Download 1. 植物 苔 Ice nucleation captures water: lichen Fungus provides UV

一. 植物
1.
苔
Ice nucleation captures water: lichen
Fungus provides UV protection: lichens
Communities prevent asbestos dispersion: plants and lichens
Organism tolerates heat and desiccation: lichen
Lichen metabolite has antimicrobial activity: lichens
Leaves survive desiccation: Spanish moss
Compounds repel slugs: Dicranum moss
2.
藻
Mechanism concentrates inorganic carbon: diatoms
Algae produce oil: diatoms
Tiny capsules trap prey: bladderwort
Toxic blooms aid predation: dinoflagellates
Moving parts are lubricated: diatoms
Intricate silica architecture survives forces: diatoms
Estuaries rely on ecosystem engineers: diatoms
Membranes tolerate high alkalinity: cyanobacteria
Organisms concentrate carbon dioxide: green algae
Pulled support stalks have low flow stress: algae
Leaves resist tearing: brown algae
Extensibility helps stop spread of cracks: macroalgae
Compounds cause UV radiation tolerance: dinoflagellates
Red pigment protects against UV rays: snow algae
Algae protects from freezing: snow algae
Bioluminescence protects from predation: dinoflagellates
Biofilm-inhibiting chemical protects surfaces: red alga
Biofilm inhibition protects surfaces: freshwater algae
Protective coating prevents dehydration: sea-wracks
Stretchable architecture resists breakage: bull kelp
Joint shaped as suction cup prevents peeling: bull kelp
Spiral-shaped flow is optimal: bull kelp
Blades balance light interception, drag: bull kelp
Stabilized bromine protects from bacteria: kelp
3.
水果
Case protects during years at sea: Polynesian box fruit
Flexibility encourages twisting, not bending: banana
Chemical protects from disease: grapes
4.
瓜類
Juice launches seeds: squirting cucumber
Convex surface geometry resists adhesion: pumpkin
Skin protects from fungal pathogens: pumpkin
Leaves disorient beetles, prevent attack: cucumber
5.
豆類
Valve regulates water permeability: yellow bush lupine
Seeds dispersed across the sea: sea bean
Transport tubes plugged when damaged: fava bean
Biofilm inhibition protects surfaces: peas
Hydration increases internal pressure: legumes
6.
紅樹
Leaves optimize internal state: mangrove
Seeds float to the best conditions: red mangrove
Seedpod autorotates: sycamore
Bill reduces drag: black skimmer
Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple
Seed glides to earth: Alsomitra vine
Single-winged seeds travel far: sycamore
Seeds disperse long distances: liana
Wrinkly surface provides desert camouflage: Tamaulipas living rock cactus
7.
花
Fibonacci sequence optimizes packing: sunflowers
Modified leaves assist climb: passion flower
Flower structures protect pollen: angiosperms
Pollen catapults from flower: bunchberry
Hooked beak snags flowers: flowerpiercer
Light-transmitting fibers: Venus flower basket
Flowers follow sun: snow buttercups
8.
其它植物
Wood resists fracture: trees
Leaves resist bending: trees
Leaves resist gravitational loading: broad-leaved trees
Resin protects damage: conifer trees
Continuous fibers prevent structural weakness: trees
Bark protects buds from fire: eucalyptus trees
Bark resists fire: ordeal tree
Branches protected from the sun: quiver tree
Iridescent thin layer provides photoprotection: understory rainforest plants
Features enhance cooling effect: shade trees
Bark keeps surface cool under the sun: trees
Elevated leaves reduce evaporation: quiver tree
Tree structure reduces water loss: umbrella thorn trees
Ecosystem manages poor soils: tropical rain forest
Leaves protect from the elements: conifers
Branches protect plant from wind: Arctic willow
Flexibility limits bending in wind: trees
Roots stabilize trees against wind: longleaf pine
Poison protects seeds: yews
Strychnine protects seeds: strychnine trees
Toxic sap protects tree seeds: hura tree
Coating removes unwanted organisms: trees
Excretions provide antimicrobial protection: olive trees
Transport system prevents spread of embolisms: conifers
Investing resources increases competitive success: trees
Growth rate aids fire resistance: camel's foot tree
Relationships essential to pollination: Brazil nut tree
viding shelter for multiple organisms: English oak
Dormant buds ensure fire survival: jarrah
Branches survive intense wind: live oak
Poisonous sting wards off predators: nettles
Trunk protected from predators: half-mens plant
Torpor conserves energy: common poorwill
Thin-walled tubular stems resist buckling: bamboo
Plants survive repeated drying and rehydration: lesser clubmoss
Vines repair themselves: pipevine
Rind resists rotting: flowering plants
Plants rise above flooding: peatland plants
Glassiness protects plants in drought: blue gem plant
Pollen coat prevents dehydration: plants
Hairs prevent evaporation: arid zone plants
Bulk prevents moisture loss: cushion plants
Tightly packed stems insulate against cold: cushion plants
Weak leaves deal with strong winds: plants
Red leaves hide plants from insects: plants
Plant poison neutralizes digestive juices: cotton grass
Thylakoidal system transports folded proteins: plants
Photosynthesis with low CO2: peatland plants
Surviving low nutrient, low light conditions: peatland plants
Enzyme catalyzes many reactions: plants
Creating energy from sunlight: plants
CO2 breakdown used in organic compound manufacturing: plants
Cork bars water, dissolved ions and gases: plants
Catalysts facilitate water-splitting: plants
Structures optimize material use: plants
Dead leaves insulate against fire: cape aloe
Increasing fire resistance: Arizona fescue
Nanoparticles block UV light: English ivy
Waxy coating protects from heat and drought: euphorbia
Flower's pattern attracts/deters insects: Aaron's beard
Chemical repels insects: catnip
Compounds deter insect feeding: water smartweed
Dead leaves function as insulation: giant groundsel
Fatty acids prevent freezing: cotton plants
Small leaves buffer ambient temperature: sacred datura
Flexibility reduces drag: daffodil
Scales prevent structural penetration: fig
Camouflage reduces herbivory: pebble plants
Photosynthesis: Cooke's koki'o
Flower creates heat: philodendron
Structure and shape provide flexibility: vines
Leaves resist crosswise tearing: grasses
Floating mats adjust to water levels: beaked sedge
Flexibility allows twisting, not bending, in wind: sedges
Microscopic silica blades protect: meadow grasses
chers prevent fungal growth: pitcher plant
Fungal gardens kept free of 'weeds': leaf-cutter ants
Ecosystem withstands attack: Kentucky bluegrass
Fronds hyperaccumulate arsenic: ladder brake fern
Cells survive extreme water loss: resurrection fern
Hydrophobic surface allows self-cleaning: sacred lotus
Slime inhibits evaporation: lobelia
Furry bracts serve as insulation: lobelia
Ice in rosette protects bud from frost: lobelia
Dense covering protects from cold: snow lotus
Seed coat and enzymes protect seed: lotus
Bract forms waterproof structure: titan arum
Internal thermostat regulates temperature: skunk cabbage
Leaf surfaces are hydrophobic: Lady's mantle
Thick leaves, pseudobulb resist fire: Victorian orchid
Compacted leaves form efficient heat insulation: grass tree
Round shape reduces water loss: pebble plants
Pheromone mimic repels aphids: South American potato
Leaves convert photons to energy: spinach
Lightweight structure aids dispersal: dandelions
Symbiosis enhances pollutant breakdown: plants and microbes
Roots absorb nutrients from dead leaves: cushion plants
Leaves maximize sun exposure: plants
Pigment enhances light absorption: tropical plants
Structures maximize light absorption: plants
