Download NS - Alyce Dickinson

U1 Schedule
• Tuesday, 1/14 and Thursday, 1/16: Lecture
• Monday, 1/20: Instructional Assistance
6:00-7:30 PM, Wood Hall, 1st Floor Lounge
• Tuesday, 1/21: Exam 1
Just a reminder: This and future ppts can be
downloaded from alycedickinson.com
1
Unit 1 Overview
• Main emphasis: Respondent behavioral
relations and respondent conditioning
– Many think respondent conditioning is not very
important in everyday human affairs, but Chance
argues that point
– Respondent conditioning = Pavlovian conditioning =
classical conditioning
• Review of basic concepts (Pietras, Malott)
Start with basic definitions, abbreviations,
diagramming conventions
2
Respondent and Operant Relations
Respondent
S ---> R
1. US ---> UR
2. CS ---> CR
Operant
R--->Sc
SD or S∆:R--->Sc
MO:SD or S∆:R--->Sc
SO2: Diagramming Conventions
A.
B.
C.
D.
Respondent:
Operant:
Operant with SD:
Operant with S∆:
S ----> R
R ----> Sc
SD:R ----> Sc (SR/Sr)
S∆:R ----> Sc (Ext)
Note: NOT SD ---> R ---> Sc, but SD:R --->Sc
(Malott, box diagrams, arrow denotes temporal relations, but conventionally, contingent relation,
If-then)
3
SO 3: Stimulus/Stimuli
• Definition (note bold face in SOs!)
– An energy change that affects the organism through its
receptors
• Examples of stimuli
– Respondent: USs and CSs
– Operant: SDs, S∆s, all consequences
• Some types of stimuli for humans (not for the exam)
– Visual: electromagnetic wavelengths, photons (photo)
– Auditory (hearing): vibration of molecules (phono)
– Gustatory (taste): chemical changes molecules (chemo)
– Olfactory (smell) - chemical changes (chemo)
– Tactile (touch) - surface and deep nerve endings
(hear, taste, touch, see, feel: examples - physical energy change/receptors)
4
SO4A.
When analyzing the behavior of a
particular individual, environmental
events are always classified from the
perspective of the behaver.
(often mix up stimuli and responses: 2 important points about stimuli)
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Stimulus vs. Behavior
In the following examples of operant relations, should we
classify the consequence for the R as a behavior or a
stimulus?
A. R (answers lecture question correctly)--> Praise
B. R (drink hot liquid)-->Pain (burn tongue)
A.
R (answers lecture question correctly)-->OK gesture
A. R (rat presses lever)-->Light comes on
B. R (baby coos)-->Parent strokes baby’s arm
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SO4B
An energy change cannot be a stimulus for an organism if:
1. The organism does not have a receptor that can detect it
1. The organism’s receptor is damaged and thus cannot
detect it
In this case, the energy change can be a stimulus for
one person or organism of the same species, but not
for the organism with the damaged receptor
(important to stress energy change that affects the receptors, cont)
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SO4B
A. Dog whistles:
Phonoreceptors of dogs can detect faster vibrations of
molecules than can the phonoreceptors of humans.
High tones, while energy changes, can be stimuli for
dogs but not for humans because humans do not have
receptors that can detect them.
B. X-rays:
X-rays are energy changes, but they cannot be stimuli for
humans because humans do not have receptors that can
detect them.
C. Hunter’s phonoreceptors damaged due to firing rifles
close to his/her ear so high tones do not affect his/her
receptors (problem for veterans as well)
high tones can be stimuli for others, but not for this hunter.
(Note, all are energy changes! Refer to def of stimulus)
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SO4B – Another Example
• The Mosquito: Box that emits a shrill piercing noise
• Used to prevent loitering by teens
• The sound is audible to teens and young adults, but
typically not adults (older than early 20s)
• Can be heard by animals and babies, but is only
aversive to children older than 12 – “teen-repellent”
• Teens say: “It’s horrible, loud, and irritating. It’s this
screeching sound that you have to get away from or it
will drive you crazy.”
• Why? Heard by teens and young adults who still have
sensitive hair cells in their inner ears, hair cells that don’t
develop until teen years
9
SO 5: Behavior/Response
(Dead man’s - person’s - rule)
1. Movement of the skeletal muscles (striped, striated)
Muscles attached to bones and move bones when they
contract: fingers, arms, legs, back, vocal app.
