rock,
minerals leached)
35. The bottom layer is the beginning of the long, slow process of ________
(rock) evolving into __________. (soil)
36. ________________ (erosion ) is the movement of rock and mineral grains
from one place to another. (p. 373)
37. _____________________ is the physical break – up or disintegration of
rocks. (mechanical weathering)
38. Rocks ___________________ (rolling down a slope) or in a
___________________ (fast-moving) stream rub and bump against each
other, becoming ______________ (smoother) and more ____________
(rounded).
39. ___________________ (Temperature) changes can also cause
mechanical weathering.
40. How does temperature do this? _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(spring and winter, the days can be warm, water melts into rock and then freezes
at night)
41. This process is called ____________________. (frost wedgiing)
42. Mechanical weathering is part of the process responsible for
____________________ (wearing away) (p. 373) and
_______________________ is the part of the process responsible for
____________________. (building up)
43. _______________________ (chemical) weathering breaks down minerals
through chemical reactions.
44. An example of chemical weathering is ______________. (acid rain) (p.
374)
45. Biological weathering is a physical or chemical breakdown of rock caused
by ____________________. (liviing organisms)
46. How can a plant breakdown a rock?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
47. Agents of erosion are (p. 376):
______________ _________________ ___________________ _____________
(glaciers, gravity, wind, water
48. __________________ changes occur when there are flash floods,
landslides, and rock slides. (p. 376) (sudden)
49. ____________________ changes happen very slowly. Glaciers may take
thousands of years to erode an area. (gradual)
50. When glaciers begin to melt and retreat, the meltwater forms channels
and deposits sediment in new locations. Large rocks called
______________ (erratics) can be left behind, many kilometres from their
source.
51. When wind picks up loose sediment, such as clay, silt, and sand, and then
it strikes a rock it wears the rock down by ________________. (abrasion)
52. Wind erosion can be reduced by _________________,
_______________, and ________________________. (planting
vegetation, contour farming, reduced tillage)
53. Which was the most disastrous rock slide in Canadian History? When did
it occur? (1903)
54. The __________________ River near Jasper is gradually deepening the
quartzite rock canyon. (Athabasca)
55. A ________________ river continually changes the contours of the land.
(meanderiing)
56. What is a source of sediment? (erosion)
57. Why does a diamond not leave a streak on a streak plate?
______________________________________________________________
58, Name the layers from the Earth’s crust to the centre of the Earth.
(crust, uppermantle, lower mantle, outer core, inner core)
58. Is the inner core liquid or solid? Why?
59. Wegener studied the fossil evidence on different continents and the
interlocking shapes of the continents and developed a theory. What is it?
__________________________ (continental drift)
60. What other evidence did Wegener discover?
61. What was the name given to the giant supercontinent in Wegener’s “The
Origin of Continents and Oceans” ? __________________
Pangaea
62. J. Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian scientist, developed a theory to explain
how the crust moves. Name the theory.
_____________________________________
theory of plate tectonics)
63. _______________________ (converging) plates push together.
64. ____________________ (diverging) plates pull apart.
65. One explanation that geologists give for the movement of the Earth’s
plates is ______________________ (convection currrents) (p. 392)
66. A _______________________ (subduction) zone occurs when 2 plates
collide or converge, and one goes under the other.
67. Where is one place that the youngest sea floor is found?
_______________________________ (Mid Atlantic Ridge)
68. A _____________________ (seismograph) is a machine that measures
earthquakes.
69. It must be attached to ____________________. (bedrock) (p. 396)
70. The ___________________(Richter Scale) is a method of measurement
of Earthquakes used by seismologists.
71. There can be many episodes of ground-shaking movement in an
earthquake caused by __________________. (seismic waves)
72. Name the 3 types of Earthquake waves. ______________
__________________ _________________.
73. ______________ or _____ waves travel the fastest and can pass through
solids, liquids, and gases. (p – waves)
74. ______________ or _____ waves travel only through solids.