Crystals draw sunlight into plant: window plants
Pressure sucks moisture from soil: desert plants
Walls keep insect feet from sticking: pitcherplants
Flowers selectively attract pollinators: orchid-flower plants
Internal leaf surface increases gas exchange: plants
Vascular systems transport fluids and solutes: plants
Xylem conduits transport water: plants
Rod-like reinforcements provide strength: plants
Enzymatic liquid digests insects: green pitcher-plant
Hairs cause loss of footing: marsh pitchers
Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree
Leaf fan optimizes cooling and wind resistance: fan palm tree
Trees comb water from clouds: cloud forests
Suckers steal water and nutrients: Australian Christmas tree
Trees generate pressure: oaks
Structures absorb amino acids: potbelly airplant
Leaves capture water: bromeliads
Epiphytes capture nutrients: bromeliads
Membranes desalinate water: mangrove
Aerating device delivers oxygen: mangroves
Calming coastal waters: red mangrove
Pressure makes air move: black mangrove
Oxygenating soil: mangroves
Tissues absorb nitrogen: haircap moss
Rootlets reabsorb nutrients: giant groundsel
Leaves optimize photosynthesis: giant water-lily
Photosynthesis in low-light conditions: Taeniophyllum orchid
Leaves focus light: begonias
Leaves retain air films underwater: water fern
Grooves gather water: thorny devil
Water absorbed from humid air: brown dog tick
Leaf arrangement collects water: epiphytes
Roots absorb moisture from humid air: orchids
Ribbon-like roots absorb moisture: Taeniophyllum orchid
Rosettes capture fog: Tillandsia
Spores are self-propelled: wood ear mushroom
Filter feeding moves water: Venus flower basket
Elaborate stigmas capture pollen grains: grasses
Stems move air: Phragmites australis
Branching pattern enhances exchange and transport: cypress
Mats uniformly distribute resources: black grama grass
Water aids pollination: eelgrass
Elevated rings increase diversity: seaside arrowgrass
Disturbances maintain heterogeneity: Great Plains mesic grasslands
Species diversity maintains grasslands: Tanzania's Serengeti Plain
Tree and grass savanna maintains equilibrium: Transvaal savanna
Diversity creates long-term stability: prairie grassland
Mutualistic relationship is maintained: fig tree and fig wasp
Leaves channel water: sacred fig
Internal perforations transport nutrients: sphagnum moss
Vessels resist bubble formation: trees
Underground storage enables regeneration: jarrah trees
Interwoven trees gain structural support: tropical trees
Relationship provides nutrients, stability: bracket fungi and trees
Leaves deter herbivory: birch trees
Wood self-assembles: trees
Evaporation releases seeds: Brazilian hura trees
Spiral fibers strengthen tree trunks: whitebark pine
Seeds survive extreme falls: Brazil nut tree
Fruiting tree holds key role in forest: Caesaria tree
Vein system resilient to damage: plants
Seeds disperse by jet action: ice plants
Root systems control erosion: vascular plants
Structural composition provides strength in changing conditions: plants
Reinforced fibers provide strength: plants
Lignified parenchyma cells provide strength: plants
Sclereid cells prevent soft tissue collapse: plants
Collenchyma cells provide strength, flexibility: plants
Circular, tapering beams stabilize: plants
Stems resist buckling: plants
Lower water content releases seeds: petunia
Surface tension flings spores: fern
Hooks adhere to wooly coats: burdock
Glands excrete excess salt: mangrove
Old leaves help remove excess salt: mangrove
Selective strategies aid competitive success: mangrove forests
Collaboration benefits multiple participants: mangrove forests
Seeds survive various conditions: mangroves
Corky tuber stores water: Hottentot bread plant
Surface cells store water: ice plant
Relationship provides nutrients: pitcher plant
Seeds are dispersed long distances: South African grapple plant
Interaction helps retain water: forests
Ecosystems recover after disturbance: forests
Multiple organisms strip nutrients: forests
Seed dispersal aids recovery from disturbance: tropical rain forests
Disturbances help maintain diversity: western hemlock-Sitka spruce forests
Disturbances maintain habitat: Scandinavian heath and beech forests
Pit-and-mound topography fosters biodiversity: Douglas fir forests
Fallen trees stabilize, enrich soil: Douglas fir forests
Fungal root-rot renews forest: mountain hemlock forests
Ecosystems recover from disturbance: forests
Buttressing resists uprooting: English oak
Pollen release triggered by bird landing: mistletoe
Sticky berries adhere: European mistletoe
Shrub maintains biodiversity: Banksia
Lightweighting: Scots pine
Maintaining genetic and species diversity: black mustard
Seeds survive long sea voyages: coconut palm
Compounds control 'weeds': fine-leaf fescue
Nurse logs provide new habitat: western hemlock
Tussocks enhance species diversity: upright sedges
Branches provide support: Russian thistle
Skeleton provides support: sponges
Spicules are rigid structural materials: sponges
Support cells resist compression: nasturtium
Trusses provide support: Cholla cactus
Fibers reinforce hydrostatic skeletons: sunflowers
Leaves given structural support: giant water-lily
Fibers keep tall spikes upright: titan arum
Deciduous trees produce more soil water: oaks
Flowers selectively deter insects: acacia
Microbial biodiversity maintained: heather moorland
Folds allow efficient leaf deployment: plants
Roots maximize water uptake: plants
Pollen survives extreme dehydration: flowering plants
Flowers accommodate short growing season: alpine snowbell
Orchids capture pollen: bucket orchids
Pollen fastens to a bee's head: orchids
Flowers increase pollen transfer: orchids
More successful pollination: orchids
Sticky hairs capture insects: Roridula plant
Leaves change colors under different lighting: Selaginella ferns
Burning stimulates flowering: grass trees
Optimizing size aids survival: sessile barnacles
Spring directs spore dispersal in high humidity: horsetail
Oils vaporize to create scent: titan arum
Cactus hides from the sun: mescal cactus
Leaves glued together: grass trees
Running up and down trees: treecreepers
Structures facilitate pollen dispersal: pine trees
Seeds dispersed over long distances: Anisoptera tree
Odor attracts seed dispersers: Durio tree
Hairs change position quickly: sundew
Plants use osmosis to create an actuator.
Leaves fold in response to touch: sensitive plant
Stem sends out climbing gear: cheese plant
Folding allows compact shape: hornbeam
Cone scales are humidity-sensitive: pine
Mutant gene flattens leaves: snapdragon
Leaves have elasticity, shape memory: resurrection fern
Signal directs sperm: fern
Roots attach firmly: English ivy
Tendrils enable upward climb: rattan palm
Sticky berries adhere: Australian mistletoe
Leaves modified for climbing: glory lilies
Adhering to multiple substrates: blackberry
Stem used for climbing: honeysuckle
Seeds drilled into soil: wheat
Plant growth responds to touch: wall cress
Capsules launch seeds: Namaqualand mesems
Leaves transmit long-distance signals: Arabidopsis
Compounds protect against predators: milkweed
Cyanogenic poison protects from herbivores: acacia
Thermogenesis attracts pollinators: cycads
Electron flow generates heat: sacred lotus
Luminescence signals ripening: banana
Fire opens seed capsules: banksia
Bumblebees get a foothold: snapdragons
Leaves signal presence of predators: acacia
Underwater roots get oxygen: giant water-lily
Wood reacts to bending: poplar
二. 水中生物
1. 有脊椎
A.
