Download Level Notes- Human Body Systems Part 2 The Excretory

Level Notes- Human Body Systems Part 2
The Excretory System
Structures of the Excretory System
•_____________- remove waste products from blood; maintain blood pH; regulate blood
volume
•_____________- leaves kidney & carries urine to urinary bladder
•_____________- sac-like organ where urine is stored before being excreted
•_____________- tube that carries urine (and semen in males) from body
•“Dirty” blood comes to the kidney for ___________________
•Good & bad substances are filtered from the _____________.
•The good substances like ____________ and most water are returned to the ___________.
•The bad substances are collected as ___________ and are excreted.
•Circular muscles called __________________ are found at the base of the bladder.
•At about _________ years of age children learn to use these muscles. We usually call
this being “potty-trained.”
•Kidney stones are painful because of their ___________.
They are formed in the kidneys
and as they travel down the ______________ they may tear tissue or get stuck and
cannot pass down any further.
•__________________________ is a procedure in which waves of sound are sent to “blow
up” the stone, so that the patient only has to pass a powdery substance, not a solid
stone.
Adrenal Gland
Urinary opening
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Kidney
Circulatory System
Relationship between _________________ and ________________ systems supply cells with
______________ and ________________ throughout your body.
Function of Circulatory System
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Transports ______________
Transports ______________
Transports _______________ out of body
Know as the “__________________________” of the body
Made up of _____________ and ____________________.
Vessels can be _____________ , ___________________ , and __________________.
Heart anatomy
 Size of your _____________________________
 Hollow ______________________________________
 Heart divided into __________ chambers
– Right Atria, Right Ventricle
– Left Atria, Left Ventricle
 Atria pump blood _______the heart.
– _______________________________
 Ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
– _______________________________
Pathway of blood through heart:
 1. ____________________ blood enters via superior and inferior vena cava’s into
_______________________.
 2. ____________________blood enters ________________________.
 3. Deoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle through
__________________________.
 4. Blood cells pick up ____________________________.
 5. __________________ blood returns to heart via ___________________________.
 6. _____________________blood pumped into ______________________.
 7. _____________________ blood pumped into left ventricle.
 8 Oxygenated blood pumped out of _________________________ to entire body.
 Left ventricle more muscular than right…..why?
Circulation systems of body:
 __________________ circulation only involved the blood circulation from heart to
lungs to heart again.
 ____________________ circulation involves entire circulation system.
Circulation outside of the heart
 Blood vessels:
 As blood flows through the circulatory system it moves through three types of
blood vessels.
 _________________ carries oxygen rich blood cells ____________ from heart.
 _________________ junction between _______________ and veins. Brings nutrients
and oxygen to body cells.
 _________________ Carry deoxygenated blood cells back to heart and lungs.
Veins carry CO2 waste (______________________________________________) away from
cells.
Break down of _________________________ causes this CO2 waste.
Blood
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The human body contains between 4-6 liters of blood.
_______ of blood consists of cells
_______ is plasma
Plasma helps transport _____________, _______________, and ________________.
Cells of blood
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
 Transport ____________ to body.
 ____________________ molecule in RBC gives blood ______ color.
 Oxygen molecules picked up by _________________ in _____________.
 RBC’s last about ________ days.
 Liver and spleen _______________ worn out RBC’s.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
 Fight against _____________, _____________ and _________________.
 Helper T-cells mature in thalamus gland
 ___________________attacks this type of WBC.
 WBC’s not just confined to circulatory system. Also enter into Lymphatic system.
Digestive System
Pathway of Digestion:
1. Mouth
a. _______________ digestion: _________ break apart food
b. Carbohydrates start their digestion w/ chemicals in ____________
2. Esophagus
a. Connects mouth to stomach
b. ________________: muscles push food ball (bolus) to stomach
3. Stomach
a. ______________ digestion: muscular sac secretes acids &
_______________ to break down food
4. Small Intestine
a. _________________________ & water from broken down food
5. Large Intestine
a. Absorbs ______________
b. Eliminates indigestible wastes
6. Rectum and Anus
a. Stores_____________ until ready for release
Indirect organs that aid in the digestive process
1. Liver
a. Produces __________ which helps break down fat
2. Gallbladder
a. Stores ___________
3. Pancreas
a. Makes ______________ that help digest food
b. Makes ________________ which helps break down blood sugar
4. Appendix
a. Sac containing ______________ cells
b. Located at the beginning of the large intestine
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small Intestine
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Gall Bladder
Rectum
Appendix
The Human Immune System
What is the immune system?
The body’s __________ against ___________ causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and
foreign particles
The First Line of Defense ~Skin~
The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the ______________, forms a shield against
invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders.
As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into _______ throughout your
respiratory system and become stuck.
