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Interpretation of terms in SOP for the Deep-Sea Resources Exploration Penchan Laongmanee SEAFDEC/TD Regional workshop on the Standard Operating Procedure and Development/Improvement of Sampling Gears for the Deep-Sea Resource Exploration, 26-28 May 2009, SEAFDEC/TD Expected output The meeting requested to identify the following topic for the common understanding for SOP preparation • Scope of deep-sea area • Deep sea fisheries resource sampling gears • Indicators for deep-sea resources survey • Indicator for the impact of fishing to ecosystem Scope of deep-sea area for SOP FAO considered deepwater fisheries as those fisheries that occur beyond the continental shelf/slope break which typically occurs at about 200 m. The current technology limit of these fisheries is about 2000 m. Fig1. from FAO,2007, p40 What is the Deepwater fisheries? Organization/country/Ref. Depth Remarks FAO (deepwater fisheries) >200 m (beyond continental shelf/slope break) ICES (deepwater fisheries) >400 m New zealand (deepwater fisheries) Center>500 m Deepwater fisheries beyond 500 m are important (for ex. Orange roughy fisheries) D.J. Randall and A.P.Farrell (Deep-sea fishes) >1000 m Permanently unlit by sunlight, abiotic and biotic factors show relatively little variation in both time & space SEAFDEC (Target survey area) Need input > 100 m ?? Most of catch from deep water fisheries , generally occur at depth less than 500 m. (from stat) Close to, or in contact with, the seafloor much of the time, and benthopelagic species that are associated with the seafloor Scope of deep-sea area for SOP Depth of commercial trawl fisheries in SEA countries Country Depth (m) (Commercial trawl) Remark Brunei < 100 m > 200 m (taxa) Indonesia Up to >100 m >100 m, Malaysia < 100 m > 100 m Myanmar ? Philippine < 100 m Thailand < 100 m Vietnam Up to > 100 m Dr. Charatsee base on photic zone , >200 m Base on continental break + sea mouth >200 m Below photic zone (by ecosystem), >200 m Deep sea area in ASEAN water ETOPO1 Data, 1 minute resolution from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html , prepared by Siriporn Scope of deep-sea area for SOP Scope of Deep-sea area for SOP for the deep-sea resource exploration in SEA water is > 100 m ? > 200 m ? Demersal species which are close to, or in contact with, the seafloor much of the time, and benthopelagic species that are associated with the seafloor. Scope of deep-sea area for SOP Deep sea fishery: water column and/or sea floor? FAO. 2006. Report of Expert Consultation on Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Seas. p.62 -63 Another aspect of deep-sea fisheries is their relationships to the water column or sea floor. Fisheries for mesopelagic and benthopelagic species, which live in the water column without association with the sea floor, might be considered deep water fisheries ( as the species occur at depths of at least 200 m). However, these species generally do not grow to a large enough size to make them valuable commercial fisheries and/or they have not proven to be viable commercial fisheries due to processing or marketing problems. Their distribution may be too diffuse to make fishing them practical. The important deepwater fisheries are for demersal species which are close to, or in contact with, the seafloor much of the time, and benthopelagic species that are associated with the seafloor. Deep sea area in ASEAN water ETOPO1 Data, 1 minute resolution from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html , prepared by Siriporn Deep sea fisheries resources sampling gears • Beam trawl, Agasszi trawl, Bottom Trawl, mid-water trawl • Demersal longline , Vertical line • Traps/pot • Bottom gill net Picture modified from http://www.livingoceans.org/programs/sustainable_fisheries/gears/ Deep sea fisheries resources sampling gears Trawl-able area Trawl From Dr.Y.Matsushita presentation Advantage : • Accurate sampling effort (e.g. geometric space, operated duration) => better index of abundance • Samplings are mobile in space and time • Larger sample size increase statistical precision • Selectivity Disadvantage : • Costly Deep sea fisheries resources sampling gears Untrawl-able area bottom longline/vertical line, trap/pot or bottom gill net From Dr.Y.Matsushita presentation Advantage: • Relatively simple in design, construction, and use • less machineries Disadvantage: • relative abundance