魚
Mucus reduces turbulence: barracuda
Highly effective swimming: fish
Fins provide streamlined shape: tuna
Fish maintain stability in turbulence: spotted boxfish
Immune system protects from toxin: horse mackerel
Mucus coat protects against stings: clownfish
Respiration rate allows survival in low oxygen: blind shark
Shell provides drought protection: lungfish
Blood flow regulates heat exchange: alligator
Glycoprotein prevents ice crystals: Antarctic ice fish
Bodies stay warm in cold water: skipjack tuna
Rapid color change used for protection: cuttlefish
Electric organ stuns prey, deters attackers: electric catfish
Stripes serve as long-distance camouflage: lionfish
Pigment granules assist hiding: ray-finned fish
Scales protect skin: cartilaginous fish
Fins used to communicate: fish
Light used for camouflage: hatchet fish
Mucus has antibacterial properties: bony fish
Skin inhibits microbes: shark
Fish thrives in freshwater and seawater: Atlantic salmon
Surviving extended confinement: lungfish
Cells manage monovalent ions: fish
Intestine osmoregulates: marine teleosts
Lure attracts prey: anglerfish
Organ generates electricity: electric stargazer
Electric organs generate volts: ray
Scales form protective armor: garpike
Tail prevents sinking: sturgeons
Gills exchange oxygen efficiently: fish
Chin used to hunt: elephantnose fish
Hunting in murky water: goldfish
Scales form protective layer: bony fish
Stream community depends on ecosystem engineers: sediment-processing fish
Swimbladder retains gases: ray-finned fish
Capturing prey above the water's surface: archer fish
Teeth scrape and grind to break down coral: parrotfish
Jelly substance provides structural support: jellyfish
Excavating behavior increases ecosystem biodiversity: red grouper
Gas-holding structure aids buoyancy: cuttlefish
Swim bladder helps maintain buoyancy: ray-finned fish
Eggs are buoyant: oviparous fish
Muscular system enables jet propulsion: cuttlefish
Tails aid fast swimming: swordfish
Eggs adhere in seawater: cuttlefish
Beak holds fish: puffin
Slime reduces drag: fish
Moving in tune with body size: penicillate jellyfish
Pulsing used for underwater movement: jellyfish
Swimming forward and backward: knife fish
Skin helps save swimming energy: fish
Tissue provides neutral buoyancy: ocean sunfish
Electric organs used in navigation: knifefish
Lateral line system acts as sonar: fish
Blind cave-dwellers have super senses: Alabama cavefish
Fish body is a swimming tongue: channel catfish
Fish respond to magnetic fields: rainbow trout
Eyes see above and below water surface: four-eyed fish
Special eyes increase photosensitivity: spookfish
Crystals create iridescent sheen: rainbow trout
Shooting snout snags prey: sling-jaw wrasse
Efficient propulsion system: bluefin tuna
Sucker-like structure used to attach: remora
Energy boost from vortices: bull trout
Olfactory sense pinpoints spawning river: Atlantic salmon
Tusks sense chemicals: Narwhal
Fins taste by touch: gurnards
B.
鯨魚
Baleen plates filter food: blue whale
Lungs efficiently expel air: fin whale
Branching protects from blockages: blue whales
Lingual rete precools blood: gray whale
Deep divers manage temperature: beaked whales
Skin resists microorganisms: pilot whale
Navigation underwater: whales
Flippers provide lift, reduce drag: humpback whale
Powerful tail used for swimming: humpback whale
C.
海豚
Noise stuns prey: spinner dolphin
Sound waves stun prey: bottlenose dolphin
Blubber absorbs heat: bottlenose dolphin
Snout reduces turbulence: dolphin
Body shape reduces friction: dolphin
Organs aid navigation: dolphin
Chirps carry through water: dolphins
Blubber structure stores and releases energy: porpoise
D.
海象
Teeth crush shells: walrus
Tusks conserve materials: walrus
E.
海豹
Whiskers reduce drag: harbor seals
Nasal turbinates reduce water loss: northern elephant seal
Bulging proboscis amplifies sound: southern elephant seal
Whiskers sense prey movement: harbor seals
Fur decreases water turbulence: seals
Guard hairs form waterproof barrier: seals
F.
海獺
Teeth are resilient: sea otter
Ear flaps keep water out: otters
G.
鰻魚
Tongue cuts through fish scales: lamprey
Electric organs have many purposes: Amazon electric eel
Extra jaws help hold, transport prey: moray eel
Slime and fibers protect: hagfish
Adapting swimming technique: lamprey
Alkaline surfaces volatilize ammonia: loach
Body moves smoothly through water: African freshwater electric eel
Energy-efficient long distance swimming: eel
Senses help navigat during migration: European eel
Electricity helps communications: mormyrid electric eels
H.
鯊魚
Specialized gills filter plankton: basking shark
Conserving energy in times of scarcity: basking shark
Light used for camouflage: velvet belly lantern shark
Sharp teeth always available: nurse sharks
Swimming efficiently: sharks
Body designed for fast, efficient swimming: shortfin mako shark
Skin reduces drag: shark
Nostrils detect minute quantities of blood: great white shark
Organs detect electrical currents: great white shark
Spaced eyes enhance visual fields: hammerhead shark
Skin detects thermal signals: blacktip reef shark
Hunting in the dark: piranha
I.
河豚
Pigment filters excessive light: balloonfish
J.
海狸
Teeth are self-sharpening: American beaver
2.
A.
無脊椎
海葵
Stalk structure improves feeding position: sea anemone
Tissues resist bending under stress: giant green anemone
Relationship protects from predators: clownfish, anemones
Inflating for protection: porcupinefish
Body changes shape: sea anemone
Supportive gel enables extreme shape change: sea anemone
B.
海星
Tube feet assist locomotion, feeding: lined sea star
Microscopic holes deter fractures: starfish
Body buffers thermal variations: sea star
Limb shedding assists escape: starfish
Skeleton components arranged efficiently: starfish
C.
海膽
Vision without eyes: purple sea urchin
Radiating shape makes for efficient transport: sea urchin
Teeth self-sharpen: sea urchins
Thin "shells" resist impact loading: sea urchins
Shape distributes stress: sea urchin
Crystals co-orient: purple sea urchin
D.
海參
Threads adhere underwater: sea cucumber
Secondhand weapons protect from predators: sea slug
Skin lights up when touched: swimming sea cucumber
Body changes stiffness: sea cucumber
E.
水母
Toxins protect from predators: jellyfish
Light used for instant signaling: comb jellies
Moving cilia create iridescence: comb jellies
F.
章魚
Ink cloud distracts predators: octopus
Deployable web distracts predators: blanket octopus
Muscular system enables jet propulsion: octopus
Tentacles adhere underwater: octopus
Siphon directs underwater movement: octopus
G.
珊瑚
Secretions break down algal walls: stony corals
Optimizing exposure to sunlight: stony corals
H. 海綿
Matrix stiffens connective tissue: sponges
3.
