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Chapter 2
The Challenge to Spain and the
Settlement of North America
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Protestant Reformation and the
Challenge to Spain
 Calvinist ideas posed challenge to Catholicism
 Anglican Church
 French Huguenot movement, Dutch Reformed
Church, and Presbyterian Church of Scotland all
embraced Calvinist principles
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Gave rise to Puritanism in England
Predestination
 France, the Netherlands, and England—all
powerful Protestant countries—challenged
Spanish power in Europe and abroad
Early French Explorers
 Giovanni da Verrazano explored Atlantic coast
from Carolinas to Nova Scotia in 1534
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Huguenots
 Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence Valley
between 1534 and 1543
 Samuel de Champlain led eleven voyages to
Canada by 1645
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Established colony at Acadia (Nova Scotia)
Founded Quebec in 1608
Sought friendly relations with Native Americans
Efforts were made to restrain fur trade in the colony’s
population
Coureurs de Bois
Population 3,000 by 1750
Early French Explorers
(cont)
 Catholicism only acceptable religion in 1625
 Important role of Jesuit Missionaries
 Totally opposed to presence of Protestants in colony
 Believed the Indians could retain their traditions while
still accepting Catholicism
 Concentrated attention on five confederated Huron
nations
 Mastered Indian languages and cultures
 Only Europeans who measured up to Indian standards of
bravery
 Lost ground after 1640s and especially after the crown
assumed control of New France after 1663
New France and the Jesuit Missions
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New France Under Louis XIV
 Louis tried to transform colony into model
absolutist society
 Governor general
 Professional soldiers to provide defense
 Seigneurs
 Frenchmen also settled in the Caribbean
 Founded sugar colonies on Saint-Domingue,
Guadeloupe, and Martinique
 boucanier
Dutch and Swedish Settlements
 Became leaders in spread of personal liberties
and religious toleration
 Political power was decentralized
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States General
 Local leaders favored free trade and resisted
monarchical control
 Dutch East India Company chartered in 1602
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Replaced Portuguese in Spice Islands
Henry Hudson
Dutch and Swedish Settlements
(cont)
 Dutch West India Company chartered in 1621
 Controlled African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean,
and North America
 New Netherland established in 1624 on present-
day Manhattan
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Depended on goodwill of nearby Indians
Traded furs from urban centers; did not venture inland
Established large estates (“patroonships”)
North America’s first experiment in ethnic and religious
toleration
Population rose markedly after 1647
Swedish and English Encroachments
 New Netherland experiment in ethnic and
religious pluralism
 New Sweden founded in 1638 at present-day
Wilmington near the mouth of the Delaware River
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Land claimed by New Netherland
 Primarily Swedish and Lutheran in orientation
 Conflict with New Netherland
 Threatened by English expansion from Virginia
and New England
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Yankees
Challenge from Elizabethan England
 Role of English Reformation
 Rise of Puritans and Separatists and their role in
overseas expansion
 Example of Ireland
 English formed their preconceptions about American
Indians largely from contact with the Irish
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert makes efforts to subdue the Irish
in the 1560s
 Used as springboard for colonizing America
 Claimed Newfoundland in 1583
 Colonization efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh
 Roanoke Island founded in 1585
 No sign of colony left in 1590
Chesapeake and West Indian
Colonies
 London Company launched expedition in 1607
 Settled on James River and founded Jamestown
 Jamestown settlement
 Colonists focused on survival
 Settlers survived only because of Indians
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John Smith
Pocahontas
Colony almost abandoned in 1610
Role of tobacco in colony’s early survival
Selected its own assembly, the House of Burgesses
Conflict with Indians decimated colony in 1622
 Crown assumed control of the colony in 1624, making
Virginia a royal colony
 Headright system
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Virginia Company
Charter, 1606
Chesapeake (cont’d)
 Colony thrived between 1622 and the 1640s
 Indentured servants
 Indian wars almost continuous until 1632
 Tobacco exports financed purchase of indentured
servants
 Social mobility allowed former servants to
purchase land until tobacco prices fell in 1660
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Oligarchy