available • environment dependent • selectivity (selective gear) Indicators for deep-sea resources survey Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries part C : Regional Guidelines on the use of indicators for the sustainable development and management of capture fisheries in Southeast Asian advise that “ Fisheries Indicators” is generally referred as a practical tool to support management of Fisheries. “Fisheries Indicator” provides information on status and trend of fisheries and resources, which can support the decision making process. Indicators for deep-sea resources survey Resource indicators that SEAFDEC pilot projects in capture fisheries management applied are: • • • • • • CPUE (CPUA ?) Yield (for trawl) Catch composition Number of species caught Average landing size (average catch size) Size of mature resource Can we use these parameter as an indicator for deep-sea resource survey? Indicators for deep-sea resources survey Summary information from participants Country Survey method Unit of indicator Japan trawl (commercial boat) CPUE (Kg/hr) Thailand (MRC) Beam trawl Agassiz trawl Otter trawl ? ? (for biodiversity) ? Malaysia trawl (1 hr) BVL, Trap, CPUE (Kg/hr) Kg/100 traps Kg/station Brunei Darussalam trawl CPUA (Kg/km2) Indicators for deep-sea resources survey Country Survey method Unit of indicator Indonesia Deep sea trawl CPUE (kg/hr) Myanmar Trawl BVL CPUE Kg/hr No./1000 hooks Philippine Trawl Trap CPUA (kg/km2) g/trap/hr Vietnam Trawl CPUE (kg/hr) Indicators for deep-sea resources survey For SOP Fishing gear indicator unit Trawl CPUE? Kg/hr?, Kg/km2 CPUA, Kg/km2 ? Line BVL, VL CPUE kg/1000 hooks ? and/or no/1000 hooks Trap/pot CPUE Kg/100 traps ? And/or no/100 traps Bottom gill net CPUE kg/km net ? Indicator for the impact of fishing to ecosystem Guideline for the management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Seas (FAO,2008) Following is criteria in the identification of vulnerable marine ecosystems and assessing significant adverse impacts from fisheries that we should avoid to utilize the resources. 1. Uniqueness or rarity –an area or ecosystem that is unique or that contains rare species whose loss could not be compensated for by similar areas or ecosystems. These included: - Habitats that contain endemic species; - Habitat of rare, threatened or endangered species that occur only in discrete areas; or - Nurseries or discrete feeding, breeding, or spawning areas. Indicator for the impact of fishing to ecosystem 2. Functional significance of the habitat – discrete areas or habitat that are necessary for the survival, function, spawning/reproduction or recovery of fish stocks, particular life history stages (e.g. nursery grounds or rearing areas), or of rare, threatened or endangered marine species. 3. Fragility- an ecosystem that is highly susceptible to degradation by anthropogenic activities. 4. Life- history traits of component species that make recovery difficult-ecosystems that are characterized by populations or assemblages of species with one or more of the following characteristics: - Slow growth rates; - Late age of maturity; - Low or unpredictable recruitment; or - Long-lived Indicator for the impact of fishing to ecosystem 5. Structural complexity- an ecosystem that is characterized by complex physical structures created by significant concentrations of biotic and abiotic features. In these ecosystems, ecological processes are usually highly dependent on these structured systems. Further, such ecosystems often have high diversity, which is dependent on the structuring organisms. Can we consider the above list as an indicator for the impact of fishing to ecosystem of SEA water? References • FAO.2008.Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep-sea fisheries.18pp. • FAO.2007.Report and documentation of the expert consultation on deepsea fisheries in high seas.203pp. • FAO.2007. Report of the expert consultation on international guidelines for the management of deep-sea in the high seas. 39pp. • FAO.2008. Report of the technical consultation on international guidelines for the management of deep-sea fisheries in the high seas • M. Machete, T. Morato and G. Menezes. 2003. Modelling the distributionof two fish species on seamounts of the Azores. FAO fisheries proceeding 3/1: Conference on the Governance and Management of Deep-sea Fisheries.182-195 End Fishery resources exploration on the continental slopes in the Lingayen Gulf