有殼類(蝦蟹)
Fluid pressure provides support: blue crab
Pressure provides structural support: blackback land crab
Limbs sacrificed to escape predators: crabs
Portable cases protect from predators: caddisflies
Minerals conserved during moult: crustaceans
Claw snaps shut: pistol shrimp
Appendage strikes with force: mantis shrimp
Breaking down wood: galatheid crab
Setae draw water from mud: marsh crab
Hair-like structures filter fine materials: fiddler crab
Social networking aids housing search: hermit crabs
Underwater sensors detect odors: spiny lobster
Eyes sensitive to circular polarized light: mantis shrimp
Eyes see color with precision: mantis shrimp
Hairs detect changes in water current: shrimp
Complex structures focus reflected light: lobster
Microscopic plates produce interference colors: copepods
Eyes allow periscopic vision: ghost crabs
Eyes perceive polarized light: horseshoe crab
三. 貝類
Shells are tough: red abalone
Digestive solution removes excess algae: giant clam
Transparent patches of mantle focus light: giant clam
Flexible cylinders siphon water: clams
Threads have hard flexible coating: mussel
Mineral crystals enhance cutting ability: limpet
Shell resists cracking: scallop
Screen protects symbiotic algae from light: giant clam
Biopolymer stops shell growth: oyster
Gills reduce drag: Atlantic surf clam
Colonies bond together: Eastern oyster
Tentacles detect predators: queen scallop
Eyes detect changing movement patterns: queen scallop
Poisonous tooth shoots into prey: cone shell
Adhesion occurs in varying conditions: keyhole limpet
Resisting shearing forces: limpets
Liquid crystal forms byssal threads: Mediterranean mussell
Sticky proteins serve as glue: blue mussel
Sticky proteins serve as glue: green mussel
四. 昆蟲類
1. 蜂
Mixture waterproofs nests: paper wasps
Ovipositor drills through wood: parasitic wasps
Bees collect DDT: orchid bees
Forelegs mop up plant oil: solitary bees
Wingbeat vibrations cause pollen release: carpenter bee
Groups vote on hive locations: honeybees
Collaborating for group decisions: honeybees
Swarms act as intelligent organizations: ants and bees
Sensitivity encourages return to hive before storm: bees
Antennae detect individual orchid species: iridescent bees
Wings generate lift: honeybee
Varying response thresholds aid hive thermoregulation: honeybee
Nest cells support heavy weights: bees and wasps
Nest sheds water: tropical hornet
Exploding plug prevents mating: honeybee
Glycerol acts as antifreeze: parasitic wasp
Mechanisms help thermoregulation: bumblebees
Cuticle acts as cooling mechanism: Oriental hornet
Vibration creates heat: honeybee
Plants enhance health: golden bee
Larvae protected from pathogens: beewolf digger wasps
Secretion waterproofs nest: plasterer bee
Diet diversity affects health: honeybees
Catches in wings hold, release tension: bees
Fibers reinforce nests: wasps
Construction pattern forms sturdy tubes: organ-pipe wasp
Nests are durable and humid: bees
120°, three-way junctions optimize material use: honeybees
Strategy ensures smooth landings: honeybee
Body detects magnetic fields: honeybee
Eyes help navigate using the sun: bees
Temporary chemical signals guide others: solitary bees
Heat creates precise shapes: bees
Sensitivity to sweetness aids in food selection: honeybee
Detecting flickering movements: bees
Paper produced for nest-building: hornets
Hairs aid aerodynamics: wasp
Detecting larvae through wood: parasitic wasps
Vortex provides lift: parasitic wasp
2.
蝴蝶
Larvae protect from cyanide: Sara longwing butterfly
Proboscis forms a flexible, sealed cylinder: butterfly
Probing for food: copperband butterfly fish
Wing scales provide lift: butterflies
Wing surface self-cleans: Morpho butterfly
Chemical plug prevents mating: butterfly
Vibrations attract ants: Australian blue butterfly
Wings allow escape from spider webs: butterflies
Wing scales aid thermoregulation: green birdwing butterfly
Special mixture waterproofs cocoon: pussmoth
Mouthpart functions change: butterfly
Wings have bright colors: African swallowtail butterfly
Scales enhance wing color: swordtail butterfly
Reflectance causes white color: cabbage butterfly
Feet sensitive to sweetness: butterfly
Wing scales diffract and scatter light: Morpho butterflies
Lack of wing scales enhances camouflage: clearwing butterfies
3.
蜻蜓
Exoskeleton is dissolved: dragonfly
Lunging after prey: dragonfly larvae
Body fluids help molt, extend wings: dragonfly
Skin protects from fungus: red-backed salamander
Tail used for reproductive advantage: damselfly
Cyclical emergence optimizes reproduction: mayfly
Eyes see 300 images per second: dragonfly
Wings enable glide: flying dragon
Wing structure allows rapid acceleration: dragonfly
4.
蟻
Gut microbes digest cellulose: termites
Chemicals used in defense: termites
Mounds accumulate calcium carbonate: termites
Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: mound-building termites
Antennae detect odors: dampwood termite
Jaws cut leaves precisely: leaf cutting ants
Collective body heat warms nest: wood ants
Detachable bristles immobilize ants: Polyxenid millipede
Sand pit captures prey: ant lion larvae
Air scoops provide cooling: ants
Colonies distribute food after famine: Temnothorax ants
Abdomens store nectar: honeypot ants
Colonies survive floods: fire ants
Groups move efficiently: army ants
Bacteria help volatilize and mineralize ammonia: termites
Mounds maximize ecosystem productivity: Odontotermes termites
Termites are ecosystem engineers: mound-building termites
Mounds increase diversity: mound-building termites
Mounds shed water: West African termites
Architecture avoids flooding, creates microclimates: ants
Nest openings protect from floods: ants
Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: termites
Holes in nest aid temperature regulation: wood ants
Liquids protect against ants: termites
Relationship provides nutrients, housing, protection: bull horn acacia and acacia ants
Social system protects from disease: dampwood termites
Bacteria fight fungus: leafcutter ants
Secretions are antibacterial, antifungal: leaf-cutter ants
Arches provide structural support: termites
Nest structurally reinforced: jet ant
Nests made of paper: termites
Nest temperature regulated: South American grass-cutting ant
Nests are dynamic: Temnothorax ants
Communication is resilient: Temnothorax ants
Nest maximizes solar heat absorption: wood ants
Tongue sticks out elastically: ants
Squeezing larvae provides glue: weaver ants
Running on waxy leaves: Arboreal ants
Body parts used to glide and steer: ants
Smell used for navigation: desert ant
Marking unrewarding routes: pharaoh ant
Eyes perceive UV polarized light: Tunisian desert ant
Mound passively heats/cools: compass termite
Bacterial symbionts provide nitrogen: leafcutter ants
5.
蛾
Mating flights associated with thunderstorms: moths
Organic cases provide protection: bagworm moths
Cocoon lining prevents ice crystals: moths
Air holes protect from dehydration: moon moth
Leaf tents hide caterpillars: Bornean moths
Cocoon provides hard, protective casing: puss moth
Wing scales help camouflage from sonar: moth
Abrupt flight patterns help evade predators: moths
Sensitive antennae detect sex pheromones: Indian luna moth
Antennae used to detect pheromones, find mates: moths
Moth larvae manipulate host plant physiology: leaf-miner moth
Conserving energy: moths
Eyes are anti-reflective: elephant hawk-moth
Special liquid softens hard cocoon: puss moth
Long proboscis stored when not in use: hawk moth
Eggs glued to leaves: coddling moth
Eyes diffract light: moth
Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar
Rolling locomotion aids escape: mother-of-pearl moth caterpillar
Scent trails lead to food: European moths
Antennae enhance odor detection: giant silkworm moths
Detecting presence and movement of predators: nocturnal moth
Joints have two degrees of bending freedom: arthropods
6.