Thereafter, richest 15 percent of population dominated
society
Maryland
 Established in 1632 as haven for persecuted
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English and Irish Catholics
Proprietary colony, as were most new colonies
after 1630
Most settlers ended up being Protestant
Toleration Act of 1649 granted freedom of religion
to all Christians
Bicameral legislature established
Agricultural products included tobacco, corn, and
livestock
No established church or vestries until 1690s
Chesapeake Family Life
 Population became self-sustaining around 1680
 Life expectancy lower than in England
 Marriage practices differed from England
 Importance of extended family connections
 Weak patriarchal ties
West Indies and the Transition to
Slavery
 Slave labor used by Barbados sugar
plantations in the 1650s
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By 1700, slaves outnumbered Europeans there
Conditions for slaves were terrible
Sugar islands profitable into the 18th century
 First Africans arrived in Virginia before
1619
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Initially were probably indentured servants
Slave system firmly established in the
Chesapeake after 1680
 Established racial caste system throughout
the colonies
New England Colonies
 Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
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Initially intended to settle in Virginia
Blown off course and ended up well north of
Virginia’s boundaries
Mayflower Compact bound settlers to accept
will of the majority
Received extensive help from local
Wampanoag Indians
 Sachem
New England Colonies
(cont)
 Puritans secured charter in 1629
 Established colony for the Massachusetts Bay Company
 Settlers arrived in waves, created numerous towns
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Colony prospered economically, but eroded religiously
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Anne Hutchinson
Non-Separatists
Colony developed own institutions
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About 13,000 settlers arrived in New England by 1641
Open Field agriculture
Chamber of Deputies
Body of Liberties (1641)
Puritan religious life
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Infant baptism
Half-Way covenant
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New England in the
1640s
The First Restoration Colonies
 English Civil Wars
 Charles I
 Oliver Cromwell
 “Restoration” government
 Carolina founded in 1663
 Former servants from Maryland and Virginia founded
North Carolina
 Former servants from Barbados established South
Carolina
 Proprietors drafted Fundamental Constitutions in 1669
 Sought to establish ideal Aristocratic society
 Rejected repeatedly by colonists from 1670 to 1700
 Colonists established far more diversified economy than
proprietors anticipated
 The two Carolinas became separate colonies in the early
18th century
First Restoration Colonies
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(cont’d)
South Carolina became leader in rice production
– Triggered massive growth of slavery
 New York established in 1664
 Took over land claimed by New Netherland
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Conflict between English and Dutch settlers
Initially, little provision for self-government
Brotherly Love: The Quakers and
America
 Quakers had experienced persecution from other
Christians in England
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Opposed slavery, disdained formal religious trappings
Supported full equality of the sexes
Public friends
 Settled in Delaware valley between 1675 and 1690
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West New Jersey
 New Jersey became separate proprietary colony
in 1665
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Offered greater self-government than New York, which
made it more attractive to English settlers
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West New Jersey Concession and Agreements
Continued demands for self-government resulted in
convening of legislatures in 1683
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Adopted a Charter of Liberties
Pennsylvania
 William Penn received charter from
Charles II for new colony of Pennsylvania
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Maintained friendly relations with Indian neighbors
First Frame of Government (1682) laid out initial
government
Revised in Second Frame, or Pennsylvania Charter of
Liberties, in 1683
Became a haven for all religions
Colony quickly became an economic success
Discussion Questions
 Compare and contrast the exploration of North
America by Britain and France. Which nation was
more successful? How did their dealings with
Natives differ?
 Compare and contrast the roles of religion and
economics in the early history of the New England
colonies.
 What role did the political struggles of Britain play
in the formation of the early colonies?
 Compare the development, successes, and failures
of the Massachusetts Bay and Pennsylvania
colonies.