2. Movement of the smooth muscles
Located in blood vessels - face flushes or blanches
Around hair follicles - hair stands up on end
In eye - pupils constrict or dilate
Digestive, reproductive, respiratory system,
cardiac muscle
3. Secretion of the glands
Sweat glands, salivary glands, lachrimal glands,
adrenal gland
(also electrical conductivity/activity of skin, gsr, but not requiring this)
10
SO 6: Types of Behaviors and
Relationship to Type of Conditioning
•Relationship to operant and respondent relations
and conditioning (typically)
–Movement of skeletal muscles: Operant
– (a) Movement of the smooth muscles &
(b) Secretion of the glands*: Respondent
Commonality? Behaviors controlled by autonomic
nervous system
(*also GSR, but not requiring this: clearly exceptions - next slide)
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SO 7 Exception
US (pain to hand/foot) ---> UR (hand/foot withdrawal)
Why is this an exception?
The relation is a respondent relation, but the
response is movement of the skeletal muscles rather
than movement of the smooth muscles or glandular
secretion.
12
SO 8 Behavior vs. Behavioral Relations:
What is the Difference?
• Behavior
– Movement of the skeletal muscles, movement of the
smooth muscles, and glandular secretion
• Behavioral Relations
– Behavior plus causal stimuli, e.g.,
Respondent:
US UR
CS  CR
Operant:
(examples next)
R  SR or Sr
SD: R  SR or Sr
MO:SD:RSR or Sr
13
SO 8 Behavior vs. Behavioral Relations:
Examples
• Respondent:
– Behavior: salivation
– Relation: US (food in mouth)  UR (salivation)
– Relation: CS (tone)  CR (salivation)
• Operant:
– Behavior: Press power button on TV remote
– Relation: R (press button)  Sr (TV comes on)
– Behavior: rat presses a lever
– Relation:
MO (food dep): SD (light on): R (press lever)  SR (food)
(not NS does not elicit a response)
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SO 8 Behavior vs. Behavioral Relations:
Why is the distinction important?*
• A behavior, such as crying, can be caused by very different
variables - it can also have multiple causes. (onions,
operant crying, both - pain, Sr)
– US (fumes from peeling onions)  UR (crying)
– R (woman crying)  Sr (please don’t cry, I didn’t mean it)
– US (pain)  UR (crying)
R (crying)  Sr (poor baby, hug)
• Respondent relations: tendency to call a behavior rather
than a relation inherited
– US (food in mouth)  UR (salivation)
– CS (tone)  CR (salivation)
• In order to understand and change behavior we must know
what is causing it
(*this slide, NFE)
15
SO9: Three Common Misconceptions,
Operant vs. Respondent Relations
• Respondent behavior is inherited while
operant behavior is learned
• Respondent behavior is physiological
while operant behavior is not
• Respondent behavior is involuntary
while operant behavior is voluntary*
(what’s wrong with these statements and why? No answer on slide, * Malottians beware!)
16
SO10 Unconditioned Respondent Relations
Examples in study objectives; for the exam
learn the ones numbered 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, & 11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
US (light increase) --> UR (pupil of eye constricts)
US (light decrease) --> UR (pupil of eye dilates)
US (touch to eye/chemical irritant) --> UR (lachrimal gland secretion)
US (irritation to nasal mucosa) --> UR (sneezing)
US (irritation to throat) --> UR (cough)
US (low temperature) --> UR (shivering, surface vasoconstriction)
US (high temperature) --> UR (sweating, surface vasodilation)
US (cold/fright) --> UR (hair stands on end)
US (food in mouth) --> UR (salivation)
US (bad food in stomach) --> UR (vomiting)
(NEXT SLIDE - EMOTIONS)
(focus on respondent this unit. On exam, if US, give UR; if UR, give US,or whole relation)
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SOs 10 &11: Emotions
ALL emotions (joy, anger, sadness) consist of:
A collection of respondent behaviors elicited
by a stimulus that is (1) painful, (2) very intense,
or (3) very unusual and together is called the
activation syndrome.
US
Pain
Very intense stimulus
Very unusual/surprising
UR: Activation Syndrome
Heart rate increase
Adrenaline secretion
Release of sugar into blood stream
Blood vessel constriction
Galvanic skin response
(pain is always a stimulus, never a response!; note respondent – do not leave this out 18
of the definition - it is a critical part - emotions are not operant behavior)
SO 12: Lower-order and Higherorder Respondent Conditioning
Definition: Respondent Conditioning (not for the exam):
A neutral stimulus (one that does not elicit the response
to be conditioned) is repeatedly paired with a stimulus
that does elicit the response (either a US or a CS), and
the NS becomes a CS that elicits the same response (or
a response that is the “same” but varies in intensity or
magnitude).
(Conditioning, making new CS->CR relations)
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SO12: Lower-order Respondent
Conditioning Diagram
Four parts to the diagram!