蚊子
Larvae survive freezing: midge
Mosquitoes detect carbon dioxide: malarial mosquitoes
Hydration used to move hairs: mosquitoes
Needle-like structure inserts painlessly: mosquito
Antennae sense frequency of wingbeats: mosquito
7.
蒼蠅
Food digested externally: houseflies
Body shape and position direct water current: black flies
Tracheal system delivers oxygen efficiently: fly
Surviving oil ponds: petroleum flies
Wings of flies beat 1000 times a second thanks to vibrating thorax
Larvae survive in digestive liquids: flesh flies
Larvae ditch threatened hosts: parasitic fly
Maggot skin strengthens as it dries: blowfly
Hooks attach in water currents: caddisfly
Hooks aid underwater attachment: blackfly
Capillary action aids adhesion: European blowfly
Wings allow movement in viscous solutions: fairy fly
Shield and spoilers decrease lift in water: mayfly
Flight path maintained: fruit fly
Feet taste food: blowfly
Taste neurons detect CO2: fruit fly
Olfactory system detects decomposition: house fly
Eyes detect polarized light: flesh fly
Eardrums provide directional hearing: a parasitic fly
Antenna provides selective hearing: fruit fly
Vibration moves wings: flies
Navigation organs help maneuver: flies
Mouthparts pierces through hippo hides: African biting flies
Sensory bristles organize with minimum communication: fruit flies
Folding doors provide access to food: caddis fly larvae
8.
甲蟲
Bubble allows breathing underwater: Potamodytes beetle
Water vapor harvesting: Namib desert beetle
Trenches gather water: flying saucer trench beetle
Scales create brilliant white: Cyphochilus beetles
Insect elytra resist shear and cracking: beetles
Unique antifreeze protects from extreme cold: Alaskan Upis beetle
Tastiness protects seeds from beetles: acacia
Poisonous secretions deter predators: blister beetle
Vision enables stealth communication: jewel scarab beetle
Larvae protected from predators: case-bearing leaf beetles
Larvae prevent mold growth: Passalid beetle
Combustion chamber sprays scalding liquid: bombardier beetle
Body resists soil adhesion: dung beetle
Leaf serves as container: red oak roller weevil
Reducing surface tension to travel on water: rove beetle
Layers create multihued appearance: beetle
Humidity changes exoskeleton color: Hercules beetle
Larvae survive extreme cold: red flat bark beetle
Wings are deployable: beetles
Feet grip waxy leaves: leaf beetle
Eggs stick to waxy surface: asparagus beetle
Claws hold on at high current veocities: riffle beetle
Employing frictional devices: tenebrionid beetles
Setae enhance temporary adhesion: leaf beetles
Foot adhesion prevents capture: palm leaf beetle
Combustion chamber discharges efficiently: bombardier beetle
Chewing through wood: harlequin beetle
Body surfaces reflect light to create colors: jewel beetles
Luciferin molecules create bioluminescence: Pyrophorus beetle
Fan-like antennae aid sensing: cockchafer beetle
Eyes allow clear vision in both air and water: whirligig beetle
9.
蟬
Symbiosis provides nutrients: cicadas
Insects cycle nutrients: periodic cicadas
Wings shed dirt and water: cicada
Periodic emergence synchronized: cicadas
10. 螢火蟲
Reflex bleeding deters predators: fireflies
Light generated chemically: firefly
Light helps capture insects: glow worms
11. 其它昆蟲
Crystals of metal salts improve cutting ability: herbivorous insects
Optical illusion may attract insects: titan arum
Silk tricks insects: spiders
Venom target insects: Blue Mountains funnel-web spider
Sensitivity captures insects: Venus flytrap
Mouthparts manipulate food: insects
Tubes help cool muscles, transport gases: insects
Pressure forces blood from pores: grasshopper
Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: ladybug
Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: bloody-nosed beetle
Insects digest fecal waste: dung beetlesI
Wings fold multiple times without wear: beetles
Stretchy membrane aids oviposition: locust
Energy stored to amplify power: locusts
Resilin gives wings flexibility: insects
Wings work in unison: insects
Exoskeleton adjusts: insects
Acrobatics used to land: house fly
Exoskeleton absorbs shock: dragonfly
Dehydration helps survive freezing: Arctic springtail
Suspending reproduction conserves energy: insects
Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar
Hormone mimic protects from caterpillars: bugleweed
Larvae produce deadly toxin: leaf beetle
Rolling into a ball for protection: pill millipede
Squirting filaments protect from predators: pussmoth caterpillar
Swarms avoid collisions: locusts
Biological processes continue at glacial temperatures: ice worm
Legs propel insect far: flea
Energy stored to amplify power: click beetle
Cuticle provides protection: arthropods
Multiple component glue aids underwater adhesion: barnacle
Waxy coat controls moisture loss: cockroach
Gliding to safety: oriental cockroach
Shearing forces increase molecular alignment: silkworms
Wings combine support and material economy: winged insects
Multiple legs allow sudden stops: insects
Feet prevent slipping: insects
Joint enables rapid wing flapping: insects
Foot adaptations climb rough and smooth surfaces: insects
Odor attracts specific insects: titan arum
Chemical repels insects: catnip
Yellow flower has an ultraviolet pattern seen by insects.
Hairs sense environmental cues: insects
Organs sense environmental cues: insects
Ocelli sense length of daylight: insects
Sensilla detect strain and load changes: insects
Cuticle hole detects strain and load changes: insects
Optimally packing spheres: spittle bug
Flotation in turbulent waters: Heteropterid bugs
Larvae produce foam: meadow spittlebug
Glue sticks underwater: giant water bug
Legs power high jumps: spittle bug
Antennae sense heat of prey: Rhodnius bug
Pigment granules create colors: damselflies
Many legs provide thrust for burrowing: millipede
Appendage causes high jumps: springtails
Hinged casing closes for protection: ciliate
Larvae adhere temporarily underwater: barnacles
Congregating and physical stimulation trigger swarming: desert locusts
Burrow amplifies sound: mole cricket
Legs detect small vibrations for communication: water strider
Leg senses sound strength and direction: grasshopper
Stretch receptors aid sound detection: silicon cricket
五. 陸生動物
1. 哺乳類
A. 靈長
Self-medicating with plants: chimpanzees
Gorilla diet protects heart: grains of paradise
Eating leaves to control reproduction: chimpanzees
Self-medicating cures infections, stops pain: baboons
Muscles flex: humans
Foods reduce or enhance fertility: woolly spider monkey
Sex of offspring controlled: mantled howler monkey
Muscles self-repair: human
DNA densely packed without knots: humans
Kidneys filter impurities: human
Increased surface area improves gas exchange: human
Blood carries oxygen in varied conditions: human
Valves handle high pressures: humans
Fine strands stabilize bones: humans
Macromolecules aid joint lubrication: humans
Skin is a multifunctional material: human
Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones
Sticky proteins serve as glue: mammals
White blood cells adhere closely: mammals
White blood cells roll and stick: mammals
Added noise enhances ear sensitivity: mammalia
Olfactory system is discriminating: mammals
Whiskers detect details: mammals
Blood vessels regulate temperature: vertebrates
Mammalian olfactory system uses spatiotemporal response behavior in detecting
Teeth adapted to changing environments: great apes
Cells maximize flexibility, efficiency: vertebrates
Inner-ear cells convert sound signal to electrical current: vertebrates
Hydrophobicity enhances solubility: vertebrates
Wetting agent reduces surface tension: mammals
Eye structure enhances night vision: vertebrates
Ear-flaps concentrate sound waves: mammals
Uterus expands/contracts: mammals
Fingertips sensitive to fine textures: humans
Ears convert energy: humans
Mucus helps humans smell: human
Cochlea aids hearing: humans
Olfactory mucosa enhances odor-sensing abilities: human
B.
