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ABSTRACT ID: IRIA 1175 Ultrasound gel is a potential mode of infection transmission in postoperative patients. A prospective study. AIM Ultrasound is one of the equipments that are known to transmit nosocomial infections. The study was conducted to identify the incidence of infection in post operative patients following ultrasound study and the significance of disinfection methods. INTRODUCTION • Ultrasonography(USG) is a commonly used imaging technique in modern medicine. It is a preferred imaging method, as it is noninvasive, non-ionizing as well as portable [1]. • A gel is used as a coupling media during ultrasound to displace the air and allow the ultrasound waves to enter the body. • The gel is an inert material containing carbamer, Ethelene diamine tetra acetic acid, propylene glycol, trolamine and distilled water. Coupling gel and the probes have been traced to be a source of infection [2,3,4,5,6,7]. • Hence, the specialty of Diagnostic Radiology is not an exception and is a source of nosocomial infection [8]. • With the increase in the number of post operative and immunocompromised patients being scanned, effective guidelines for prevention of infection and disinfection are necessary [9]. • Literature shows limited studies regarding infection in post operative patients following ultrasound [6,7]. • A number of organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella, Stentrophomonas maltophilia and Acinetobacter baumannii have been isolated from the gel[9]. • Hence, every precaution for prevent of infection transmission should be taken. • This study highlights the organisms that might contaminate the gel and ultrasound equipments and the incidence of infection following ultrasound study in post operative patients. • Despite the publishing of many articles regarding infection, the response from various international governments is lukewarm. • International guidelines for disinfection of probes are available but not for disinfection of gel [5,9]. • Certain governments such as the Canadian government issued guidelines to be followed at ultrasound units [10]. Materials & Methods • This prospective study was conducted in our ultrasound department and included operated patients in the month of march 2014 over a period of 30 days. • 65 patients were included in the study and the same number of controls were examined. Ethical committee and patient’s consent were obtained. • The study included patients who have under gone abdominal and breast surgeries as these are the patients who might require an USG following surgery. • Patients who underwent any neurosurgery as well as laparoscopic surgery were excluded as the requirement in neurosurgery is almost nil and in case of laparoscopic surgery, the surgical incision is very small and does not require direct contact of the transducer with the scar site. Patients with wound gapping were also included in the study. • The patients underwent sonogram on the third postoperative day. Two transducers (curvilinear and linear) were used for the sonography study. • First culture swab was taken from the scar site before the ultrasound from each patient. After the ultrasound the wound was dressed with gauze without any antiseptics and the probe was cleaned with a gauze piece. • A second culture swab was taken from the scar after 48hours following the first swab. So a total of two culture swabs were taken from each patients. • Swabs were taken from the transducers and ultrasound gel at the beginning of the study, at the middle of the study and at the end of the study. • Hence, a total of 139 swabs were taken(130 swabs from 65 patients and 9 swabs from the transducer and gel). • The collected samples were inoculated in 5% sheep blood agar (M1 YYA), Mac Conkey agar (Mo8Za) and Saborauds dextrose agar (M0167). