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UNIT 7 Vocabulary • Conventional Power Plants: – Thermal power plant – Nuclear power plant – Hydroelectric power plant Grammar and functions • • • • Expressing sequence Revision of vb tenses (regular & irregular vbs) Active vs. Passive Revision of grammar structures SEQUENCE • • First / Firstly / First of all / The process begins /commences / starts with In the first step / stage / The first step / stage is .... / To begin with • • Secondly/ After this, / Later, / Afterwards/ Then, / Next, / Subsequently In the following / next stage, / The next step is ... • • At the end of the process / In the last stage/ The last step / stage is .... Finally / Eventually.. finishes / concludes with • • So far, / Up to now Before this / Previously, / Prior to this / Earlier, / In the preceding / previous / former stage At the same time,/ During .... / Simultaneously, / While ... / Meantime / Meanwhile / As ... / In the meantime / When ... OTHER EXPRESSIONS The process takes place / occurs / happens To carry out / develop a process by means of ... / (by) using ... / With the help of ... One method for /way of ... (+ verb –ING) .... is to .... • • • • • TRANSLATION • GREAT/LARGE AMOUNTS OF ELECTRICITY CANNOT BE GENERATED UNLESS • that IS DONE BY MEANS OF/WITH A TURBINE • INTO • WHICH IS THE MAGNET and a rotor, WHICH IS THE COIL • WHEN/AS THE ROTOR TURNS • PRODUCING AN ALTERNATING CURRENT • AT WHICH • AS MUCH AS HALF A MILLION VOLTS • IN WHICH THE VOLTAGE IS REDUCED BY (MEANS OF THE USE OF) USING TRANSFORMERS TRANSLATION • BY/ BY MEANS OF / WITH a turbine • or STEAM IN POWER PLANTS • ACCORDING TO/DEPENDING ON THE SOURCE OF ENERGY USED • Those produced by THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF/FROM FOSSIL FUELS, LIKE/SUCH AS OIL OR COAL. • WHICH WORKS LIKE a big kettle. • AFTER BEING HEATED (UP) TO A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE • and MAKE IT (THEM) TURN . ACTIVE vs PASSIVE Passive voice: • The agent (doer) of the action is NOT IMPORTANT or UNKNOWN • To EMPHASIZE the first part of the sentence • Typical VOICE in TECNICAL ENGLISH, particularly when describing processes. The pyramids were built thousands of years ago. The samples were analysed in the laboratory The mixture is fed into the pulveriser. NOTE: – Some verbs have NO PASSIVE (intransitive, impersonal) = e.g. RAIN, OCCUR, BECOME, RISE – Be careful with Spanish expression “se + vb”: e.g. se lava las manos = he washes his hands; los polos se atraen = the poles attract each other - Placement of SUBJECT: (with vbs like THINK, BELIEVE, CONSIDER, ESTIMATE, REQUEST …) - The atom was thought to be the smallest particle; - Students are requested to register in the university website; - renewable energy is believed to be the answer to climate change PASSIVE VOICE TO BE (changing verb) + Past Part of MAIN VERB. The system ….. • • • • • • • PRESENT = IS PRESENT CONT= IS BEING PAST = WAS PRESENT PERFECT = HAS BEEN PAST PERFECT = HAD BEEN WITH MODAL VB = CAN/MUST BE WILL / SHOULD = BE + DEVELOPED •AGENT = BY (por) = The system was developed BY the engineers of the plant • if an object = BY / BY MEANS OF / USING = The system was developed BY MEANS OF / USING a new technique HOW POWER PLANTS WORK http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI7AhajfhWE 1. Most power plants produce what? Heat in order to generate steam to drive turbines that generate electricity 2. Which are the main fuels? Nuclear fission, natural gas and coal 3. Which fuel is used in W C plant? Coal to produce heat 4. Furnace boiler: How does the system capture the heat? Using a system of circulating water and steam 5. Process: Step 1 1. Which process takes place in the boiler? Combustion 2. Step 2: pulverized COAL is injected with a stream of AIR into the FURNACE through a BURNER 3. Step 3: Burners IGNITE THE COAL-AIR MIXTURE -> maximum heat possible= AS MUCH AS 1500ºC 