鹿
Antlers resist fracture: elk
Guard hairs repel water: reindeer
Dense underfur insulates: reindeer
Diet compensates for mineral deficiencies: red deer
C.
馬
Hooves resist cracking: horse
Bones self-heal: vertebrates
Fluid lubricates joints: vertebrates
Hole structure strengthens bone: horse
Stems vary stiffness: scouring horsetail
Spring directs spore dispersal in low humidity: horsetail
D.
鼠
Lips keep soil out of mouth: African mole-rat
Dikes prevent flooding: ground squirrel
Skin self-repairs: kangaroo
Coat changes with the seasons: rock squirrel
Liver survives cold temperatures: squirrel
Milk protects against microbes: tammar wallaby
Photoperiod affects immune response: Siberian hamster
Embryos go into dormancy: red kangaroo
Brown fat oxidation generates heat: ground squirrel
Augmenting soil ventilation: short-beaked echidna
Tail shedding allows escape: rodents
Noxious spray deters predators: skunk
Pigments provide strength: mice
Limbs dig efficiently: echigo mole
Paws excavate burrows: pocket gopher
Snout detects pressure: star-nosed mole
Feet good for climbing: squirrel
Wings provide lift for gliding: flying squirrel
Low-energy air transport: flying squirrels
Special tongue captures soft prey: long-beaked echidna
Spinal column has strength and flexibility: armored shrew
E.
駱駝
Erythrocytes swell without rupturing: dromedary camel
F.
長頸鹿
Secretions repel insects, bacteria: giraffe
Tongue protected from thorns: giraffe
G. 兔子
Large ears used to cool off: jackrabbit
Polypeptide inhibits microbial growth: California sea hare
H.
羊
Self-medicating prevents disease: rabbits
Feet maintain traction: mountain goat
I.
牛
Coat insulates against extreme cold: muskox
J.
鴨嘴獸
Mouth sorts and grinds food: platypus
Sensory mucous glands detect prey: platypus
Skin protected when burrowing: platypus
Bill skin detects touch: platypus
Feet paddle efficiently: platypus
K.
袋鼠
Collagenous tendons store work: kangaroo
Teeth replace themselves: kangaroo
Achilles tendons enhance jumping: kangaroo
Bacteria reduce acetate, not methane: kangaroo
L.
大象
Large ears aid cooling: elephant
Skin fine-tunes internal temperature: African elephant
Eating bark to induce labor: elephant
Vibrations alert others to danger: elephants
M. 狗、貓
Burrow shape creates ventilation: prairie dog
Nose sniffs out cancer: dog
Senses detect epileptic seizures: dog
Tongue defeats gravity: cats
Olfactory bulb detects X-rays: cat
N.
帶刺的(刺蝟)
Spines work as shock absorbers: West European hedgehog
Changes enable hibernation: hedgehog
Armor protects from predators: armadillo
Quills resist buckling: porcupine
O.
熊
Fur provides insulation: polar bear
Paws have non-slip grip: polar bears
P.
蝙蝠
Middle ear senses barometric pressure: Eastern pipistrelle bat
Tongue gathers nectar and pollen: fruit bats
Body tissue survives freezing: red bat
Hot spots cool and heat: Brazilian free-tailed bat
Wing overcomes resistance: Pallas's long-tongued bat
Disklike structures adhere to smooth surfaces: Spix's disk-winged bat
Pads attach to smooth surfaces: Madagascar sucker-footed bat
Carrying heavy loads in flight: Eastern red bat
Tissue slices go undetected: vampire bat
Nose structure aids echolocation: false vampire bats
Sonar adjusts to surroundings: big brown bat
Internal magnetic compass recalibrates: greater mouse-eared bat
Echolocation pinpoints target: Egyptian fruit bat
Q.
豹
Flexible spine increases speed: cheetah
R.
老虎
Tendrils stick to various surfaces: Virginia creeper
S.
獅子
Retractable claws have many functions: African lion
Feet aid silent movement: African lion
T.
Okapis
Long-distance communication protects from predators: Okapis
U.
狐狸
Hairy footpads aid walking on loose sand: Fennec Fox
V.
其它動物
Elastic blood vessels accommodate pumping: mammals
Eyelids cleanse eyes: mammals
Elastic ligament provides support, shock absorption: large grazing mammals
Footpads manage increasing body mass: mammals
Pads cushion feet: mammals
Skin properties derive from arrangement of components: mammals
Cellulose digested for fuel: protozoans
Enzyme oxidizes fat-soluble organic chemicals: animals
Specialized teeth wear down but remain effective: grazing animals
Herd finds fresh food: wildebeests
Tentacles help filter food: burrowing sea cucumber
Pelt is adapted for thermoregulation: numbat
Fine filaments absorb oxygen: newt
Underhairs provide insulation: Merino sheep
Pebbles aid dew condensation: Australian mouse
Anus absorbs water: woodlice
Organism digests blood: hookworm
Stance and skin channels harvest rainwater: Texas horned lizard
Concentrating blood lightens weight: vampire bats
Pressure allows movement: echinoderms
Pressure assists blood circulation: giraffe
Stream remodeling alters ecosystems: American beaver
Enhancing species richness: beavers
Habitat mosaics stop fires: beaver
Sustainable use of lands: grazing animals
Neck swivels 270 degrees: three-toed sloth
Foraging aids revegetation: greater bilby
Rolling into a ball for protection: armadillo
Periodic swarming to find new resources: Norway lemmings
2.
A.
爬蟲類
蠑
Rolling locomotion used for hilly terrain: Mount Lyell salamander
Organs detect scent: reptiles
Amphibian withstands freezing: Siberian salamander
B.
壁虎
Focusing mechanism enhances vision: Tokay gecko
Feet self-clean: Tokay gecko
C.
變色龍
Eyes give 360˚ vision: chameleon
Tongue folds neatly into mouth: chameleon
Tongue moves fast: chameleons
Eyes judge distance without head movement: chameleon
D. 烏龜
Shapes cover curved surfaces efficiently: tortoise
Shell changes shape: pancake tortoise
Shell alters buoyancy: green turtle
Jaws shear flesh: alligator snapping turtle
E. 鱷魚
Receptors detect minuscule vibrations: alligator
Ears seal out water: crocodile
Skin prevents water loss: crocodiles
Eyes protected underwater: crocodile
F.
