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一. 植物 1. 苔 Ice nucleation captures water: lichen Fungus provides UV protection: lichens Communities prevent asbestos dispersion: plants and lichens Organism tolerates heat and desiccation: lichen Lichen metabolite has antimicrobial activity: lichens Leaves survive desiccation: Spanish moss Compounds repel slugs: Dicranum moss 2. 藻 Mechanism concentrates inorganic carbon: diatoms Algae produce oil: diatoms Tiny capsules trap prey: bladderwort Toxic blooms aid predation: dinoflagellates Moving parts are lubricated: diatoms Intricate silica architecture survives forces: diatoms Estuaries rely on ecosystem engineers: diatoms Membranes tolerate high alkalinity: cyanobacteria Organisms concentrate carbon dioxide: green algae Pulled support stalks have low flow stress: algae Leaves resist tearing: brown algae Extensibility helps stop spread of cracks: macroalgae Compounds cause UV radiation tolerance: dinoflagellates Red pigment protects against UV rays: snow algae Algae protects from freezing: snow algae Bioluminescence protects from predation: dinoflagellates Biofilm-inhibiting chemical protects surfaces: red alga Biofilm inhibition protects surfaces: freshwater algae Protective coating prevents dehydration: sea-wracks Stretchable architecture resists breakage: bull kelp Joint shaped as suction cup prevents peeling: bull kelp Spiral-shaped flow is optimal: bull kelp Blades balance light interception, drag: bull kelp Stabilized bromine protects from bacteria: kelp 3. 水果 Case protects during years at sea: Polynesian box fruit Flexibility encourages twisting, not bending: banana Chemical protects from disease: grapes 4. 瓜類 Juice launches seeds: squirting cucumber Convex surface geometry resists adhesion: pumpkin Skin protects from fungal pathogens: pumpkin Leaves disorient beetles, prevent attack: cucumber 5. 豆類 Valve regulates water permeability: yellow bush lupine Seeds dispersed across the sea: sea bean Transport tubes plugged when damaged: fava bean Biofilm inhibition protects surfaces: peas Hydration increases internal pressure: legumes 6. 紅樹 Leaves optimize internal state: mangrove Seeds float to the best conditions: red mangrove Seedpod autorotates: sycamore Bill reduces drag: black skimmer Leading edge of seed creates vortex lift: maple Seed glides to earth: Alsomitra vine Single-winged seeds travel far: sycamore Seeds disperse long distances: liana Wrinkly surface provides desert camouflage: Tamaulipas living rock cactus 7. 花 Fibonacci sequence optimizes packing: sunflowers Modified leaves assist climb: passion flower Flower structures protect pollen: angiosperms Pollen catapults from flower: bunchberry Hooked beak snags flowers: flowerpiercer Light-transmitting fibers: Venus flower basket Flowers follow sun: snow buttercups 8. 其它植物 Wood resists fracture: trees Leaves resist bending: trees Leaves resist gravitational loading: broad-leaved trees Resin protects damage: conifer trees Continuous fibers prevent structural weakness: trees Bark protects buds from fire: eucalyptus trees Bark resists fire: ordeal tree Branches protected from the sun: quiver tree Iridescent thin layer provides photoprotection: understory rainforest plants Features enhance cooling effect: shade trees Bark keeps surface cool under the sun: trees Elevated leaves reduce evaporation: quiver tree Tree structure reduces water loss: umbrella thorn trees Ecosystem manages poor soils: tropical rain forest Leaves protect from the elements: conifers Branches protect plant from wind: Arctic willow Flexibility limits bending in wind: trees Roots stabilize trees against wind: longleaf pine Poison protects seeds: yews Strychnine protects seeds: strychnine trees Toxic sap protects tree seeds: hura tree Coating removes unwanted organisms: trees Excretions provide antimicrobial protection: olive trees Transport system prevents spread of embolisms: conifers Investing resources increases competitive success: trees Growth rate aids fire resistance: camel's foot tree Relationships essential to pollination: Brazil nut tree viding shelter for multiple organisms: English oak Dormant buds ensure fire survival: jarrah Branches survive intense wind: live oak Poisonous sting wards off predators: nettles Trunk protected from predators: half-mens plant Torpor conserves energy: common poorwill Thin-walled tubular stems resist buckling: bamboo Plants survive repeated drying and rehydration: lesser clubmoss Vines repair themselves: pipevine Rind resists rotting: flowering plants Plants rise above flooding: peatland plants Glassiness protects plants in drought: blue gem plant Pollen coat prevents dehydration: plants Hairs prevent evaporation: arid zone plants Bulk prevents moisture loss: cushion plants Tightly packed stems insulate against cold: cushion plants Weak leaves deal with strong winds: plants Red leaves hide plants from insects: plants Plant poison neutralizes digestive juices: cotton grass Thylakoidal system transports folded proteins: plants Photosynthesis with low CO2: peatland plants Surviving low nutrient, low light conditions: peatland plants Enzyme catalyzes many reactions: plants Creating energy from sunlight: plants CO2 breakdown used in organic compound manufacturing: plants Cork bars water, dissolved ions and gases: plants Catalysts facilitate water-splitting: plants Structures optimize material use: plants Dead leaves insulate against fire: cape aloe Increasing fire resistance: Arizona fescue Nanoparticles block UV light: English ivy Waxy coating protects from heat and drought: euphorbia Flower's pattern attracts/deters insects: Aaron's beard Chemical repels insects: catnip Compounds deter insect feeding: water smartweed Dead leaves function as insulation: giant groundsel Fatty acids prevent freezing: cotton plants Small leaves buffer ambient temperature: sacred datura Flexibility reduces drag: daffodil Scales prevent structural penetration: fig Camouflage reduces herbivory: pebble plants Photosynthesis: Cooke's koki'o Flower creates heat: philodendron Structure and shape provide flexibility: vines Leaves resist crosswise tearing: grasses Floating mats adjust to water levels: beaked sedge Flexibility allows twisting, not bending, in wind: sedges Microscopic silica blades protect: meadow grasses chers prevent fungal growth: pitcher plant Fungal gardens kept free of 'weeds': leaf-cutter ants Ecosystem withstands attack: Kentucky bluegrass Fronds hyperaccumulate arsenic: ladder brake fern Cells survive extreme water loss: resurrection fern Hydrophobic surface allows self-cleaning: sacred lotus Slime inhibits evaporation: lobelia Furry bracts serve as insulation: lobelia Ice in rosette protects bud from frost: lobelia Dense covering protects from cold: snow lotus Seed coat and enzymes protect seed: lotus Bract forms waterproof structure: titan arum Internal thermostat regulates temperature: skunk cabbage Leaf surfaces are hydrophobic: Lady's mantle Thick leaves, pseudobulb resist fire: Victorian orchid Compacted leaves form efficient heat insulation: grass tree Round shape reduces water loss: pebble plants Pheromone mimic repels aphids: South American potato Leaves convert photons to energy: spinach Lightweight structure aids dispersal: dandelions Symbiosis