NS does NOT elicit R (either as a UR or CR)
US ----------> UR
NS/US -----> UR
(NS and US paired several times)
CS ----------> CR
Critical Features:
• US always elicits a UR (never an “R” or “CR”)
• NS always precedes US to insure conditioning
• Pairing is symbolized with / (Not an arrow)
• NS becomes a CS when it elicits the response
• CS always elicits a CR (never an “R” or “UR”)
• CS must occasionally be paired with US
(exam: not ask critical features)
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SO 12A: Pavlov’s Original Study
Example of Lower-order Conditioning
NS (tone) does not elicit R (salivation)
US (meat powder in mouth) -----> UR (salivation)
NS (tone) / US (meat powder in mouth) -----> UR (salivation)
CS (tone) ----> CR (salivation)
(Russian
Physiologist)
Review of Critical Features:
• US always elicits a UR (never an “R” or “CR”)
• NS always precedes US to insure conditioning
• Pairing is symbolized with /
• NS becomes a CS when it elicits the response
• CS always elicits a CR (never an “R” or “UR”)
• CS must occasionally be paired with US
21
Skip to SO 14: Respondent Extinction
NS (tone) does not elicit R (salivation)
US (meat powder in mouth) ---> UR (salivation)
NS/US (meat powder in mouth ---> UR (salivation)
CS (tone) ---> CR (salivation)
How would you respondently extinguish the CR
(the salivation response) to the CS (the tone)?
Repeatedly present the CS (the tone) without the
US (meat powder in the mouth)
Why not present the CS? (without repeatedly)
(Problem with “pair” instead of “present”; Extinguish vs. extinct, next slide)
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Extinguish vs. extinct
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SO 12C: Higher-order
Respondent Conditioning
Lower-Order
NS does not elicit R
US ---> UR
NS/US ---> UR
CS ---> CR
Higher-Order
NS does not elicit R
CS1 ---> CR1
NS/CS1 ---> CR1
CS2 ---> CR2
SO 12D: Difference in Words
In lower-order conditioning, the NS is repeatedly
paired with a US while in higher-order conditioning
the NS is repeatedly paired with a CS.
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SO 12C: Example of Higher-Order
Respondent Conditioning
Pavlov’s Lower-Order Conditioning Study
NS (tone) does not elicit R (salivation)
US (meat powder in mouth) ---> UR (salivation)
NS/US (meat powder in mouth ---> UR (salivation)
CS (tone) ---> CR (salivation)
Higher-order Respondent Conditioning
NS (bright orange light) does not elicit R (salivation)
CS1 (tone) ---> CR1 (salivation)
NS (bright orange light)/CS1 (tone) ---> CR1 (salivation)
CS2 (orange light) ---> CR2 (salivation)
(cool examples in text related to advertising; George Clooney, Jack Sparrow/Johnny Depp,
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lovable Geico gecco; on exam, CS1 - second diagram)
SO 12E: Watson & Raynor, Little Albert
Respondent Conditioning of Emotions
NS (white rat) does not elicit R (fear, startle)
US (loud noise) ---> UR (fear, startle)
NS (white rat) / US (loud noise) ---> UR (fear, startle)
CS (white rat) ---> CR (fear, startle)
REVIEW SO 14: Extinction of CR
How would you extinguish the fear,
startle response?
(emotions vs. simple reflexes, all emotions were genetic, 11th, diagram this study, question, not answer,
process of extinction often forms the basis for treatment of most phobias; article 2 yrs ago – who
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Was little Albert and what happened to him? American Psychologist)
SO 15
Assume, as actually happened, that Watson
and Raynor did not extinguish the fear, startle
response.
Also, assume Little Albert has not had any
contact with white rats for 1 year after he left
Watson and Raynor.
If you showed him a rat, would he exhibit a
fear, startle response?
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SO 16: Counterconditioning
Counterconditioning is NOT the same thing as extinction.
Extinction:
The CR is eliminated by repeatedly presenting
the CS without pairing it again with the US or CS1
Counterconditioning:
Not only is the CR eliminated, but it is replaced with an
incompatible response.
The CS that elicits the CR is repeatedly paired with a
stimulus that elicits an incompatible response.
(Extinction is not the same as elimination, specific process,
counterconditioning usually faster; also used to treat phobias)
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SO 16: Peter’s Original Conditioning:
Same as Little Albert’s
NS (rabbit) does not elicit R (fear, startle)
US (loud noise) ---> UR (fear, startle)
NS (rabbit) / US (loud noise) ---> UR (fear, startle)
CS (rabbit) ---> CR (fear, startle)
(NFE, but important so that you understand the counterconditioning)
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SO16: Counterconditioning Peter’s
Fear, Startle Response
NS (rabbit) does not elicit R (pleasant emotions, salivation)
US (milk, cookies) ---> UR (pleasant emotions, salivation)
NS (rabbit) / US (milk, cookies) ---> UR (pl. emtns, sal.)