蛇
Breathing occurs even with full mouth: diamondback rattlesnake
Defense mechanism deters predators: wood snakes
Jaws swallow eggs whole: egg-eating snakes
Skin protects from dehydration: file snake
Underground dens protect from cold: snakes
Just-in-time manufacturing conserves resources: snakes
Digestive system optimizes performance: burmese python
Electrosensitivity used to navigate: rattlesnake
Moving efficiently across sand: sidewinder
Efficient movement across land: snakes
Skin acts as membrane: sea snake
Fangs fold for storage: western diamondback rattlesnake
Concertina movement navigates tunnels: snakes
Amplifying sound: bull snake
Snakes have bifocal thermal vision: pit viper
Thermal pits detect prey: snakesReceptors create thermal image: pit viper
Jaw swallows large prey: pythons
Pocket-like structures produce hissing sounds: king cobra
G.
其它爬蟲類
Mineral crystals enhance rasping power: chitons
Pores expel fluid: iguana
Eyes squirt blood: horned lizard
Neurotoxins immobilize prey: scorpion
Skin exhibits low friction: sandfish skink
Vascular lining helps maintain body temperature: leatherback sea turtle
3. 兩棲類
青蛙
Three-chambered heart reduces mixing of blood: frog
Body removes foreign objects: green tree frog
Feet used to slow landings: true frogs
Constructing bubble nests: foam-nesting frog
Pigments cells respond to hormones: African clawed frog
Hardened bubbles provide protection: foam-nesting frog
Skin prevents dehydration: foam-nest treefrog
Waterproof lipid-layer prevents desiccation: frogs
Concentrated form reduces water requirements: frogs
Antifreeze protects from cold: North American wood frog
Neurotoxin protects from predators: poison-dart frog
Plasma maintains salt balance: crab-eating frog
Membranes maintain salt balance: crab-eating frog
Glucose prevents formation of ice crystals: spring peepers
Foam builds shelter, provides water: Japanese flying frog
Glue protects from insect bites: burrowing frog
Sucker-mouths help tadpoles stick: torrent-stream frog
Feet used for powerful swimming: true frogs
Mating call is amplified: Bornean tree-hole frog
Lungs help detect sound: fire-bellied toad
4.
鳥類
Beak design absorbs high-energy impacts: toco toucan
Enzyme quickly metabolizes alcohol: European starling
Intestines absorb glucose fast: hummingbird
Lamellae filter food of different sizes: flamingo
Bill used to filter: roseate spoonbill
Pouch scoops and drains water: pink-backed pelican
Eyes see near and far: hawks
Eyes see details: hawks
Beak holds squirming prey: eagles
Bill used as heat exchanger for thermoregulation: toco toucan
Bird bill draws food into mouth: sandpiper
Vortex stirs up sediment: phalarope
Probing mud for prey: shoebill stork
Air flow system, sacs provide efficient gas exchange: birds
Fluid protects eggs: birds
Shells resist external loading: birds
Bones absorb compression shock: birds
Glands remove salt: penguins
Group organization protects from the cold: emperor penguins
Body manages impact: woodpecker
Chicks are fed equally: kingfisher
Covering protects eye: pied kingfisher
Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans
Body protected from diving impact: brown pelican
Head protected from minor impacts: cassowaries
Individual actions benefit group: white-fronted bee-eater
Shape of feather shafts protect from wind: birds
Eyes manage glare: kingfishers
Preening waterproofs feathers: birds
Beak size optimized for thermal regulation: birds
Wingtip feathers increase aerodynamic efficiency: flying birds
Skin and feathers deter ectoparasites: black pitohui bird
Metabolism slows when food is scarce: hummingbird
Adaptations allow ingestion of salt water: loons
Nest is reinforced: magpie lark
Vibration firms mud nest: apostle bird
Bones maximize stiffness and strength: birds
Grooves shed water: doves
Feathers protect from water: Gentoo penguin
Beak protects during dives: cape gannet
Feathers trap air to provide warmth: emperor penguin
Feather structure insulates: Canada goose
Beaks reflect UV light: emperor penguin
Skin protects from water loss: desert lark
Down feathers insulate: king eider
Nests are parasite-free: eagles
Nests are parasite-free: house sparrow
Nests are parasite-free: starling
Self-medicating to prevent malaria: house sparrows
Gular fluttering dissipates heat: nightjars
Nest kept warm: mallee fowl
Pigments provide vivid colors: turaco
Dome-shape protects nest: ovenbird
Vibration firms mud nest: white-winged chough
Saliva used as glue: swifts
Durable nest is predator-proof: Eurasian penduline tit
Nest lined with protective material: song thrush
Head kept motionless in flight: kestrel
Managing irregular food supplies: crossbills
Organ changes enable long migration: bar-tailed godwit
Eyes see in the dark: oilbird
Light attracts fish: skimmer birds
Low-energy perching: mousebird
Hovering in mid air: hummingbirds
Gular pouch used to attract mate: frigatebird
Feather parts reattach: birds
Feet stay put: perching birds
Eyes see in various wavelengths: birds
Echolocation used in cave navigation: oilbirds
Microstructures produce iridescent colors: hummingbird
Optimizing nest spacing aids survival: cliff swallow
Eyes specialized for different types of vision: starlings
Lipochromes create red feathers: scarlet macaw
Carotenoids create yellow color: American goldfinch
Egg shape prevents falls: guillemots
Senses help avoid storms: swifts
"V" formation saves energy: Pacific golden plover
Change increases aerodynamic performance: common swift
Olfaction assists navigation: white-chinned petrel
Eyes 'see' magnetic fields: garden warbler
Navigating without landmarks: rock pigeon
Microscopic plates produce interference colors: copepods
Angle compensates for light refraction: black stork
Wings allow for silent flight: owls
Ears map sounds: long-eared owl
Feathers aid prey detection: saw-whet owl
Communicating over long distances: cassowaries
Fur and feathers get grip on ice: seals and penguins
鴕鳥
Gait increases speed, efficiency: ostrich
鴨
Feet reduce drag, provide power: duck
Feet move efficiently through water: grebes
鵝
Spinning makes safe dive: cape gannet
六. 微生物有機體
Microscopic oars move organism: protozoan
Increase biofuel yields: microorganism metabolic engineering
Microbes consume methane: ANME-1 and ANME-2 Archaea
Proteins function in saline environments: archea
Proteins cause ice nucleation: a plant pathogen
Ion release causes contraction: protozoan Vorticella convallaria
Adhesive works under water: an aquatic bacterium
Pigments provide strength: fungi
Parasite attaches underwater: copepod
Cytoplasm seeks efficient routes: slime mold
Communal 'slime-ways' used to glide: marine slime mold
Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms
Tyrisonase enzymes aid crosslinking: organisms
Cells provide strength: wood
Membranes self-repair: cells
Cells detect and sequester toxic copper: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Cells produce polyester: microorganisms
Compounds cause UV tolerance: yeast
Mycosporines protect from UV light, desiccation: microcolonial fungi
Superbug survives radiation: bacteria
Membranes avoid melting: methanogen (thermophile)
Relationship provides thermal protection: hot springs panic grass, fungus
Spores survive high temperatures: bacteria
By-products inhibit yeast and fungi: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Colonial living leads to long-term survival: fungi
Protein prevents bacterial adherence: Lactobacillus fermentum
