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Biology 2201
2.1
2000-2001
Circulatory System
2.1.1 Formulate a hypothesis which attempts to explain the necessity for a circulatory
system in large, multicellular organisms such as humans.
2.1.2 Describe the structure and function of an artery, a vein, and a capillary.
2.1.3 Trace the pathway of blood from the time blood from the body enters the right
atrium of the heart until it is pumped out through the aorta to all other parts of the
body.
2.1.4 Demonstrate that the heart works as a double pump by describing the pathway of
pulmonary circulation and the pathway of systemic circulation.
2.1.5 Identify coronary, hepatic-portal and renal circulation as subdivisions of systemic
circulation; explain the role of each in blood circulation.
2.1.6 Describe lymphatic circulation by identifying the structures of the lymphatic
system and explaining their functions.
2.1.7 Describe the relationship of structure to function with regard to efficient
circulation by explaining the following examples:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
the presence of atria and ventricles in the heart;
the presence of the valves in the heart and veins;
the presence of the septum in the heart; and
the presence of elasticity in the arterial walls.
2.1.8 Define systole and diastole.
2.1.9 Explain the heartbeat cycle and the mechanisms that control the rate and the
strength of the heartbeat.
2.1.10 Summarize how blood pressure enables continuous blood flow.
2.1.11 Explain how a doctor measures a patient’s blood pressure.
2.1.12 Relate how each of the following hinders good circulation:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
cholesterol build-up in the arteries;
improper closing of heart valves;
hardening of the arteries (artherioschlerosis); and
high or low blood pressure.
2.1.13 Identify the cellular and non-cellular components of blood and state their
functions.
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Biology 2201
2000-2001
2.1.14 Summarize the information that can be learned when blood counts are used as
diagnostic tools; state how such information might be useful.
2.1.15 Identify several substances that are transported by blood and explain why blood is
an excellent transport medium.
2.1.16 Identify the type of blood vessel which facilitates the exchange of nutrients and
wastes between the circulatory system and body cells, and describe this exchange
process.
2.1.17 Outline the protective processes of blood including phagocytosis, antigenantibody mechanisms and clotting.
2.1.18 Describe the sequence of events that results in blood clotting.
2.1.19 Identify the four ABO blood types with their antigen and antibody components.
2.1.20 Explain the importance of typing and cross-matching blood samples from the
donor and the recipient before a transfusion is performed.
2.1.21 List the matches of donor and recipient ABO blood types that would prevent
dangerous clumping of red blood cells during transfusions.
2.1.22 Define Rh factors, noting their prevalence in the human population.
2.1.23 Explain the problem Rh factors may present during pregnancy.
2.1.24 Define pathogen.
2.1.25 Differentiate between nonspecific and specific defenses.
2.1.26 Identify the major natural physical and chemical barriers that act as the body’s
first line of defence (nonspecific) against pathogens.
2.1.27 Describe the inflammatory response, noting how this response functions as a
second line defense (nonspecific) mechanism involving macrophages.
2.1.28 Define immunity and summarize how the immune system provides it.
2.1.29 Identify the parts of the human body that make up the immune system.
2.1.30 Define antigen and describe the immune response that can be caused by antigens.
2.1.31 Define antibody.
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Biology 2201
2000-2001
2.1.32 Define primary immune response and secondary immune response.
2.1.33 Outline the differences in antibody production between a primary immune
response and a secondary immune response.
2.1.34 Explain the functions of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes as key cells of the
immune system.
2.1.35 Describe the specific immune response problems encountered by transplant
patients.
2.1.36 Describe the active and passive types of immunity as follows:
i)
ii)
iii)
identify how each type develops,
examine the advantages and disadvantages associated with each type, and
explain the importance of technologies such as vaccination in assisting a
body to resist disease.
2.1.37 Explain the meaning of the words in the AIDS acronym.
2.1.38 State the causes of AIDS.
2.1.39 Specify that AIDS is an immune disorder characterized by a decreased number of
T-lymphocytes and explain how the reduction in number of helper T-cells affects
the immune response.
2.1.40 Explain why AIDS infected people die of infections that are usually no threat to a
healthy immune system.
2.1.41 Explain how AIDS is spread.
2.1.42 Explain how AIDS can be prevented.
2.1.43 Analyze the societal implications of AIDS.
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