CS (rabbit) ---> CR (pleasant emotions, salivation)
Note the first line of the diagram. Important!!
(SO16A, diagram; SO16B, conditioned rabbit to elicit unpleasant emotions;
stress NS first line, extinction embedded)
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SOs 17-18: Staats & Staats
• To date: Respondent conditioning can
account for emotions to stimuli that are paired
with a US, e.g., Little Albert’s fear/startle
response
• Series of three studies showing how
emotions to things/people/ethnic groups that
we have never had contact with can be
respondently conditioned
Nonsense syllables
Names of males (e.g., Tom, Bill)
Nationalities (e.g., German, Dutch, Swedish)
(higher order conditioning, increasing applied relevance and implications)
31
Staats & Staats Study
• Participants were college students
• Slides with names of nationalities shown on a
screen
• Words said to participants, which they
repeated while slides were shown
• Purpose? How visual learning affected
auditory learning
• Ps told they would be asked to recall as many
of the words as possible.
32
Staats and Staats Study, cont.
1. Slides saying German, Italian, French were paired with
words that did not elicit emotional reactions
NS (German)/NS (words)  No emotional reaction
2. Slides saying Dutch were paired with words that elicited
pleasant emotional reactions
NS (Dutch)/CS1 (joy, happiness)  CR1 (plsnt emotions)
3. Slides saying Swedish were paired with words that elicited
negative emotional reactions
NS (Swedish)/CS1 (death, pain)  CR1 (unplsnt emotions
NS = nationalities (German, Dutch, Swedish)
NS = words that did not elicit emotional reactions (book, table)
CS1 = words that elicited emotional reactions (joy, happiness)
(SO17: full diagrams later)
33
Staats & Staats Dependent Variable
College students rated the extent to which the
nationalities were pleasant or unpleasant on a 7-point
rating scale.
They rated:
• German, Italian, and French as neutral.
• Dutch as very positive/pleasant
• Swedish as very negative/unpleasant
When asked why they rated them that way, the students
could not tell the experimenters. That is, the conditioning
occurred completely without their awareness.
34
SO 17: Diagrams for Staats and Staats
NS (German) does not elicit R (any emotions)
NS (table, chair) ---> No R (no emotions)
NS (German)/NS (table, chair) ---> No R (no emotions)
NS (German) ---> No R (no emotions)
NS (Dutch) does not elicit R (pleasant emotions)
CS1 (joy, gift) ---> CR1 (pleasant emotions)
NS (Dutch)/CS1 (joy, gift) ---> CR1 (pleasant emotions)
CS2 (Dutch) ---> CR2 (pleasant emotions)
NS (Swedish) does not elicit R (neg. emotions)
CS1 (death, pain) ---> CR1 (neg. emotions)
NS (Swedish)/CS1 (death, pain) ---> CR1 (neg. emotions)
CS2 (Swedish) ---> CR2 (neg. emotions)
(note: first is not really respondent conding; must begin with nationalities that are NS, not Dutch here)
35
SO 18: Staats & Staats Wrap-up
• The DV consisted of the extent to which students
rated the nationalities as pleasant/unpleasant on a 7point rating scale.
Was this the CR? Why or why not?
• Chance called the words “neutral words,” “positive
words,” and “negative words.” This is NOT good
behavioral terminology.
What is wrong with this way of describing the words?
(not in study objectives, but fair game for the exam)
(Stimulus vs. response)
36
Staats & Staats Implications
If you grow up in a social environment where
international or minority groups are always described in
negative terms, you are going to develop negative
emotional reactions to those groups, even if you have not
had any contact with them.
If Italians are always paired with “gangsters,” “mafia,”
“Jersey Shore,” if females are described as “inferior,” if
Jews are described as “sly” and “shrewd,” if Arabs and
Muslims are always described as “terrorists,” if
homosexuals are always described as “immoral,” etc.,
you can develop negative reactions to those groups.
37
SO 19: Pavlov’s Study
Counterconditioning: Dogs and Masochists
NS (shock) does not elicit R (salivation)
US (meat powder in mouth) -----> UR (salivation)
NS (shock) / US (meat powder in mouth)-----> UR (salivation)
CS (shock) ----> CR (salivation)
(dogs acted as if they “liked” the shock, shock did not elicit
normal Rs after conditioning, Chance - not refer to this as counterconditioning,
not always going to happen - factors??)