enhances pollutant breakdown: plants and microbes Roots absorb nutrients from dead leaves: cushion plants Leaves maximize sun exposure: plants Pigment enhances light absorption: tropical plants Structures maximize light absorption: plants Crystals draw sunlight into plant: window plants Pressure sucks moisture from soil: desert plants Walls keep insect feet from sticking: pitcherplants Flowers selectively attract pollinators: orchid-flower plants Internal leaf surface increases gas exchange: plants Vascular systems transport fluids and solutes: plants Xylem conduits transport water: plants Rod-like reinforcements provide strength: plants Enzymatic liquid digests insects: green pitcher-plant Hairs cause loss of footing: marsh pitchers Long roots grow in saline water: Tamarix tree Leaf fan optimizes cooling and wind resistance: fan palm tree Trees comb water from clouds: cloud forests Suckers steal water and nutrients: Australian Christmas tree Trees generate pressure: oaks Structures absorb amino acids: potbelly airplant Leaves capture water: bromeliads Epiphytes capture nutrients: bromeliads Membranes desalinate water: mangrove Aerating device delivers oxygen: mangroves Calming coastal waters: red mangrove Pressure makes air move: black mangrove Oxygenating soil: mangroves Tissues absorb nitrogen: haircap moss Rootlets reabsorb nutrients: giant groundsel Leaves optimize photosynthesis: giant water-lily Photosynthesis in low-light conditions: Taeniophyllum orchid Leaves focus light: begonias Leaves retain air films underwater: water fern Grooves gather water: thorny devil Water absorbed from humid air: brown dog tick Leaf arrangement collects water: epiphytes Roots absorb moisture from humid air: orchids Ribbon-like roots absorb moisture: Taeniophyllum orchid Rosettes capture fog: Tillandsia Spores are self-propelled: wood ear mushroom Filter feeding moves water: Venus flower basket Elaborate stigmas capture pollen grains: grasses Stems move air: Phragmites australis Branching pattern enhances exchange and transport: cypress Mats uniformly distribute resources: black grama grass Water aids pollination: eelgrass Elevated rings increase diversity: seaside arrowgrass Disturbances maintain heterogeneity: Great Plains mesic grasslands Species diversity maintains grasslands: Tanzania's Serengeti Plain Tree and grass savanna maintains equilibrium: Transvaal savanna Diversity creates long-term stability: prairie grassland Mutualistic relationship is maintained: fig tree and fig wasp Leaves channel water: sacred fig Internal perforations transport nutrients: sphagnum moss Vessels resist bubble formation: trees Underground storage enables regeneration: jarrah trees Interwoven trees gain structural support: tropical trees Relationship provides nutrients, stability: bracket fungi and trees Leaves deter herbivory: birch trees Wood self-assembles: trees Evaporation releases seeds: Brazilian hura trees Spiral fibers strengthen tree trunks: whitebark pine Seeds survive extreme falls: Brazil nut tree Fruiting tree holds key role in forest: Caesaria tree Vein system resilient to damage: plants Seeds disperse by jet action: ice plants Root systems control erosion: vascular plants Structural composition provides strength in changing conditions: plants Reinforced fibers provide strength: plants Lignified parenchyma cells provide strength: plants Sclereid cells prevent soft tissue collapse: plants Collenchyma cells provide strength, flexibility: plants Circular, tapering beams stabilize: plants Stems resist buckling: plants Lower water content releases seeds: petunia Surface tension flings spores: fern Hooks adhere to wooly coats: burdock Glands excrete excess salt: mangrove Old leaves help remove excess salt: mangrove Selective strategies aid competitive success: mangrove forests Collaboration benefits multiple participants: mangrove forests Seeds survive various conditions: mangroves Corky tuber stores water: Hottentot bread plant Surface cells store water: ice plant Relationship provides nutrients: pitcher plant Seeds are dispersed long distances: South African grapple plant Interaction helps retain water: forests Ecosystems recover after disturbance: forests Multiple organisms strip nutrients: forests Seed dispersal aids recovery from disturbance: tropical rain forests Disturbances help maintain diversity: western hemlock-Sitka spruce forests Disturbances maintain habitat: Scandinavian heath and beech forests Pit-and-mound topography fosters biodiversity: Douglas fir forests Fallen trees stabilize, enrich soil: Douglas fir forests Fungal root-rot renews forest: mountain hemlock forests Ecosystems recover from disturbance: forests Buttressing resists uprooting: English oak Pollen release triggered by bird landing: mistletoe Sticky berries adhere: European mistletoe Shrub maintains biodiversity: Banksia Lightweighting: Scots pine Maintaining genetic and species diversity: black mustard Seeds survive long sea voyages: coconut palm Compounds control 'weeds': fine-leaf fescue Nurse logs provide new habitat: western hemlock Tussocks enhance species diversity: upright sedges Branches provide support: Russian thistle Skeleton provides support: sponges Spicules are rigid structural materials: sponges Support cells resist compression: nasturtium Trusses provide support: Cholla cactus Fibers reinforce hydrostatic skeletons: sunflowers Leaves given structural support: giant water-lily Fibers keep tall spikes upright: titan arum Deciduous trees produce more soil water: oaks Flowers selectively deter insects: acacia Microbial biodiversity maintained: heather moorland Folds allow efficient leaf deployment: plants Roots maximize water uptake: plants Pollen survives extreme dehydration: flowering plants Flowers accommodate short growing season: alpine snowbell Orchids capture pollen: bucket orchids Pollen fastens to a bee's head: orchids Flowers increase pollen transfer: orchids More successful pollination: orchids Sticky hairs capture insects: Roridula plant Leaves change colors under different lighting: Selaginella ferns Burning stimulates flowering: grass trees Optimizing size aids survival: sessile barnacles Spring directs spore dispersal in high humidity: horsetail Oils vaporize to create scent: titan arum Cactus hides from the sun: mescal cactus Leaves glued together: grass trees Running up and down trees: treecreepers Structures facilitate pollen dispersal: pine trees Seeds dispersed over long distances: Anisoptera tree Odor attracts seed dispersers: Durio tree Hairs change position quickly: sundew Plants use osmosis to create an actuator. Leaves fold in response to touch: sensitive plant Stem sends out climbing gear: cheese plant Folding allows compact shape: hornbeam Cone scales are humidity-sensitive: pine Mutant gene flattens leaves: snapdragon Leaves have elasticity, shape memory: resurrection fern Signal directs sperm: fern Roots attach firmly: English ivy Tendrils enable upward climb: rattan palm Sticky berries adhere: Australian mistletoe Leaves modified for climbing: glory lilies Adhering to multiple substrates: blackberry Stem used for climbing: honeysuckle Seeds drilled into soil: wheat Plant growth responds to touch: wall cress Capsules launch seeds: Namaqualand mesems Leaves transmit long-distance signals: Arabidopsis Compounds protect against predators: milkweed Cyanogenic poison protects from herbivores: acacia Thermogenesis attracts pollinators: cycads Electron flow generates heat: sacred lotus Luminescence signals ripening: banana Fire opens seed capsules: banksia Bumblebees get a foothold: snapdragons Leaves signal presence of predators: acacia Underwater roots get oxygen: giant water-lily Wood reacts to bending: poplar 二. 