Download The Force a Magnetic Field Exerts on a moving Charge

The Force a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a moving Charge
James H Dann, Ph.D.
Say Thanks to the Authors
Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks
(No sign in required)
To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other
interactive content, visit www.ck12.org
CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to
reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both
in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based
collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to
pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational
content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an
adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook
Platform®.
Copyright © 2013 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org
The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the
terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively
“CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12
Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international
laws.
Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium,
in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link
http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in
addition to the following terms.
Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including
CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users
in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/NonCommercial/Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA) License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended
and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC
License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference.
Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms.
Printed: May 5, 2013
AUTHOR
James H Dann, Ph.D.
CONTRIBUTORS
Antonio De Jesus López
Chris Addiego
www.ck12.org
C ONCEPT
Concept 1. The Force a Magnetic Field Exerts on a moving Charge
1
The Force a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a moving Charge
Students will learn about the Lorentz force and how moving particles interact in a magnetic field. In addition, the
right hand rule is covered. Students will also solve various types of problems involving particles and magnetic fields
using the Lorentz force and the right hand rule.
Students will learn about the Lorentz force and how moving particles interact in a magnetic field. In addition, the
right hand rule is covered. Students will also solve various types of problems involving particles and magnetic fields
using the Lorentz force and the right hand rule.
Key Equations
FB = qvB sin θ
Force on a Charged Particle
where q is the charge of the particle, v is the velocity of the particle, B is the magnetic field value and θ is the angle
between the velocity vector and the magnetic field vector. Note that for problems where the direction of the particle
and the direction of the magnetic field are perpendicular then
FB = qvB
also, recall that
F = qE
E = V ∆x
for a constant electric field
Guidance
As moving charges create magnetic fields, so they experience forces from magnetic fields generated by other
materials. The magnitude of the force experienced by a particle traveling in a magnetic field depends on the charge
of the particle (q), the velocity of the particle (v), the strength of the field (B), and, importantly, the angle between
their relative directions (θ):
There is a second right hand rule that will show the direction of the force on a positive charge in a magnetic field:
point your index finger along the direction of the particle’s velocity . If your middle finger points along the magnetic
field, your thumb will point in the direction of the force. NOTE: For negative charge reverse the direction of the
force (or use your left hand)
1
www.ck12.org
For instance, if a positively charged particle is moving to the right, and it enters a magnetic field pointing towards
the top of your page, it feels a force going out of the page, while if a positively charged particle is moving to the left,
and it enters a magnetic field pointing towards the top of your page, it feels a force going into the page:
Example 1: Find the Magnetic Field
Question: An electron is moving to the east at a speed of 1.8 × 106 m/s. It feels a force in the upward direction with
a magnitude of 2.2 × 10−12 N. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field this electron just passed
through?
Answer: There are two parts to this question, the magnitude of the electric field and the direction. We will first focus
on the magnitude.
To find the magnitude we will use the equation
FB = qvBsinθ
We were given the force of the magnetic field (2.2 × 10−12 N) and the velocity that the electron is traveling
(1.8 × 106 m/s). We also know the charge of the electron (1.6 × 10−19 C). Also, because the electron’s velocity is
perpendicular to the field, we do not have to deal with sin θ because sin θ of 90 degrees is 1. Therefore all we have
to do is solve for B and plug in the known values to get the answer.
FB = qvB sin θ
Solving for B:
B=
2
FB
qv sin θ
www.ck12.org
Concept 1. The Force a Magnetic Field Exerts on a moving Charge
Now, plugging the known values we have:
B=
FB
2.2? 10−12 N
=
= 7.6 T
qv sin θ 1.6 × 10−19 C × 1.8 × 106 m/s × 1
Now we will find the direction of the field. We know the direction of the velocity (east) and the direction of the force
due to the magnetic field (up, out of the page). Therefore we can use the second right hand rule (we will use the left
hand, since an electron’s charge is negative). Point the pointer finger to the right to represent the velocity and the
thumb up to represent the force. This forces the middle finger, which represents the direction of the magnetic field,
to point south. Alternatively, we could recognize that this situation is illustrated for a positive particle in the right
half of the drawing above; for a negative particle to experience the same force, the field has to point in the opposite
direction: south.
Example 2: Circular Motion in Magnetic Fields
Consider the following problem: a positively charged particle with an initial velocity of ~v1 , charge q and mass m
traveling in the plane of this page enters a region with a constant magnetic field ~B pointing into the page. We are
interested in finding the trajectory of this particle.