(secondary/S)
75. ______________ waves are the slowest of all three, but their rolling
motion breaks up roads and buildings and they do the most damage.
(surface)
76. The place deep in the crust where the earthquake begins is called the
_____________. (focus)
77. The surface direction directly above the focus is called the
__________________. (epicentre)
78. Rocks bend and stretch. However, when the pressure is too great, the
rock breaks suddenly, creating a ____________. (fault)
79. When earthquakes happen under the sea. The water displaced by an
earthquake can cause huge waves called ______________. (tsunamis)
(p. 405)
80. A ________________ is an opening in the Earth’s crust that releases
lave, steam and ash when it erupts. (volcano)
81. The opening in a volcano is a ___________. (vent)
82. When volcanoes are not active, they are described as _____________.
(dormant)
83. In a subduction zone, the descending rock moves deeper and deeper until
it melts into __________. (magma) It then rises up through cracks in the
rock until it exerts enough ______________ (pressure) to cause the
volcano to ___________. (erupt)
84. Give two examples of major eruptions in Earth’s history.
____________________________ ________________________________
85. Volcanoes occur in an area known as the __________ ____ ________.
(ring of fire)
86. The Canadian Rockies, the American Rockies, and the mountains in
Alaska are all part of the ________________ _______________ of North
America. (Western Cordillera)
87. Most mountains are large areas that have been uplifted due to the
______________ (movement) or ______________ (heating) of plates.
88. Sedimentary rocks that are placed under slow, gradual pressure can
either ________ or ___________. (fold or break) (p. 413)
89. Rocks can fold if there is enough ________ and ___________. (heat and
pressure)
90. The upward or top part of the folded rock is called the ______________.
(anticline)
91. The bottom of the fold is called the _______________. (syncline)
92. A fault can be the result of squeezing or stretching of the Earth’s crust.
When sedimentary rock is squeezed from the sides, it can form into slabs
that move up and over each other. This is called ___________________.
(thrust faulting)
93. Eventually, through the movement of the Earth’s crust, some older rock
may end up on top of younger rock. These huge amounts of rock can
form mountains called ______________________. (fault block
mountains)
94. How are complex mountains created? (p. 414)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
95. Describe what an “old” mountain looks like. (p. 414)
96. Name a young mountain range.
____________________________________________
97. How does an organism become petrified?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
98. What is carbonaceous film?
_______________________________________________________________
99. ____________________ remains is when the actual organism or part of it
may be preserved as a fossil. (original)
100.
What are trace fossils?
___________________________________________________________
101.
Describe fossil mould and cast formation. (p. 420)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
102.
What is the principle of superposition?
103.
Sedimentary layers of rock can be referred to as ___________.
(strata)
104.
A fossil used to determine the relative age of the layer of rock is
called and _________ ___________. (index fossil)
105.
What is half- life?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
106.
What is radiometric dating?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
107.
What is radiocarbon dating?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
108.
The largest divisions in the Geologic Time Scale are _______.
(eons)
109.
Eons are divided into ________ (eras) and these are divided into
_____________ (periods).
110.
Name the four eras in the Geologic Time Scale.
111.
___________________ is a naturally occurring mixture of
hydrocarbons, such as bitumen, coal, oil, and gas. (petroleum)
112.
Petroleum is most often found in ______________ ________
____________. (p. 428) (sedimentary rock basins)
113.
__________ _________ (fossil fuels) are the soft parts of the
plants and animals that were transformed into solid, liquid, or gas
hydrocarbons. (p. 428)
114.
_________ (coal) is usually formed from plants that grew on the
land.
115.
________ (oil) is usually formed from water –based plants and
animals.
116.
____________ (natural gas) can be formed from either land-based
or water-based plants and animals.
117.
____________ (Bitumen) is a heavy, almost solid form of
petroleum.
118. A small change that happens gradually over many thousands of years is
an ___________________ _______________. (incremental change)