Biofilms protect bacteria: gram negative bacteria
Spores survive drought, toxins: bacteria
Altering host's reproductive system improves viability: Wolbachia bacteria
Chemicals made with natural ingredients: bacteria
Fermentation produces biopolymers: bacteria
Storing carbon and energy: bacteria
Microbes make natural polyester: bacteria
Pigments 'photosynthesize' without CO2: Halobacteria
Bacteria create a natural battery: Geobacter sulfurreducens
Wire-like structures conduct electricity: Shewanella oneidensis
Transporting electrons extracellularly: sediment bacteria
Polymers provide adhesion, protection: microbes
Microbe survives extreme heat: Pyrolobus archaea
Mucins trap pathogens: animals
Antimicrobial peptides destroy bacteria: American dog tick
Gene transfers enhance photosynthesis: marine viruses
Fueled by hydrogen: thermal pool microbes
Double-layered ball assists spore dispersal: earthstar fungus
Sporangium launches spores: pilobolus fungus
Diversity increases survival: bacteria
Light-gathering apparatus adjusts to conditions: purple bacteria
Metabolic process conserves energy: syntrophic bacteria
Orienting using Earth's magnetic field: Aquaspirillum bacteria
Shape-shifting aids swimming: bacteria
Corkscrew swimming is efficient: spiroplasma bacteria
Flagella aid locomotion: bacteria
Slime enables movement: bacteria
Hairlike extensions responsible for movement: bacteria
Bacteria sense and move toward chemicals: Escherichia coli
Communication molecules coordinate behavior: chronic wound bacteria
Membranes distinguish sweet from sour: colon bacilli
Shell is minimum free energy structure: viruses
"Biological batteries" heal wounds: cells
Membranes sensitive to voltage: cells
Membranes get fatter when stretched: cells
七. 微小生物
Anhydrobiosis protects during desiccation: nematodes
Exoskeletons excrete nitrogen waste: woodlice
Design features aid efficient attachment: lice
Flowers protect from unwanted visitors: mistletoe
Tentacles maintain tension as flow increases: marine polychaete worm
Mucus enhances mobility: polychaete worm
'Bombs' distract predators: green bomber worms
Lunar cycle triggers reproduction: Pacific palolo worm
Catapulting transports worms: nematode
Shelters constructed underwater: sandcastle worm
Worm tolerates temperature gradient of 140 deg F: Pompeii worm
Hairs prevent entry of water: rat-tailed maggot
Durable casing built with sand: protozoans
Gills help fix nitrogen: shipworm
Hairs create colors: weevils
Mouth cuts through chitin: velvet mite
Snout works as drill: acorn weevil
Attachments cling to intestinal wall: pork tapeworm
Eggs attached securely to hairs: body lice
Receptors adhere selectively: microbes
Jet propulsion as transportation mechanism: salp
Feet adhere temporarily: aphids
Skin aids movement: worms
Hydroskeleton changes shape: ribbon worms
Adhesive glues prey: velvet worms
Mucus glues sand and rock: marine worms
Head bores through wood: shipworm
Enzyme produces red bioluminescence: railroad worm
Body designed for burrowing: nematode
八. 其它生物
蝸牛
Shell is tough armor: golden scale snail
Bubble raft used to float on water: violet snail
Shell protects from heat: desert snail
Membrane reduces evaporation: land snail
Foot aids underwater movement: water snail
蜘蛛
Lure tricks prey: bolas spider
Malaria vector chosen as preferred prey: jumping spider
Organs serve multiple adhesive functions: camel spider
Silk used for various functions: spiders
Stabilizing loose sand: spiders
Web absorbs impacts: spiders
Fibers contract and relax: spiders
Granules prevent slippage: orb-weaver spiders
Spider creates underwater air tank: water spider
Silk protects from flooding, captures water: barking spider
Mechanism to seal joint prevents depressurization: spiders
Spider silk warns birds: orb-web spider
Silk assembled on demand: spiders
Legs use hydraulics: spiders
Legs 'row' across water: fishing spider
Legs detect airborne vibrations: spiders
Web glue is strong adhesive: golden orb weaving spider
Multiple eyes provide excellent vision: jumping spider
蚯蚓
Organisms work together to decompose cellulose: earthworm
Electric current reduces friction: common earthworm
Large volumes move through small spaces: common earthworm
Gut:enhancing anaerobic digestion:earthworm
Skin stays clean: earthworm
Secretions distract predators: earthworm
Small structures burrow efficiently: earthworms
Bristles facilitate movement: earthworms
Detecting vibrations: earthworm
九. 其它項目
Plant requirements govern recovery from disturbances: English woodland
Relationship provides nutrients, protection: ant-plants and ants
Footpads dampen shock: bush-cricket
Habitat stores carbon: wetlands
Pouch stores seed: Clark's nutcracker
Habitat regulates water flows: peatlands
Plants minimize water loss: desert
Plant self-irrigates: desert rhubarb
Ecosystem demonstrates sustainability: prairie
Tension releases seeds: broom
Communities recover from floods: riparian habitat
Ecosystems recover from disturbances: riparian habitat
Storage of organic matter plugs carbon "leaks": riparian habitat
Ecosystems have stability and resiliency: savannas
Functioning with efficiency and innovation: ecosystems
Multiple organisms interact: soil ecosystem
Diversity increases efficiency: soil ecosystem
Natural disturbances enhance heterogeneity: forest ecosystems
Multifunctional integration is remedy for architecture: ecosystems
Food web complexity increases along gradient: dune ecosystem
Ecosystem has long-term sustainability: dehesa ecosystem
Environmental disturbance promotes diversity: wet prairie ecosystem
Microtopographic relief fosters diversity: wetland ecosystems
Canopies enhance species diversity: wetland ecosystems
Predatory fish maintain ecosystem functions: lake ecosystem
Varied landscapes increase population stability: ecosystems
Nurse shrubs help other plants: Mediterranean montane ecosystems
Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems
Nature maintains biodiversity: ecosystems
Surviving changing conditions: ecosystems
Species richness helps system respond to disturbance: ecosystems
Pests kept in check: agro-systems
Structures minimize materials, maximize strength: organisms
Systems allow changes in mechanical properties: organisms
Teeth resist compression and tension: animals that chew
Leaves adjust to changing environment: Common arrowhead
Resident insects protect nearby fields: hedgerows
Embryos survive without oxygen: killifish
Environment tailors growth: organisms
Transglutaminase enzymes crosslink proteins: organisms
Controlled crystal symmetry: Calcareous sponges
Controlling mineral crystal growth: peptides
Glue fibers form underwater: caddisfly
Matrix supports tissue engineering: organisms
Secretions gain adhesive/cohesive qualities: marine invertebrates
Flexible stalk adjusts to flow forces: Styela sea squirt
Ligament used to reopen shells: bivalve mollusks
Tube feet attach in marine environment: echinoderms
Mucus takes on adhesive qualities: dusky arion slug
Footpads stick to vertical surfaces: great green bushcricket
Undulations used for swimming: Spanish dancer
Clapping used for underwater movement: rough fileclam
Structures catch prey: Portuguese man-of-war
Shells grind through rock: piddock
Mucus aids movement: slugs
Receptors detect ruminant hosts: hard ticks
Shell protects, supports, and allows for growth: shelled mollusks
Gas-storage chamber controls buoyancy: nautilus
Tendons and bones form seamless attachment: Chordates
Sensing and sharing information: neurons