Hair-like structures called ______ sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or
swallowing
What’s the first thing you do when you cut your finger?
Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong ________ in the stomach that
break down your food
The Second Line of Defense ~White Blood Cells~
If invaders actually get within the body, then your ______________(WBCs) begin their
attack
WBCs normally circulate throughout the _________, but will enter the body’s _________ if
invaders are detected
These white blood cells are responsible for eating foreign particles by ____________ them
Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called
___________.
Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus makingfactory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new
cells
The Second Line of Defense ~Interferon~
Virus-infected body cells release _______________ when an invasion occurs
Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other body cells
White Blood Cells~T-Cells~
________, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and _______
cells
T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to search for
more cells to kill
The Second Line of Defense ~The Inflammatory Response~
Injured body cells release chemicals called _________, which begin ________________
____________
 Capillaries dilate
 Pyrogens released, reach hypothalamus, and temperature rises
 Pain receptors activate
 WBCs flock to infected area like sharks to blood
The Third Line of Defense ~Antibodies~
Most infections never make it past the first and second levels of defense
Those that do trigger the production and release of _____________- proteins that latch
onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles
Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an _____________
What is immunity? Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance
Two types: Active Immunity & Passive Immunity
Active Immunity- ______ produce the antibodies
Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through:
–
Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You fought it, you won,
you remember it
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Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed or
weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and remember it
Vaccines
Antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce _____________
Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur
Have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the Earth, such as
polio and smallpox
How long does active immunity last? It depends on the antigen
Some disease-causing bacteria multiply into new forms that our body doesn’t
recognize, requiring annual vaccinations, like the flu shot
__________________- reminds the immune system of the antigen
Others last for a lifetime, such as ______________________
Passive Immunity- You ________ produce the antibodies
 A mother will pass immunities on to her baby during pregnancy - through
what organ?
 These antibodies will protect the baby for a short period of time following birth
while its immune system develops. What endocrine gland is responsible for
this?
 Lasts until antibodies die
Immune Disorders~Allergies~
Immune system mistakenly recognizes harmless foreign particles as serious threats
Launches immune response, which causes ___________, runny nose, and watery eyes
Anti-histamines block effect of histamines and bring relief to allergy sufferers
Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Discovered in ________
Specifically targets and kills ________
Because normal body cells are unaffected, immune response is not launched
The HIV virus doesn’t kill you – it cripples your _________________________
With your immune system shut down, common diseases that your immune system
normally could defeat become life-threatening
Can show no effects for several months all the way up to _____________
Transmitted by ________________, blood transfusions, contaminated needles
As of 2007, it affects an estimated 33.2 million people
Respiratory System
The chart of the respiratory system shows the intricate structures needed
for breathing. Breathing is the process by which oxygen in the air is brought into the
lungs and into close contact with the blood, which absorbs it and carries it to all parts of
the body. At the same time the blood gives up waste matter (carbon dioxide), which is
carried out of the lungs when air is breathed out.
1. The ___________________ are hollow spaces in the bones of the head.
Small openings connect them to the nose. The functions they serve include helping to
regulate the temperature and humidity of air breathed in, as well as to lighten the bone
structure of the head and to give resonance to the voice.
2. The ______________ (nasal cavity) is the preferred entrance for outside air into the
respiratory system. The hairs that line the wall are part of the air-cleaning system.
3. Air also enter through the __________________________(oral cavity),
especially in people who have a mouth-breathing habit or whose nasal
passages may be temporarily obstructed, as by a cold or during heavy
exercise.
4. The _______________ are lymph nodes in the wall of the throat
(pharynx) that often become infected. They are part of the germ-fighting
system of the body.
5. The ________________________ (pharynx) collects incoming air from the nose and
mouth and passes it downward to the windpipe (trachea).
6. The ___________________________ is a flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the
windpipe (trachea), closing when anything is swallowed
that should go into the esophagus and stomach.
7. The __________________________ (larynx) contains the vocal chords. It is the place
where moving air being breathed in and out creates voice
sounds.
8. The _____________________________ is the passage leading from the mouth and throat
to the stomach.
9. The ______________________ (trachea) is the passage leading from the throat
(pharynx) to the lungs.
10. The ________________ are bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity. They
move to a limited degree, helping the lungs to expand and contract.
11. The windpipe divides into the two main _______________________, one for each lung,
which subdivide into each lobe of the lungs. These, in turn, subdivide further.
12. The right lung is divided into three _______________, or sections. Each lobe is like a
balloon filled with sponge-like tissue. Air moves in and out through one opening -- a
branch of the bronchial tube.
13. The left lung is divided into two ______________________.
14. The _______________________ are the two membranes, actually one continuous one
folded on itself, that surround each lobe of the lungs and separate the lungs from the
chest wall.