水中生物 1. 有脊椎 A. 魚 Mucus reduces turbulence: barracuda Highly effective swimming: fish Fins provide streamlined shape: tuna Fish maintain stability in turbulence: spotted boxfish Immune system protects from toxin: horse mackerel Mucus coat protects against stings: clownfish Respiration rate allows survival in low oxygen: blind shark Shell provides drought protection: lungfish Blood flow regulates heat exchange: alligator Glycoprotein prevents ice crystals: Antarctic ice fish Bodies stay warm in cold water: skipjack tuna Rapid color change used for protection: cuttlefish Electric organ stuns prey, deters attackers: electric catfish Stripes serve as long-distance camouflage: lionfish Pigment granules assist hiding: ray-finned fish Scales protect skin: cartilaginous fish Fins used to communicate: fish Light used for camouflage: hatchet fish Mucus has antibacterial properties: bony fish Skin inhibits microbes: shark Fish thrives in freshwater and seawater: Atlantic salmon Surviving extended confinement: lungfish Cells manage monovalent ions: fish Intestine osmoregulates: marine teleosts Lure attracts prey: anglerfish Organ generates electricity: electric stargazer Electric organs generate volts: ray Scales form protective armor: garpike Tail prevents sinking: sturgeons Gills exchange oxygen efficiently: fish Chin used to hunt: elephantnose fish Hunting in murky water: goldfish Scales form protective layer: bony fish Stream community depends on ecosystem engineers: sediment-processing fish Swimbladder retains gases: ray-finned fish Capturing prey above the water's surface: archer fish Teeth scrape and grind to break down coral: parrotfish Jelly substance provides structural support: jellyfish Excavating behavior increases ecosystem biodiversity: red grouper Gas-holding structure aids buoyancy: cuttlefish Swim bladder helps maintain buoyancy: ray-finned fish Eggs are buoyant: oviparous fish Muscular system enables jet propulsion: cuttlefish Tails aid fast swimming: swordfish Eggs adhere in seawater: cuttlefish Beak holds fish: puffin Slime reduces drag: fish Moving in tune with body size: penicillate jellyfish Pulsing used for underwater movement: jellyfish Swimming forward and backward: knife fish Skin helps save swimming energy: fish Tissue provides neutral buoyancy: ocean sunfish Electric organs used in navigation: knifefish Lateral line system acts as sonar: fish Blind cave-dwellers have super senses: Alabama cavefish Fish body is a swimming tongue: channel catfish Fish respond to magnetic fields: rainbow trout Eyes see above and below water surface: four-eyed fish Special eyes increase photosensitivity: spookfish Crystals create iridescent sheen: rainbow trout Shooting snout snags prey: sling-jaw wrasse Efficient propulsion system: bluefin tuna Sucker-like structure used to attach: remora Energy boost from vortices: bull trout Olfactory sense pinpoints spawning river: Atlantic salmon Tusks sense chemicals: Narwhal Fins taste by touch: gurnards B. 鯨魚 Baleen plates filter food: blue whale Lungs efficiently expel air: fin whale Branching protects from blockages: blue whales Lingual rete precools blood: gray whale Deep divers manage temperature: beaked whales Skin resists microorganisms: pilot whale Navigation underwater: whales Flippers provide lift, reduce drag: humpback whale Powerful tail used for swimming: humpback whale C. 海豚 Noise stuns prey: spinner dolphin Sound waves stun prey: bottlenose dolphin Blubber absorbs heat: bottlenose dolphin Snout reduces turbulence: dolphin Body shape reduces friction: dolphin Organs aid navigation: dolphin Chirps carry through water: dolphins Blubber structure stores and releases energy: porpoise D. 海象 Teeth crush shells: walrus Tusks conserve materials: walrus E. 海豹 Whiskers reduce drag: harbor seals Nasal turbinates reduce water loss: northern elephant seal Bulging proboscis amplifies sound: southern elephant seal Whiskers sense prey movement: harbor seals Fur decreases water turbulence: seals Guard hairs form waterproof barrier: seals F. 海獺 Teeth are resilient: sea otter Ear flaps keep water out: otters G. 鰻魚 Tongue cuts through fish scales: lamprey Electric organs have many purposes: Amazon electric eel Extra jaws help hold, transport prey: moray eel Slime and fibers protect: hagfish Adapting swimming technique: lamprey Alkaline surfaces volatilize ammonia: loach Body moves smoothly through water: African freshwater electric eel Energy-efficient long distance swimming: eel Senses help navigat during migration: European eel Electricity helps communications: mormyrid electric eels H. 鯊魚 Specialized gills filter plankton: basking shark Conserving energy in times of scarcity: basking shark Light used for camouflage: velvet belly lantern shark Sharp teeth always available: nurse sharks Swimming efficiently: sharks Body designed for fast, efficient swimming: shortfin mako shark Skin reduces drag: shark Nostrils detect minute quantities of blood: great white shark Organs detect electrical currents: great white shark Spaced eyes enhance visual fields: hammerhead shark Skin detects thermal signals: blacktip reef shark Hunting in the dark: piranha I. 河豚 Pigment filters excessive light: balloonfish J. 海狸 Teeth are self-sharpening: American beaver 2. A. 無脊椎 海葵 Stalk structure improves feeding position: sea anemone Tissues resist bending under stress: giant green anemone Relationship protects from predators: clownfish, anemones Inflating for protection: porcupinefish Body changes shape: sea anemone Supportive gel enables extreme shape change: sea anemone B. 海星 Tube feet assist locomotion, feeding: lined sea star Microscopic holes deter fractures: starfish Body buffers thermal variations: sea star Limb shedding assists escape: starfish Skeleton components arranged efficiently: starfish C. 海膽 Vision without eyes: purple sea urchin Radiating shape makes for efficient transport: sea urchin Teeth self-sharpen: sea urchins Thin "shells" resist impact loading: sea urchins Shape distributes stress: sea urchin Crystals co-orient: purple sea urchin D. 海參 Threads adhere underwater: sea cucumber Secondhand weapons protect from predators: sea slug Skin lights up when touched: swimming sea cucumber Body changes stiffness: sea cucumber E. 水母 Toxins protect from predators: jellyfish Light used for instant signaling: comb jellies Moving cilia create iridescence: comb jellies F. 章魚 Ink cloud distracts predators: octopus Deployable web distracts predators: blanket octopus Muscular system enables jet propulsion: octopus Tentacles adhere underwater: octopus Siphon directs underwater movement: octopus G. 珊瑚 Secretions break down algal walls: stony corals Optimizing exposure to sunlight: stony corals H. 海綿 Matrix stiffens connective tissue: sponges 3. 