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, was carried out for the isolated organisms, on Mueller – Hinton agar (M173), by using the Kirby-Baver disc diffusion method. The samples were read at 24 and 48hrs after inoculation. Mueller-Hinton agar SHEEP BLOOD AGAR Mac CONKEY AGAR RESULTS • The initial swabs from the gel bottle and probes showed heavy contamination with Klebsella pneumoniae and Acinetobactor, both resistant to Amoxicillin / Clavulanic acid. • High incidence of Escherichia coli infection was noted in first sample on the 3rd post operative day (16.9%)(Table 1) TABLE 1 E.coli Frequency 11 Percent 16.9 Cumulative Percent 16.9 Ps. aeruginosa 2 3.1 20.0 Staph aureus 7 10.8 30.8 Ps. aeruginosa + Staph. aureus 1 1.5 32.3 E.coli + Klebsiella 1 1.5 33.8 No growth 43 66.2 100.0 Total 65 100.0 Organism Table-1: First sample taken at the postoperative site on 3rd postoperative day. An increase of 4.7% in infection rate was noted in the second sample at 48hours after ultrasound (p=0.0001) [table 2 & 3]. E. coli Frequency 9 Percent 13.8 Cumulative Percent 13.8 Ps. aeruginosa 2 3.1 16.9 Staph. aureus 7 10.8 27.7 Klebsiella 4 6.2 33.8 E coli + Klebsiella 2 3.1 36.9 Ps. aeruginosa + Staph.aureus 1 1.5 38.5 No growth 40 61.5 100.0 Total 65 Organism 100.0 Table -2: Second sample taken after ultrasound Frequency E.coli Ps.aeruginosa Staph. Aureus Klebsiella E.coli+klebsiella • Klebsiella was isolated in 4 patients while one patient had Escherichia coli and Klebsiella following ultrasound with an increase in overall infection rate following ultrasound (p<0.0001) [table 2&3]. No patient had growth of Acinetobactar. The culture of the gel from the bottle at the end of the study showed persistence of Klebsiella colony. TABLE 3 sample 1 E. coli Ps. aeruginosa Staph. aureus Ps. auriginosa + staph.aureus E.coli+ Klebsiella No growth Total Sample 2 Ps. Escherich Psuedomon aerugin Staph. Klebsiel ia coli + as +Staph. No E. coli osa aureus Klebsiella aureus la growth Total 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 11 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 40 43 9 2 7 4 2 1 40 65 Table-3: # P =0.000. E. coli- Escherichia coli; Staph. aureus- Staphylococcus aureus; Ps.aeruginosa-Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pearson chisquare value 2.840# DISCUSSION • An infection acquired within 48 hours after the admission of the patient in the hospital is known as nosocomial infection [11]. • Poor surgical asepsis, type of wound, Poor socio Economic status, over crowded hospitals, lack of guidelines, unawareness among health workers, increasing number of immunocompromised patients are some of the factors increasing the risk of developing nosocomial infections [12]. (Global patient safety challenge 2005-2006, www.who.int/patientsafety) • Gel and the probe has been proved to be a source of infection by various studies [2,4,5,6,7,13,14]. • The coupling gel is commonly used in radiology, cardiology and physiotherapy [3,5]. • As patients with open wound or fresh scar are at high risk of infection, necessary precaution is to be followed to reduce the risk of nosocomial infection. • Sykes et al have reported a high level (64.5%) of contamination in ultrasound equipment's [15]. • Prospective studies have reported the bacterial colonisation in the transducer, the property of the gel to harbour bacteria and the methods of cleaning the probe[5,16]. • Infection transmission from the gel has been reported by Hutchinson et al and Spencer et al but no reported gel contamination with klebsiella [2,12]. • Outbreaks following ultrasound, both after diagnostic as well as intervention has been reported as cross infection [6,12,17,18]. • The gel supports bacterial contamination and has no bactericidal agent [18]. • An increase in incidence of infection by 4.7% following ultrasound in our study is statistically significant(p<0.0001) and the presence of Klebseilla in 5 patients following ultrasound clearly indicates that the source of infection is the gel since, the probe was cleaned after every ultrasound. • The contamination of gel at the manufacturing unit as in our case should be avoided by following aseptic precautions. • Fumigation of the room does not eliminate the bacteria from either the gel bottle or from the larger gel container. Addition of bactericidal agents to the gel can help prevent nosocomial infection. • As the gel is used for ECG leads, it may contribute to infection in cardiothoracic intensive care units. Use of sterile pack will prevent infection transmission. • Outbreak of infection following prostate biopsy has proved the importance of use of sterile gel as well as probe covers during intervention [18]. • As the cost of a sterile gel pack is high, its use has not gained popularity among radiologists and sonologists in India. But it’s use has to be insisted in ICU and post operative patients. • We agree with muradali et al and Hutchinson et al that single wipe of the probe does significantly reduce the bacterial contamination [2,5]. • But, it does not elimnate the bacteria in the gel. Reduction of bacteria by 45% has been reported by single wipe technique, which is adequate for a