38
SO 20: Respondent Conditioning of
Allergic Reactions*
NS (shape, color, smell of rose) does not elicit R (allergic reaction)
US (allergen)  UR (allergic reaction)
NS (shape, color, smell of rose)/US (allergen)  UR (allergies)
CS (shape, color, smell of rose)  CR (allergic reaction)
Thus:
CS (artificial rose, scented rose candle)  CR (allergic reaction)
* NFE, unless I add it in lecture
(How could an artificial rose come to cause an allergic reaction? Is the person really
suffering or just being “psychosomatic?” and a hypochondriac?);
No different than how the sight and smell of food come to elicit salivation
39
SO 21: Respondent Conditioning and
Drug Overdoses*
• Shepard Siegal’s work on respondent
conditioning can help explain why:
– People develop drug tolerances over time
and have to take more drugs to get the
same “high”
– Drug addicts who get “clean” at a rehab
facility often have such a high relapse rate
– Some people die from overdoses when they
take the same amount of drugs in a different
place/setting
*NFE unless I add it in lecture
40
SO 21, cont.
US (addictive drugs)  1. Physiological effects due to the
drug +
2. Physiological compensatory
responses to “offset” the effects
of the drugs
When an NS is paired with the US (dope) the
responses that become conditioned are the
2nd set of responses, not the first.
41
SO 21, cont.
NS (drug paraphernalia) do not elicit R (compensatory Rs)
(stimuli in apt., friends)
US (drug)  UR (compensatory Rs after initial drug effects)
NS/US (drug)  UR (compensatory Rs)
CS (drug stuff, apt., friends)  CR (compensatory Rs)
42
SO 21: Drug Tolerance
1.CS (drug stuff, apt., friends)  CR (compensatory Rs)
1. Now, US (dope)  UR (drug effects)
• But, the compensatory Rs have already been elicited
by the CSs in the environment, thus the effects of the
drug are not as great
•So, a person needs more and more of the drug to get the
same “high”
And, remember, respondent conditioning doesn’t happen
all at once, so the tolerance develops gradually as the CSs
come to elicit the CRs
(gathered at the typical place with the “usual suspects” to do some dope)
43
SO 21, cont: Drug Overdoses
Now, what is going to happen if a person shoots up in a
completely new place/setting?
1.CSs (drug stuff)  CRs (compensatory Rs)
But, there are not as many CSs so the compensatory Rs
will be a lot weaker, not as strong counteraction
2.Take dope, same amount:
44
SO 21, cont: Drug Relapse
• Why did returning Vietnam vets who got
“clean” at rehab have such a low recidivism
rate in comparison to the average recidivism
rate?
• Why is there such a high recidivism rate
when individuals get clean then return
home?
• Siegel’s story of a drug addict who got clean
and then experienced full-fledged withdrawal
symptoms when he crossed the GW Bridge,
returning to NYC
45
SO 21, cont: Drug Relapse
• The compensatory responses are also what is
commonly referred to as “withdrawal
symptoms”
• They create “cravings” for the drugs if elicited
in the drug’s absence
• So, if CSs elicit the compensatory responses
then individuals will have a strong tendency to
do drugs to relieve those compensatory
responses (withdrawal symptoms)
46
SO 21, cont: Drug Relapse
• Former drug addict returning to NYC
CSs (GW Bridge, NYC skyline, etc.)  CRs (comp Rs)
• People who get clean and return home
CSs (streets, home, friends, etc.)  CRs (comp Rs)
In contrast to:
• Clean Vietnam vets who returned to their home
No or few CSs (all related to Vietnam and fellow soldiers)
Therefore, no or only mild withdrawal symptoms
What important point about CSsCRs and
respondent extinction do the first two illustrate?
(last slide on this – next slide, term “elicit”)
47
SO 13: Elicit
•
Simple Rule:
USs elicit URs, CSs elicit CRs
_________________________________
• Elicit is only used in respondent
relations
• ONLY USs and CSs elicit responses:
Organisms do NOT
• Only responses can be elicited
48
SO13 Examples:
Is elicit used correctly?
• When the temperature is cold, a person
elicits a shivering response.
• The SD (a tone) elicited the behavior of
turning in a circle by the pigeon.
• The CS (a tone) elicited the CR
(salivation).
• In lower order conditioning, the NS
elicits the US.
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The End
• Questions?
• Instructional Assistance Hours:
Monday, 1/20, 6:00-7:30 PM
Wood Hall Lounge, First Floor
Michael is in charge!
• Email addresses for TAs are in the syllabus
• ppt is posted on my web page:
alycedickinson.com
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