15. The ______________________ is the strong wall of muscle that separates the chest
cavity from the abdominal cavity. By moving downward, it creates suction in the chest
to draw in air and expand the lungs.
16. The smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tubes are called __________, at the ends of
which are the air sacs or alveoli (plural of alveolus).
17. The _________________ are the very small air sacs that are the destination of air
breathed in. The _________________ are blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of
the alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, brought to them by the
_______________________________ and taken away by the ___________________________.
While in the capillaries the blood gives off carbon dioxide through the capillary wall into
the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli.
Reproductive System
The reproductive system is the only body system that an individual can live without. It is the most
important, however, in continuation of the species.
The reproductive glands of the body are called the _________. The gonads have two functions:
1) ______________________________________________________________
2) ______________________________________________________________
The female gonads are called __________. They function to produce ______ or ______ and female sex
hormones.
The female sex hormones include:
1. _______________: responsible for egg and female body characteristics such as breast development,
the widening of the hips, and the development of the female reproductive system.
2) ___________________: prepares the ____________ for a developing ______________.
The male gonads are called __________. They function to produce _________ and
_________________________.
The male sex hormone is _________________. Testosterone is necessary for the production of normal
sperm and for the physical characteristics of the male body such as facial hair, large body size, and
a deep voice.
During fetal development, the testes develop in the ____________________. Around the time of birth
the testes descend into an external sac called the __________, where the temperature is ___________
than the body's (by about 3 degrees) to allow for proper sperm development.
1) Sperm Development: A sperm is a ___________ cell produced in the ______________________. They
mature in the ________________ where they are stored until ejaculation. During ejaculation they move
into a tube called the ___________________. The vas deferens merges with the urethra and eventually
exits the body through the _________.
 The seminal vesicles, _______________________, and the Cowper’s gland, provide a fluid rich in
nutrients called the seminal fluid that provides ____
__ and ________________ for the sperm.
 The sperm and seminal fluid make up the _________.
 One drop of semen contains about 2.5 million sperm!!!!
The human female reproductive system contains three main parts:
–the __________, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm
–the ___________, which holds the developing fetus
–the ___________, which produce the female's ova.
The vagina meets the outside at the _________, which also includes the _____________,
__________________ and _____________; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by
the Bartholin’s glands.
The vagina is attached to the uterus through the _________, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries
via the _______________________.
Egg development: Each ovary contains ______________ which are clusters of cells surrounding an
immature egg. The purpose of the follicle is to help the egg mature and be released to become
___________. Of the 400,000 follicles, only about ______ actually become released, one per _____
days.
Egg release: The egg is released once the follicle matures. This release is called ____________. The
egg leaves the ovary and is swept into one of the _________________________ (oviduct). The egg
moves along the Fallopian tube by the movement of the tube's ________. It is within the Fallopian
tube that the egg may become fertilized. After a few days the egg enters the _________. The
opening of the uterus is called the _________. The canal leaving the cervix is the _______________.
Reproduction & Pregnancy
•Human reproduction takes place as ___________________________ by sexual intercourse.
•During this process, the ______________ of the male is inserted into the female's ________ until
the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina.
•The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the ___________ or fallopian
___________ for fertilization of the _______.
•The average human pregnancy lasts ___________ or ____________ or 280 days.
•By day ____ the baby has all of its major organs formed and working.
•The baby is about the size of a _______ at this point.
•When the baby is ready to be born the _____________ sac around the baby must first be broken.
•This is commonly called when a woman’s “water breaks.”
•The “water” is actually amniotic fluid in which the baby swims during the pregnancy.
•This fluid is also breathed in by the baby to practice breathing.
•They do not drown because they are getting their _____________ supplied through the blood in their
__________________ cord.
•_____________ secreted by mom cause the ________ to contract and squeeze the baby out.
•Pushing with _______________ muscles also helps.
Picture the typical delivery scene you see on tv: Mom is pushing, doctor is looking, nurses are
watching. Then the baby comes out, the umbilical cord is clamped & cut and the nurses take the
baby. Right?
Now, in your head, zoom back over to the mom. See a problem?
Where is the other half of the umbilical cord? What about the placenta?
These 2 structures must also be delivered, just like the baby.
This is called the “afterbirth” because it comes after birth.
Cancers of the Reproductive System:
Male:
1. ___________________________- 3rd leading cause of death in males that is found in almost all men
over age ____.
2. ___________________________- leading cause of death in males ages _________; all men should
perform a self exam once a month, checking for unusual lumps or hard spots.
Women:
1. _______________________________-affects ______ of all women; linked to early sexual activity and
multiple partners.
2. __________________________- very rare and may be ________________.
3. _______________________ can result from high levels of ____________ used to treat __________________.
*** Cervical cancer can be detected by a _________________.