有殼類(蝦蟹) Fluid pressure provides support: blue crab Pressure provides structural support: blackback land crab Limbs sacrificed to escape predators: crabs Portable cases protect from predators: caddisflies Minerals conserved during moult: crustaceans Claw snaps shut: pistol shrimp Appendage strikes with force: mantis shrimp Breaking down wood: galatheid crab Setae draw water from mud: marsh crab Hair-like structures filter fine materials: fiddler crab Social networking aids housing search: hermit crabs Underwater sensors detect odors: spiny lobster Eyes sensitive to circular polarized light: mantis shrimp Eyes see color with precision: mantis shrimp Hairs detect changes in water current: shrimp Complex structures focus reflected light: lobster Microscopic plates produce interference colors: copepods Eyes allow periscopic vision: ghost crabs Eyes perceive polarized light: horseshoe crab 三. 貝類 Shells are tough: red abalone Digestive solution removes excess algae: giant clam Transparent patches of mantle focus light: giant clam Flexible cylinders siphon water: clams Threads have hard flexible coating: mussel Mineral crystals enhance cutting ability: limpet Shell resists cracking: scallop Screen protects symbiotic algae from light: giant clam Biopolymer stops shell growth: oyster Gills reduce drag: Atlantic surf clam Colonies bond together: Eastern oyster Tentacles detect predators: queen scallop Eyes detect changing movement patterns: queen scallop Poisonous tooth shoots into prey: cone shell Adhesion occurs in varying conditions: keyhole limpet Resisting shearing forces: limpets Liquid crystal forms byssal threads: Mediterranean mussell Sticky proteins serve as glue: blue mussel Sticky proteins serve as glue: green mussel 四. 昆蟲類 1. 蜂 Mixture waterproofs nests: paper wasps Ovipositor drills through wood: parasitic wasps Bees collect DDT: orchid bees Forelegs mop up plant oil: solitary bees Wingbeat vibrations cause pollen release: carpenter bee Groups vote on hive locations: honeybees Collaborating for group decisions: honeybees Swarms act as intelligent organizations: ants and bees Sensitivity encourages return to hive before storm: bees Antennae detect individual orchid species: iridescent bees Wings generate lift: honeybee Varying response thresholds aid hive thermoregulation: honeybee Nest cells support heavy weights: bees and wasps Nest sheds water: tropical hornet Exploding plug prevents mating: honeybee Glycerol acts as antifreeze: parasitic wasp Mechanisms help thermoregulation: bumblebees Cuticle acts as cooling mechanism: Oriental hornet Vibration creates heat: honeybee Plants enhance health: golden bee Larvae protected from pathogens: beewolf digger wasps Secretion waterproofs nest: plasterer bee Diet diversity affects health: honeybees Catches in wings hold, release tension: bees Fibers reinforce nests: wasps Construction pattern forms sturdy tubes: organ-pipe wasp Nests are durable and humid: bees 120°, three-way junctions optimize material use: honeybees Strategy ensures smooth landings: honeybee Body detects magnetic fields: honeybee Eyes help navigate using the sun: bees Temporary chemical signals guide others: solitary bees Heat creates precise shapes: bees Sensitivity to sweetness aids in food selection: honeybee Detecting flickering movements: bees Paper produced for nest-building: hornets Hairs aid aerodynamics: wasp Detecting larvae through wood: parasitic wasps Vortex provides lift: parasitic wasp 2. 蝴蝶 Larvae protect from cyanide: Sara longwing butterfly Proboscis forms a flexible, sealed cylinder: butterfly Probing for food: copperband butterfly fish Wing scales provide lift: butterflies Wing surface self-cleans: Morpho butterfly Chemical plug prevents mating: butterfly Vibrations attract ants: Australian blue butterfly Wings allow escape from spider webs: butterflies Wing scales aid thermoregulation: green birdwing butterfly Special mixture waterproofs cocoon: pussmoth Mouthpart functions change: butterfly Wings have bright colors: African swallowtail butterfly Scales enhance wing color: swordtail butterfly Reflectance causes white color: cabbage butterfly Feet sensitive to sweetness: butterfly Wing scales diffract and scatter light: Morpho butterflies Lack of wing scales enhances camouflage: clearwing butterfies 3. 蜻蜓 Exoskeleton is dissolved: dragonfly Lunging after prey: dragonfly larvae Body fluids help molt, extend wings: dragonfly Skin protects from fungus: red-backed salamander Tail used for reproductive advantage: damselfly Cyclical emergence optimizes reproduction: mayfly Eyes see 300 images per second: dragonfly Wings enable glide: flying dragon Wing structure allows rapid acceleration: dragonfly 4. 蟻 Gut microbes digest cellulose: termites Chemicals used in defense: termites Mounds accumulate calcium carbonate: termites Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: mound-building termites Antennae detect odors: dampwood termite Jaws cut leaves precisely: leaf cutting ants Collective body heat warms nest: wood ants Detachable bristles immobilize ants: Polyxenid millipede Sand pit captures prey: ant lion larvae Air scoops provide cooling: ants Colonies distribute food after famine: Temnothorax ants Abdomens store nectar: honeypot ants Colonies survive floods: fire ants Groups move efficiently: army ants Bacteria help volatilize and mineralize ammonia: termites Mounds maximize ecosystem productivity: Odontotermes termites Termites are ecosystem engineers: mound-building termites Mounds increase diversity: mound-building termites Mounds shed water: West African termites Architecture avoids flooding, creates microclimates: ants Nest openings protect from floods: ants Ventilated nests remove heat and gas: termites Holes in nest aid temperature regulation: wood ants Liquids protect against ants: termites Relationship provides nutrients, housing, protection: bull horn acacia and acacia ants Social system protects from disease: dampwood termites Bacteria fight fungus: leafcutter ants Secretions are antibacterial, antifungal: leaf-cutter ants Arches provide structural support: termites Nest structurally reinforced: jet ant Nests made of paper: termites Nest temperature regulated: South American grass-cutting ant Nests are dynamic: Temnothorax ants Communication is resilient: Temnothorax ants Nest maximizes solar heat absorption: wood ants Tongue sticks out elastically: ants Squeezing larvae provides glue: weaver ants Running on waxy leaves: Arboreal ants Body parts used to glide and steer: ants Smell used for navigation: desert ant Marking unrewarding routes: pharaoh ant Eyes perceive UV polarized light: Tunisian desert ant Mound passively heats/cools: compass termite Bacterial symbionts provide nitrogen: leafcutter ants 5. 蛾 Mating flights associated with thunderstorms: moths Organic cases provide protection: bagworm moths Cocoon lining prevents ice crystals: moths Air holes protect from dehydration: moon moth Leaf tents hide caterpillars: Bornean moths Cocoon provides hard, protective casing: puss moth Wing scales help camouflage from sonar: moth Abrupt flight patterns help evade predators: moths Sensitive antennae detect sex pheromones: Indian luna moth Antennae used to detect pheromones, find mates: moths Moth larvae manipulate host plant physiology: leaf-miner moth Conserving energy: moths Eyes are anti-reflective: elephant hawk-moth Special liquid softens hard cocoon: puss moth Long proboscis stored when not in use: hawk moth Eggs glued to leaves: coddling moth Eyes diffract light: moth Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar Rolling locomotion aids escape: mother-of-pearl moth caterpillar Scent trails lead to food: European moths Antennae enhance odor detection: giant silkworm moths Detecting presence and movement of predators: nocturnal moth Joints have two degrees of bending freedom: arthropods 6. 