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European Colonization of the Americas Spanish Explorers and Colonies in the Americas Spanish Empire Motives for conquering and colonizing: – God – Gold – Glory Conquistadors or conquerors were sent to take land for Spain. Major Explorers for Spain – Juan Ponce de Leon (Early 1500s) Explored and named present day Florida while in search of the “fountain of youth” – Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513) Explored the isthmus of Panama and became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the new world – Ferdinand Magellan (1519) The crew went 99 days without fresh food or water. The crew nearly starved and was forced to eat leather. Magellan was killed in the Philippine Islands. After a three year voyage his crew became the first to circumnavigate the the earth. Juan Ponce de Leon Vasco Nunez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Hernan Cortes – 1519 he was sent by the Spanish governor of Cuba to conquer the Aztecs. – The Aztec Capital Tenochtitlan had 250,000 people. (Present day Mexico City) – Cortes will form alliances with the enemies of the Aztecs and will destroy them by 1521. Francisco Pizarro – Pizarro will set out to conquer the Inca Empire. – The Inca will hold out longer, but the Spanish will slowly destroy them. Francisco Pizarro Controlling the new Empire Settlement and Economy – The Spanish established permanent settlements called colonies. – The colonies made Spain wealthy by mining and farming. – Indians were forced to work for the Spaniards in return for the Spaniards ensuring their wellbeings (encomienda system) Northward Expansion--the Spanish began to explore North America – Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Searched southwestern US for the fabled golden cities. Never found them. – Hernan de Soto Also searched for the golden cities Explored Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. First to cross the Mississippi River. Died in Louisiana in 1542 of a fever. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Hernan de Soto Defending the new North America Claims – The newer lands were not as great a source of wealth. – The Spanish established settlements with presidios (forts) to defend the old and new claims natives and other Europeans. 1565 Spain established St. Augustine Florida (the oldest city in North America) Resistance to the Spanish Native Americans resisted the Spanish – Apache of the Southwest refused to cooperate. – Pueblo Revolt of 1680--Pueblo of New Mexico rebelled and drove the Spanish out of Santa Fe. Built in 1619, this mission church was destroyed in the Great Pueblo Revolt in 1680 and rebuilt in 1706 The English: Jamestown English Explorers The English looked for a Northwest Passage to the Indies. John Cabot – First to explore for the English; – Explored modern day Newfoundland. Sir Martin Frobisher and John Davis – Both unsuccessfully searched for the passage. John Cabot Sir Martin Frobisher Henry Hudson – Explored day New York; – Hudson River is named after him. English Privateers – Ships secretly hired by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships. – Sir Francis Drake was the most famous of these “sea dogs” Henry Hudson Sir Francis Drake Roanoke Reasons for English settlement: – Privateers wanted a base for attack in the Americas; – Explorers searching for the NW Passage needed supply stations; – Merchants needed new markets; – Many believed England was becoming too crowded. Roanoke Fails – Sir Walter Raleigh tried to settle Roanoke Island twice The first time the settlers quit and returned home. The second attempt ended in mystery. All the settlers disappeared. Jamestown 1607--Jamestown was settled under a charter by the joint stock company named the Virginia Company. The colony nearly failed: – Settlers weren’t used to hard work; – Many ignored daily tasks to search for gold; – Mosquitoes spread disease; – Attacks from Native Americans; – Poor leadership in the colony. John Smith – Arose as a leader in early 1608; – “. . . He that will not work shall not eat . . .;” – 1609-1610 was a difficult time called the “Starving time;” Colonial Government – Royal Governor – House of Burgesses--first legislative assembly in the new world. John Smith Tobacco 1613 Jamestown Colonist John Rolfe sent some tobacco to Europe. Europeans loved it and demand grew. The cash crop helped save Virginia. Many European farmers who’d lost their land in the enclosure movement moved to the new world to raise this and other cash crops. Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 Nathaniel Bacon formed an army to attack Indians on the frontier. He succeeded and then turned on the Jamestown government. Bacon’s force burned Jamestown and controlled Virginia for a time until he died from a sudden illness. Nathaniel Bacon The New England Colonies Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine The French in North America The French will settle Canada and parts of the northern US – Giovanni da Verrazano He claimed “New France” (Canada) for the French – Samuel de Champlain Founded First successful French colony in North America in 1608 Discovered Lake Champlain The Fur Trade – The French began to sell American furs for Great profit in Europe Giovanni da Verrazano Samuel de Champlain The Iroqouis – Native Americans gathered furs to sell to Europeans and became consumers of European products. – The Iroquois formed the Iroquois League to stop fighting among themselves and to help them dominate the fur trade Plymouth Founded as a result of religious conflict – Puritans and Separatists who objected to the Anglican church were persecuted in England. – A separatist group known as the Pilgrims decided to move to North America. The Mayflower – 1620--100 Pilgrims sailed to New England on the Mayflower. – Before leaving the ship they signed a self government agreement called the Mayflower Compact The first winter was very hard and half of them died. The next summer a native named Squanto helped them plant corn. In the fall of 1621 the Pilgrims celebrated a plentiful harvest with a feast of thanksgiving. Squanto The Massachusetts Bay Colony Founded in 1630 by Puritans seeking religious tolerance By 1643 the Great Migration had begun and there were 16,000 colonist in Massachusetts. John Winthrop and others saw it as a opportunity to create a pure society . . . a “city on a hill” . . . that would be an example to the world. John Winthrop Puritans sought to have well-ordered families in well-ordered towns in a wellordered colony. Salem Witch Trials: – 1692 Several girls and young women accused townspeople of being witches and filling them with the devil. – Chaos followed and trials were held to determine who were witches. – Neighbor turned on neighbor – At least twenty men and women were hanged. Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth will eventually be joined into one colony named Massachusetts. Other Puritan and Separatist Colonies Connecticut – Founded by minister Thomas Hooker New Hampshire Maine Rhode Island – 1636 Founded by Roger Williams who was banished from Massachusetts after a dispute with Puritan authorities. New Haven (eventually joined Connecticut) Exeter (Eventually New Hampshire) – 1638 Founded by John Wheelwright after a religious dispute with Massachusetts Puritans Indian Wars Cause: The settlers were taking more and more land from the Indians. Pequot War – 1637 Massachusetts Bay Colony sent an army to attack the Pequot in response to attacks on settlers. – The Puritans will burn a Pequot fort with 500 people inside. – The army then hunted down and killed the rest of the Pequot. King Phillip’s War (1675) – Metacom king of the Alonquin of New England was known by his English name, King Phillip. – Metacom united Indian groups from Rhode Island to Maine to drive out the colonists once and for all. – His force destroyed 17 English towns, attacked 52 others, and killed 2,000 settlers. – The English fought back and in 1676 caught Metacom asleep and shot him as he awoke. King Philip Middle and Southern Colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware / Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia The Dutch The Dutch were the first to settle New York. They named it New Amsterdam. They built their main settlement on Manhattan Island. The Dutch traded furs and farmed the Island. Religious Tolerance was practiced – First Jewish Synagogue in America. The First Synagogue in America England Takes New Amsterdam – 1664 Charles II declared that all the Dutch colonies belonged to his brother, the Duke of York. – He sent a fleet of four ships and 400 soldiers. – The Dutch could not resist and surrendered all of New Amsterdam and eventually all of New Netherland. – New Amsterdam was renamed New York. Other Middle Colonies New Jersey – Originally part of New York, it was signed over to two other English Nobleman. Delaware – 1638 Swedish settlers started the colony; – The Dutch took it from the Swedish and later the English controlled it. Pennsylvania “Penn’s Woods” – 1681 founded by William Penn, a Quaker – Saw the colony as a “Holy Experiment” – Practiced religious tolerance – Believed that all people should be treated equal both in society and government. William Penn The Southern Colonies Maryland – Founded by Lord Baltimore as a safe haven for English Roman Catholics. – Practiced religious tolerance. – Prospered by growing tobacco The Carolinas – Founded in 1663, the colony was split into North Carolina and South Carolina in 1691. Georgia – 1732 Founded by James Oglethorpe as a have for prisoners who were jailed for not paying their debts.