Since the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field is always perpendicular to both its velocity vector and the
field vector (check this using the second right hand rule above), a constant magnetic field will provide a centripetal
force — that is, a constant force that is always directed perpendicular to the direction of motion. Two such
force/velocity combinations are illustrated above. According to our study of rotational motion, this implies that
as long as the particle does not leave the region of the magnetic field, it will travel in a circle. To find the radius of
the circle, we set the magnitude of the centripetal force equal to the magnitude of the magnetic force and solve for r:
Fc =
mv2
= FB = qvB sin θ = qvB
r
Therefore,
r=
mv2
qvB
In the examples above, θ was conveniently 90 degrees, which made sin θ = 1. But that does not really matter; in
a constant magnetic fields a different θ will simply decrease the force by a constant factor and will not change the
qualitative behavior of the particle.
3
www.ck12.org
Watch this Explanation
MEDIA
Click image to the left for more content.
MEDIA
Click image to the left for more content.
Time for Practice
1. For each of the arrangements of velocity v and magnetic field B below, determine the direction of the force.
Assume the moving particle has a positive charge.
2. As an electron that is traveling in the positive x−direction encounters a magnetic field, it begins to turn in the
upward direction (positive y−direction). What is the direction of the magnetic field?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
-"x"-direction
+"y"-direction (towards the top of the page)
-"z"-direction (i.e. into the page)
+"z"-direction (i.e. out of the page)
none of the above
3. A positively charged hydrogen ion turns upward as it enters a magnetic field that points into the page. What
direction was the ion going before it entered the field?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
-"x"-direction
+"x"-direction
-"y"-direction (towards the bottom of the page)
+"z"-direction (i.e. out of the page)
none of the above
4. Protons with momentum 5.1 × 10−20 kg · m/s are magnetically steered clockwise in a circular path. The path
is 2.0 km in diameter. (This takes place at the Dann International Accelerator Laboratory, to be built in 2057
in San Francisco.) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field acting on the protons.
5. An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1.67 × 105 volts. It then enters a region
traveling perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.25 T.
a. Calculate the velocity of the electron.
b. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic force on the electron.
4
www.ck12.org
Concept 1. The Force a Magnetic Field Exerts on a moving Charge
c. Calculate the radius of the circle of the electron’s path in the region of the magnetic field
6. A beam of charged particles travel in a straight line through mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic
fields. One of the particles has a charge, q; the magnetic field is B and the electric field is E. Find the velocity
of the particle.
7. A positron (same mass, opposite charge as an electron) is accelerated through 35, 000 volts and enters the
center of a 1.00 cm long and 1.00 mm wide capacitor, which is charged to 400volts. A magnetic filed is
applied to keep the positron in a straight line in the capacitor. The same field is applied to the region (region
II) the positron enters after the capacitor.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
What is the speed of the positron as it enters the capacitor?
Show all forces on the positron.
Prove that the force of gravity can be safely ignored in this problem.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field necessary.
Show the path and calculate the radius of the positron in region II.
Now the magnetic field is removed; calculate the acceleration of the positron away from the center.
Calculate the angle away from the center with which it would enter region II if the magnetic field were
to be removed.
8. An electron is accelerated through 20, 000 V and moves along the positive x−axis through a plate 1.00 cm
wide and 2.00 cm long. A magnetic field of 0.020 T is applied in the −zdirection.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Calculate the velocity with which the electron enters the plate.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on the electron.
Calculate the acceleration of the electron.
Calculate the deviation in the y direction of the electron form the center.
Calculate the electric field necessary to keep the electron on a straight path.
Calculate the necessary voltage that must be applied to the plate.
Answers to Selected Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a. Into the page b. Down the page c. Right
.
.
0.00016 T; if CCW motion, B is pointed into the ground.
a. 2.42 × 108 m/s b. 9.69 × 10−12 N c. .0055 m
E/B
a. 1.11 × 108 m/s b. 9.1 × 10−30 N << 6.4 × 10−14 N d. .00364 T e. .173 m f. 7.03 × 1016 m/s2 g. 3.27◦
a.8.39 × 107 m/s b. 2.68 × 10−13 N, −y c. 2.95 × 101 7 m/s2 d. .00838 m e. 1.68 × 106 N/C f. 16, 800 V
5