蚊子 Larvae survive freezing: midge Mosquitoes detect carbon dioxide: malarial mosquitoes Hydration used to move hairs: mosquitoes Needle-like structure inserts painlessly: mosquito Antennae sense frequency of wingbeats: mosquito 7. 蒼蠅 Food digested externally: houseflies Body shape and position direct water current: black flies Tracheal system delivers oxygen efficiently: fly Surviving oil ponds: petroleum flies Wings of flies beat 1000 times a second thanks to vibrating thorax Larvae survive in digestive liquids: flesh flies Larvae ditch threatened hosts: parasitic fly Maggot skin strengthens as it dries: blowfly Hooks attach in water currents: caddisfly Hooks aid underwater attachment: blackfly Capillary action aids adhesion: European blowfly Wings allow movement in viscous solutions: fairy fly Shield and spoilers decrease lift in water: mayfly Flight path maintained: fruit fly Feet taste food: blowfly Taste neurons detect CO2: fruit fly Olfactory system detects decomposition: house fly Eyes detect polarized light: flesh fly Eardrums provide directional hearing: a parasitic fly Antenna provides selective hearing: fruit fly Vibration moves wings: flies Navigation organs help maneuver: flies Mouthparts pierces through hippo hides: African biting flies Sensory bristles organize with minimum communication: fruit flies Folding doors provide access to food: caddis fly larvae 8. 甲蟲 Bubble allows breathing underwater: Potamodytes beetle Water vapor harvesting: Namib desert beetle Trenches gather water: flying saucer trench beetle Scales create brilliant white: Cyphochilus beetles Insect elytra resist shear and cracking: beetles Unique antifreeze protects from extreme cold: Alaskan Upis beetle Tastiness protects seeds from beetles: acacia Poisonous secretions deter predators: blister beetle Vision enables stealth communication: jewel scarab beetle Larvae protected from predators: case-bearing leaf beetles Larvae prevent mold growth: Passalid beetle Combustion chamber sprays scalding liquid: bombardier beetle Body resists soil adhesion: dung beetle Leaf serves as container: red oak roller weevil Reducing surface tension to travel on water: rove beetle Layers create multihued appearance: beetle Humidity changes exoskeleton color: Hercules beetle Larvae survive extreme cold: red flat bark beetle Wings are deployable: beetles Feet grip waxy leaves: leaf beetle Eggs stick to waxy surface: asparagus beetle Claws hold on at high current veocities: riffle beetle Employing frictional devices: tenebrionid beetles Setae enhance temporary adhesion: leaf beetles Foot adhesion prevents capture: palm leaf beetle Combustion chamber discharges efficiently: bombardier beetle Chewing through wood: harlequin beetle Body surfaces reflect light to create colors: jewel beetles Luciferin molecules create bioluminescence: Pyrophorus beetle Fan-like antennae aid sensing: cockchafer beetle Eyes allow clear vision in both air and water: whirligig beetle 9. 蟬 Symbiosis provides nutrients: cicadas Insects cycle nutrients: periodic cicadas Wings shed dirt and water: cicada Periodic emergence synchronized: cicadas 10. 螢火蟲 Reflex bleeding deters predators: fireflies Light generated chemically: firefly Light helps capture insects: glow worms 11. 其它昆蟲 Crystals of metal salts improve cutting ability: herbivorous insects Optical illusion may attract insects: titan arum Silk tricks insects: spiders Venom target insects: Blue Mountains funnel-web spider Sensitivity captures insects: Venus flytrap Mouthparts manipulate food: insects Tubes help cool muscles, transport gases: insects Pressure forces blood from pores: grasshopper Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: ladybug Reflex "bleeding" deters predators: bloody-nosed beetle Insects digest fecal waste: dung beetlesI Wings fold multiple times without wear: beetles Stretchy membrane aids oviposition: locust Energy stored to amplify power: locusts Resilin gives wings flexibility: insects Wings work in unison: insects Exoskeleton adjusts: insects Acrobatics used to land: house fly Exoskeleton absorbs shock: dragonfly Dehydration helps survive freezing: Arctic springtail Suspending reproduction conserves energy: insects Threads transfer movement to capsule: jumping bean moth caterpillar Hormone mimic protects from caterpillars: bugleweed Larvae produce deadly toxin: leaf beetle Rolling into a ball for protection: pill millipede Squirting filaments protect from predators: pussmoth caterpillar Swarms avoid collisions: locusts Biological processes continue at glacial temperatures: ice worm Legs propel insect far: flea Energy stored to amplify power: click beetle Cuticle provides protection: arthropods Multiple component glue aids underwater adhesion: barnacle Waxy coat controls moisture loss: cockroach Gliding to safety: oriental cockroach Shearing forces increase molecular alignment: silkworms Wings combine support and material economy: winged insects Multiple legs allow sudden stops: insects Feet prevent slipping: insects Joint enables rapid wing flapping: insects Foot adaptations climb rough and smooth surfaces: insects Odor attracts specific insects: titan arum Chemical repels insects: catnip Yellow flower has an ultraviolet pattern seen by insects. Hairs sense environmental cues: insects Organs sense environmental cues: insects Ocelli sense length of daylight: insects Sensilla detect strain and load changes: insects Cuticle hole detects strain and load changes: insects Optimally packing spheres: spittle bug Flotation in turbulent waters: Heteropterid bugs Larvae produce foam: meadow spittlebug Glue sticks underwater: giant water bug Legs power high jumps: spittle bug Antennae sense heat of prey: Rhodnius bug Pigment granules create colors: damselflies Many legs provide thrust for burrowing: millipede Appendage causes high jumps: springtails Hinged casing closes for protection: ciliate Larvae adhere temporarily underwater: barnacles Congregating and physical stimulation trigger swarming: desert locusts Burrow amplifies sound: mole cricket Legs detect small vibrations for communication: water strider Leg senses sound strength and direction: grasshopper Stretch receptors aid sound detection: silicon cricket 五. 陸生動物 1. 哺乳類 A. 