routine Ultrasound clinics [9]. • Double cleaning methods with use of cloth and disinfectant is better than the single cloth wipe [13,14] • As our study shows a significant increase(p=0.0001) in infection, it is recommended all probes be cleaned by any of the methods at the end of the day [5,18,19]. • Most cost effective method is by cleaning with 0.05% chlorhexidine at the end of the day [5]. • Soap and water, 70% alcohol and chlorine can be used for vaginal probes sterilization [19]. • Safety instructions and guidelines has to be followed as recommended [4,10]. • Probe vendors should provide instructions for cleaning the probe. Ultraviolet light can be used for cleaning probe in operation theatres with a microbial reduction of 100% [20]. • As probe covers and sterile gels are used, the incidence will be less when compared to ultrasound done at the wards. • In conclusion, ultrasound gel permits bacterial growth and is a significant source of infection in postoperative patients. Use of sterile gel is recommended in post operative patients along with probe sterilisation to prevent increase of nosocomial infection. References • 1. Padubidri VG, Daftary SN (ed). Shaw’s textbook of gynecology, 15th ed. The Univeristy of Michigan, MI: Churchill Livingstone, 2011. • 2. Jim Hutchinson, Wendy Runge RN, Mike Mulvey et al. Burkholderia Cepacia infections associated with intrinsically contaminated ultrasound gel: The role of microbial degradation of parabens. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. April 2004; 4 :2916. • 3.Schabruns, Chipcase L, Rirard H. Are therapeutic ultrasound units a potential vector for nosocomial infections? Physiother Res Int. June 2006; 2 : 61-71. • 4. Fowler C, McCracken D. US probes: risk of cross infection and ways to reduce it--Comparison of clinical methods. Radiology Oct 1999; 213(1):299-300. • 5. Muradali D, Gold WL, Philips A, Wilson S. Can ultrasound probes and coupling gel be a source of nosocomial infections in patients undergoing sonography? An in vivo and in vitro Study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. June 1995; 164(6): 1521-4. • 6. Gaillot O, Marve jouls C, Abachin E et al. Nosocomial outbreak of kiebsiella pneumonia producing SHV-5 extended- spectrum β- lactamase, originating from a contaminated ultrasonography coupling gel. J Clin Microbiol May 1998; 36(5):1357-60. • 7. Ruthie Kartaginer, Adina Pupko, Chavie Tepler. Do sonographers practice proper infection control technique? J diagnostic Med Sonogr 1997; 13: 282-7. • 8. Bahri Ustunsoz. Hospital infection in radiology clinics, Diagnostic intervention radiology 2005; 11: 5-9. • 9. Matter EH, Hammad LF, Ahmad S et al. An investigataion of the bacterial contamination of ultrasound equipments at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research August 2010; 4; 2685-90. • 10. Risk of Serious Infection From Ultrasound and Medical Gels- Notice to Hospitals USG and medical gels. Health Canada October 20 2004. • 11. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG et al. CDC Definitions for nosocomial infections 1988, Am J infect Control 1988; 16: 128-40. • 12. Global patient safety challenge 2005-2006, www.who.int/patientsafety • 13. Spencer P, Spencer RC. Ultrasound scanning of postoperative wounds.The risk of cross infection. Clin Radiol 1988; 39(3): 245-6. • 14. Tesch C, Froschle G. Sonography machines as a source of infection. AJR, Am J Roentogenol Feb1997; 168(2): 567-8. • 15. Sykes A, Appleby M, perry J et al. An investigation of the microbiological contamination of ultrasound equipments. British Journal of Infection Control August 2006: 7(4): 16-20. • 16. Ohara, T, Itoh Y, Itoh K. Ultrasound instruments as possible vectors of staphylococcal infection. J Hosp Infect. Sep 1998; 40(1): 73-7. • 17. Rutala WA, Gergen MF, Weber DJ. Disinfection of a probe used in ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Aug 2007; 28(8): 916-9. • 18. Olshtain –pops K, Block C, Temper V et al. An outbreak of achromobacter xyloloxidans associated with ultrasound gel used during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol Jan 2011; 185(1): 144-7. • 19. William A Rutula, David J. Weber and the Healthcare Infection Control practices Advisory Committee (HICpAC), Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities 2008, Centers for Disease Control and prevention. • 20. Kac G, Gueneret M, Rodi A et al. Evaluation of a new disinfection procedure for ultrasound probes using ultraviolet light. J Hosp Infect. Feb 2007; 65(2): 163-8