靈長 Self-medicating with plants: chimpanzees Gorilla diet protects heart: grains of paradise Eating leaves to control reproduction: chimpanzees Self-medicating cures infections, stops pain: baboons Muscles flex: humans Foods reduce or enhance fertility: woolly spider monkey Sex of offspring controlled: mantled howler monkey Muscles self-repair: human DNA densely packed without knots: humans Kidneys filter impurities: human Increased surface area improves gas exchange: human Blood carries oxygen in varied conditions: human Valves handle high pressures: humans Fine strands stabilize bones: humans Macromolecules aid joint lubrication: humans Skin is a multifunctional material: human Crystals and fibers provide strength, flexibility: bones Sticky proteins serve as glue: mammals White blood cells adhere closely: mammals White blood cells roll and stick: mammals Added noise enhances ear sensitivity: mammalia Olfactory system is discriminating: mammals Whiskers detect details: mammals Blood vessels regulate temperature: vertebrates Mammalian olfactory system uses spatiotemporal response behavior in detecting Teeth adapted to changing environments: great apes Cells maximize flexibility, efficiency: vertebrates Inner-ear cells convert sound signal to electrical current: vertebrates Hydrophobicity enhances solubility: vertebrates Wetting agent reduces surface tension: mammals Eye structure enhances night vision: vertebrates Ear-flaps concentrate sound waves: mammals Uterus expands/contracts: mammals Fingertips sensitive to fine textures: humans Ears convert energy: humans Mucus helps humans smell: human Cochlea aids hearing: humans Olfactory mucosa enhances odor-sensing abilities: human B. 鹿 Antlers resist fracture: elk Guard hairs repel water: reindeer Dense underfur insulates: reindeer Diet compensates for mineral deficiencies: red deer C. 馬 Hooves resist cracking: horse Bones self-heal: vertebrates Fluid lubricates joints: vertebrates Hole structure strengthens bone: horse Stems vary stiffness: scouring horsetail Spring directs spore dispersal in low humidity: horsetail D. 鼠 Lips keep soil out of mouth: African mole-rat Dikes prevent flooding: ground squirrel Skin self-repairs: kangaroo Coat changes with the seasons: rock squirrel Liver survives cold temperatures: squirrel Milk protects against microbes: tammar wallaby Photoperiod affects immune response: Siberian hamster Embryos go into dormancy: red kangaroo Brown fat oxidation generates heat: ground squirrel Augmenting soil ventilation: short-beaked echidna Tail shedding allows escape: rodents Noxious spray deters predators: skunk Pigments provide strength: mice Limbs dig efficiently: echigo mole Paws excavate burrows: pocket gopher Snout detects pressure: star-nosed mole Feet good for climbing: squirrel Wings provide lift for gliding: flying squirrel Low-energy air transport: flying squirrels Special tongue captures soft prey: long-beaked echidna Spinal column has strength and flexibility: armored shrew E. 駱駝 Erythrocytes swell without rupturing: dromedary camel F. 長頸鹿 Secretions repel insects, bacteria: giraffe Tongue protected from thorns: giraffe G. 兔子 Large ears used to cool off: jackrabbit Polypeptide inhibits microbial growth: California sea hare H. 羊 Self-medicating prevents disease: rabbits Feet maintain traction: mountain goat I. 牛 Coat insulates against extreme cold: muskox J. 鴨嘴獸 Mouth sorts and grinds food: platypus Sensory mucous glands detect prey: platypus Skin protected when burrowing: platypus Bill skin detects touch: platypus Feet paddle efficiently: platypus K. 袋鼠 Collagenous tendons store work: kangaroo Teeth replace themselves: kangaroo Achilles tendons enhance jumping: kangaroo Bacteria reduce acetate, not methane: kangaroo L. 大象 Large ears aid cooling: elephant Skin fine-tunes internal temperature: African elephant Eating bark to induce labor: elephant Vibrations alert others to danger: elephants M. 狗、貓 Burrow shape creates ventilation: prairie dog Nose sniffs out cancer: dog Senses detect epileptic seizures: dog Tongue defeats gravity: cats Olfactory bulb detects X-rays: cat N. 帶刺的(刺蝟) Spines work as shock absorbers: West European hedgehog Changes enable hibernation: hedgehog Armor protects from predators: armadillo Quills resist buckling: porcupine O. 熊 Fur provides insulation: polar bear Paws have non-slip grip: polar bears P. 蝙蝠 Middle ear senses barometric pressure: Eastern pipistrelle bat Tongue gathers nectar and pollen: fruit bats Body tissue survives freezing: red bat Hot spots cool and heat: Brazilian free-tailed bat Wing overcomes resistance: Pallas's long-tongued bat Disklike structures adhere to smooth surfaces: Spix's disk-winged bat Pads attach to smooth surfaces: Madagascar sucker-footed bat Carrying heavy loads in flight: Eastern red bat Tissue slices go undetected: vampire bat Nose structure aids echolocation: false vampire bats Sonar adjusts to surroundings: big brown bat Internal magnetic compass recalibrates: greater mouse-eared bat Echolocation pinpoints target: Egyptian fruit bat Q. 豹 Flexible spine increases speed: cheetah R. 老虎 Tendrils stick to various surfaces: Virginia creeper S. 獅子 Retractable claws have many functions: African lion Feet aid silent movement: African lion T. Okapis Long-distance communication protects from predators: Okapis U. 狐狸 Hairy footpads aid walking on loose sand: Fennec Fox V. 其它動物 Elastic blood vessels accommodate pumping: mammals Eyelids cleanse eyes: mammals Elastic ligament provides support, shock absorption: large grazing mammals Footpads manage increasing body mass: mammals Pads cushion feet: mammals Skin properties derive from arrangement of components: mammals Cellulose digested for fuel: protozoans Enzyme oxidizes fat-soluble organic chemicals: animals Specialized teeth wear down but remain effective: grazing animals Herd finds fresh food: wildebeests Tentacles help filter food: burrowing sea cucumber Pelt is adapted for thermoregulation: numbat Fine filaments absorb oxygen: newt Underhairs provide insulation: Merino sheep Pebbles aid dew condensation: Australian mouse Anus absorbs water: woodlice Organism digests blood: hookworm Stance and skin channels harvest rainwater: Texas horned lizard Concentrating blood lightens weight: vampire bats Pressure allows movement: echinoderms Pressure assists blood circulation: giraffe Stream remodeling alters ecosystems: American beaver Enhancing species richness: beavers Habitat mosaics stop fires: beaver Sustainable use of lands: grazing animals Neck swivels 270 degrees: three-toed sloth Foraging aids revegetation: greater bilby Rolling into a ball for protection: armadillo Periodic swarming to find new resources: Norway lemmings 2. A. 爬蟲類 蠑 Rolling locomotion used for hilly terrain: Mount Lyell salamander Organs detect scent: reptiles Amphibian withstands freezing: Siberian salamander B. 壁虎 Focusing mechanism enhances vision: Tokay gecko Feet self-clean: Tokay gecko C. 變色龍 Eyes give 360˚ vision: chameleon Tongue folds neatly into mouth: chameleon Tongue moves fast: chameleons Eyes judge distance without head movement: chameleon D. 烏龜 Shapes cover curved surfaces efficiently: tortoise Shell changes shape: pancake tortoise Shell alters buoyancy: green turtle Jaws shear flesh: alligator snapping turtle E. 鱷魚 Receptors detect minuscule vibrations: alligator Ears seal out water: crocodile Skin prevents water loss: crocodiles Eyes protected underwater: crocodile F. 蛇 Breathing occurs even with full mouth: diamondback rattlesnake Defense mechanism deters predators: wood snakes Jaws swallow eggs whole: egg-eating snakes Skin protects from dehydration: file snake Underground dens protect from cold: snakes Just-in-time manufacturing conserves resources: snakes Digestive system optimizes performance: burmese python Electrosensitivity used to navigate: rattlesnake Moving efficiently across sand: sidewinder Efficient movement across land: snakes Skin acts as membrane: sea snake Fangs fold for storage: western diamondback rattlesnake Concertina movement navigates tunnels: snakes Amplifying sound: bull snake Snakes have bifocal thermal vision: pit viper Thermal pits detect prey: snakesReceptors create thermal image: pit viper Jaw swallows large prey: pythons Pocket-like structures produce hissing sounds: king cobra G. 其它爬蟲類 Mineral crystals enhance rasping power: chitons Pores expel fluid: iguana Eyes squirt blood: horned lizard Neurotoxins immobilize prey: scorpion Skin exhibits low friction: sandfish skink Vascular lining helps maintain body temperature: leatherback sea turtle 3. 兩棲類 青蛙 Three-chambered heart reduces mixing of blood: frog Body removes foreign objects: green tree frog Feet used to slow landings: true frogs Constructing bubble nests: foam-nesting frog Pigments cells respond to hormones: African clawed frog Hardened bubbles provide protection: foam-nesting frog Skin prevents dehydration: foam-nest treefrog Waterproof lipid-layer prevents desiccation: frogs Concentrated form reduces water requirements: frogs Antifreeze protects from cold: North American wood frog Neurotoxin protects from predators: poison-dart frog Plasma maintains salt balance: crab-eating frog Membranes maintain salt balance: crab-eating frog Glucose prevents formation of ice crystals: spring peepers Foam builds shelter, provides water: Japanese flying frog Glue protects from insect bites: burrowing frog Sucker-mouths help tadpoles stick: torrent-stream frog Feet used for powerful swimming: true frogs Mating call is amplified: Bornean tree-hole frog Lungs help detect sound: fire-bellied toad 4. 鳥類 Beak design absorbs high-energy impacts: toco toucan Enzyme quickly metabolizes alcohol: European starling Intestines absorb glucose fast: hummingbird Lamellae filter food of different sizes: flamingo Bill used to filter: roseate spoonbill Pouch scoops and drains water: pink-backed pelican Eyes see near and far: hawks Eyes see details: hawks Beak holds squirming prey: eagles Bill used as heat exchanger for thermoregulation: toco toucan Bird bill draws food into mouth: sandpiper Vortex stirs up sediment: phalarope Probing mud for prey: shoebill stork Air flow system, sacs provide efficient gas exchange: birds Fluid protects eggs: birds Shells resist external loading: birds Bones absorb compression shock: birds Glands remove salt: penguins Group organization protects from the cold: emperor penguins Body manages impact: woodpecker Chicks are fed equally: kingfisher Covering protects eye: pied kingfisher Group minimizes wind resistance: pelicans Body protected from diving impact: brown pelican Head protected from minor impacts: cassowaries Individual actions benefit group: white-fronted bee-eater Shape of feather shafts protect from wind: birds Eyes manage glare: kingfishers Preening waterproofs feathers: birds Beak size optimized for thermal regulation: birds Wingtip feathers increase aerodynamic efficiency: flying birds Skin and feathers deter ectoparasites: black pitohui bird Metabolism slows when food is scarce: hummingbird Adaptations allow ingestion of salt water: loons Nest is reinforced: magpie lark Vibration firms mud nest: apostle bird Bones maximize stiffness and strength: birds Grooves shed water: doves Feathers protect from water: Gentoo penguin Beak protects during dives: cape gannet Feathers trap air to provide warmth: emperor penguin Feather structure insulates: Canada goose Beaks reflect UV light: emperor penguin Skin protects from water loss: desert lark Down feathers insulate: king eider Nests are parasite-free: eagles Nests are parasite-free: house sparrow Nests are parasite-free: starling Self-medicating to prevent malaria: house sparrows Gular fluttering dissipates heat: nightjars Nest kept warm: mallee fowl Pigments provide vivid colors: turaco Dome-shape protects nest: ovenbird Vibration firms mud nest: white-winged chough Saliva used as glue: swifts Durable nest is predator-proof: Eurasian penduline tit Nest lined with protective material: song thrush Head kept motionless in flight: kestrel Managing irregular food supplies: crossbills Organ changes enable long migration: bar-tailed godwit Eyes see in the dark: oilbird Light attracts fish: skimmer birds Low-energy perching: mousebird Hovering in mid air: hummingbirds Gular pouch used to attract mate: frigatebird Feather parts reattach: birds Feet stay put: perching birds Eyes see in various wavelengths: birds Echolocation used in cave navigation: oilbirds Microstructures produce iridescent colors: hummingbird Optimizing nest spacing aids survival: cliff swallow Eyes specialized for different types of vision: starlings Lipochromes create red feathers: scarlet macaw Carotenoids create yellow color: American goldfinch Egg shape prevents falls: guillemots Senses help avoid storms: swifts "V" formation saves energy: Pacific golden plover Change increases aerodynamic performance: common swift Olfaction assists navigation: white-chinned petrel Eyes 'see' magnetic fields: garden warbler Navigating without landmarks: rock pigeon Microscopic plates produce interference colors: copepods Angle compensates for light refraction: black stork Wings allow for silent flight: owls Ears map sounds: long-eared owl Feathers aid prey detection: saw-whet owl Communicating over long distances: cassowaries Fur and feathers get grip on ice: seals and penguins 鴕鳥 Gait increases speed, efficiency: ostrich 鴨 Feet reduce drag, provide power: duck Feet move efficiently through water: grebes 鵝 Spinning makes safe dive: cape gannet 六. 微生物有機體 Microscopic oars move organism: protozoan Increase biofuel yields: microorganism metabolic engineering Microbes consume methane: ANME-1 and ANME-2 Archaea Proteins function in saline environments: archea Proteins cause ice nucleation: a plant pathogen Ion release causes contraction: protozoan Vorticella convallaria Adhesive works under water: an aquatic bacterium Pigments provide strength: fungi Parasite attaches underwater: copepod Cytoplasm seeks efficient routes: slime mold Communal 'slime-ways' used to glide: marine slime mold Flexural, torsional stiffness with minimal material use: organisms Tyrisonase enzymes aid crosslinking: organisms Cells provide strength: wood Membranes self-repair: cells Cells detect and sequester toxic copper: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cells produce polyester: microorganisms Compounds cause UV tolerance: yeast Mycosporines protect from UV light, desiccation: microcolonial fungi Superbug survives radiation: bacteria Membranes avoid melting: methanogen (thermophile) Relationship provides thermal protection: hot springs panic grass, fungus Spores survive high temperatures: bacteria By-products inhibit yeast and fungi: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonial living leads to long-term survival: fungi Protein prevents bacterial adherence: Lactobacillus fermentum Biofilms protect bacteria: gram negative bacteria Spores survive drought, toxins: bacteria Altering host's reproductive system improves viability: Wolbachia bacteria Chemicals made with natural ingredients: bacteria Fermentation produces biopolymers: bacteria Storing carbon and energy: bacteria Microbes make natural polyester: bacteria Pigments 'photosynthesize' without CO2: Halobacteria Bacteria create a natural battery: Geobacter sulfurreducens Wire-like structures conduct electricity: Shewanella oneidensis Transporting electrons extracellularly: sediment bacteria Polymers provide adhesion, protection: microbes Microbe survives extreme heat: Pyrolobus archaea Mucins trap pathogens: animals Antimicrobial peptides destroy bacteria: American dog tick Gene transfers enhance photosynthesis: marine viruses Fueled by hydrogen: thermal pool microbes Double-layered ball assists spore dispersal: earthstar fungus Sporangium launches spores: pilobolus fungus Diversity increases survival: bacteria Light-gathering apparatus adjusts to conditions: purple bacteria Metabolic process conserves energy: syntrophic bacteria Orienting using Earth's magnetic field: Aquaspirillum bacteria Shape-shifting aids swimming: bacteria Corkscrew swimming is efficient: spiroplasma bacteria Flagella aid locomotion: bacteria Slime enables movement: bacteria Hairlike extensions responsible for movement: bacteria Bacteria sense and move toward chemicals: Escherichia coli Communication molecules coordinate behavior: chronic wound bacteria Membranes distinguish sweet from sour: colon bacilli Shell is minimum free energy structure: viruses "Biological batteries" heal wounds: cells Membranes sensitive to voltage: cells Membranes get fatter when stretched: cells 七. 微小生物 Anhydrobiosis protects during desiccation: nematodes Exoskeletons excrete nitrogen waste: woodlice Design features aid efficient attachment: lice Flowers protect from unwanted visitors: mistletoe Tentacles maintain tension as flow increases: marine polychaete worm Mucus enhances mobility: polychaete worm 'Bombs' distract predators: green bomber worms Lunar cycle triggers reproduction: Pacific palolo worm Catapulting transports worms: nematode Shelters constructed underwater: sandcastle worm Worm tolerates temperature gradient of 140 deg F: Pompeii worm Hairs prevent entry of water: rat-tailed maggot Durable casing built with sand: protozoans Gills help fix nitrogen: shipworm Hairs create colors: weevils Mouth cuts through chitin: velvet mite Snout works as drill: acorn weevil Attachments cling to intestinal wall: pork tapeworm Eggs attached securely to hairs: body lice Receptors adhere selectively: microbes Jet propulsion as transportation mechanism: salp Feet adhere temporarily: aphids Skin aids movement: worms Hydroskeleton changes shape: ribbon worms Adhesive glues prey: velvet worms Mucus glues sand and rock: marine worms Head bores through wood: shipworm Enzyme produces red bioluminescence: railroad worm Body designed for burrowing: nematode 八. 其它生物 蝸牛 Shell is tough armor: golden scale snail Bubble raft used to float on water: violet snail Shell protects from heat: desert snail Membrane reduces evaporation: land snail Foot aids underwater movement: water snail 蜘蛛 Lure tricks prey: bolas spider Malaria vector chosen as preferred prey: jumping spider Organs serve multiple adhesive functions: camel spider Silk used for various functions: spiders Stabilizing loose sand: spiders Web absorbs impacts: spiders Fibers contract and relax: spiders Granules prevent slippage: orb-weaver spiders Spider creates underwater air tank: water spider Silk protects from flooding, captures water: barking spider Mechanism to seal joint prevents depressurization: spiders Spider silk warns birds: orb-web spider Silk assembled on demand: spiders Legs use hydraulics: spiders Legs 'row' across water: fishing spider Legs detect airborne vibrations: spiders Web glue is strong adhesive: golden orb weaving spider Multiple eyes provide excellent vision: jumping spider 蚯蚓 Organisms work together to decompose cellulose: earthworm Electric current reduces friction: common earthworm Large volumes move through small spaces: common earthworm Gut:enhancing anaerobic digestion:earthworm Skin stays clean: earthworm Secretions distract predators: earthworm Small structures burrow efficiently: earthworms Bristles facilitate movement: earthworms Detecting vibrations: earthworm 九. 其它項目 Plant requirements govern recovery from disturbances: English woodland Relationship provides nutrients, protection: ant-plants and ants Footpads dampen shock: bush-cricket Habitat stores carbon: wetlands Pouch stores seed: Clark's nutcracker Habitat regulates water flows: peatlands Plants minimize water loss: desert Plant self-irrigates: desert rhubarb Ecosystem demonstrates sustainability: prairie Tension releases seeds: broom Communities recover from floods: riparian habitat Ecosystems recover from disturbances: riparian habitat Storage of organic matter plugs carbon "leaks": riparian habitat Ecosystems have stability and resiliency: savannas Functioning with efficiency and innovation: ecosystems Multiple organisms interact: soil ecosystem Diversity increases efficiency: soil ecosystem Natural disturbances enhance heterogeneity: forest ecosystems Multifunctional integration is remedy for architecture: ecosystems Food web complexity increases along gradient: dune ecosystem Ecosystem has long-term sustainability: dehesa ecosystem Environmental disturbance promotes diversity: wet prairie ecosystem Microtopographic relief fosters diversity: wetland ecosystems Canopies enhance species diversity: wetland ecosystems Predatory fish maintain ecosystem functions: lake ecosystem Varied landscapes increase population stability: ecosystems Nurse shrubs help other plants: Mediterranean montane ecosystems Native plants persist in changing conditions: wetland ecosystems Nature maintains biodiversity: ecosystems Surviving changing conditions: ecosystems Species richness helps system respond to disturbance: ecosystems Pests kept in check: agro-systems Structures minimize materials, maximize strength: organisms Systems allow changes in mechanical properties: organisms Teeth resist compression and tension: animals that chew Leaves adjust to changing environment: Common arrowhead Resident insects protect nearby fields: hedgerows Embryos survive without oxygen: killifish Environment tailors growth: organisms Transglutaminase enzymes crosslink proteins: organisms Controlled crystal symmetry: Calcareous sponges Controlling mineral crystal growth: peptides Glue fibers form underwater: caddisfly Matrix supports tissue engineering: organisms Secretions gain adhesive/cohesive qualities: marine invertebrates Flexible stalk adjusts to flow forces: Styela sea squirt Ligament used to reopen shells: bivalve mollusks Tube feet attach in marine environment: echinoderms Mucus takes on adhesive qualities: dusky arion slug Footpads stick to vertical surfaces: great green bushcricket Undulations used for swimming: Spanish dancer Clapping used for underwater movement: rough fileclam Structures catch prey: Portuguese man-of-war Shells grind through rock: piddock Mucus aids movement: slugs Receptors detect ruminant hosts: hard ticks Shell protects, supports, and allows for growth: shelled mollusks Gas-storage chamber controls buoyancy: nautilus Tendons and bones form seamless attachment: Chordates Sensing and sharing information: neurons