6. The steam turbine generator: converts THE HEAT captured BY THE STEAM INTO ELECTRICIAL ENERGY 1. Intense HEAT coming FROM THE FURNACE turns WATER RUNNING THROUGH THE PIPES around the boiler INTO STEAM 2. Steam travels THROUGH MORE PIPES to THE TURBINE causing it TO SPIN and turn the shaft of A GENERATOR, which CREATES ELECTRICITY 3. Another series of pipes ALLOWS THE STEAM TO COOL condensing back INTO WATER heading back to THE BOILER where THE PROCESS BEGINS AGAIN in a continuous cycle VERB TENSES Nuclear energy is the energy RELEASED through the fission or fusion of atomic nuclei. In the process KNOWN AS nuclear fusion two light atoms join together UNDER conditions of extreme HEAT and PRESSURE (at LEAST 50,000,000 degrees Celsius) until they merge, forming a new nucleus WHOSE mass is only slightly smaller THAN the total masses of the nuclei that FUSE/ARE FUSED. The opposite process is nuclear FISSION which MEANS “splitting apart” or “dividing”. If either nuclear fusion or fission TAKES place quickly, the result is a sudden release of ENERGY but so far the only one THAT can BE SLOWED down and CONTROLLED is fission. VERB TENSES • only a few elements are suitable FOR use IN this way, the most important ones BEING U-235, U-233 and Pu-239. • When one of THESE elements is STRUCK by a free neutron, IT BREAKS/ IS BROKEN down INTO two lighter nuclei, WHICH fly apart AT high speeds, colliding WITH surrounding atoms. • This kinetic energy IS CONVERTED INTO heat. • AT the same time, two or three more neutrons ARE RELEASED and one of THEM enters the nucleus of a neighbouring atom, causing fission TO OCCUR again,…. • The reaction SPREADS very quickly with more and more energy RELEASED. • This IS REFERRED to as A “chain” reaction because the splitting of each nucleus IS LINKED to another. VERB TENSES • If this reaction IS UNCONTROLLED, the result is an atomic explosion like THAT/THE ONE CAUSED by the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • However, the reaction can BE SLOWED down and that is WHAT happens in a nuclear reactor or pile. • Here the highly fissile material IS SURROUNDED BY a substance that is non-fissile, FOR instance, graphite. • This material IS CALLED A moderator. • The neutrons LOSE some of THEIR energy through COLLIDING with the atoms of the moderator and no expansion IS PRODUCED . • by SLOWING down the speed of the free neutrons, IT makes it …. collide WITH the nucleus of a neighbouring atom to continue the chain REACTION VERB TENSES • The major advantage of nuclear energy is that it DOES NOT DEPEND ON any local factors. • A nuclear reactor, UNLIKE conventional power plants, DOES not have TO BE BUILT near a fossil-fuel source, nor does it depend ON a large flow of water WHICH may BE REDUCED during some seasons of the year. VERBS (regular&irregular) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TO TAKE TOOK TAKEN TO SPLIT SPLIT SPLIT TO WIND WOUND WOUND TO FEED FED FED TO SET SET SET TO DRIVE DROVE DRIVEN TO ALLOW ALLOWED TO FLOW FLOWED • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TO KNOW KNEW KNOWN TO SHOW SHOWED SHOWN TO LEAVE LEFT LEFT TO STRIKE STRUCK STRUCK TO LET LET LET TO SEE SAW SEEN TO CUT CUT CUT TO LEAD LED LED VERBS (regular&irregular) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TO SUPPLY SUPPLIED TO DRAW DREW DRAWN TO SPREAD SPREAD SPREAD TO RAISE RAISED TO BUILD BUILT BUILT TO SPEND SPENT SPENT TO FIND FOUND FOUND TO MAKE MADE MADE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • TO THROW THREW THROWN TO WRITE WROTE WRITTEN TO RISE ROSE RISEN TO HOLD HELD HELD TO BREAK BROKE BROKEN TO CAST CAST CAST TO BRING BROUGHT BROUGHT GRAMMAR REVISION: THE NUCLEAR REACTOR • • • • • • • • • • … place IN which a fission NUCLEAR reaction TAKES place. It contains …in THE form of rods to produce the appropriate result. The reactor consists OF a fuel, a moderator and A cooling system. An instrument …neutron WHICH strikes the nucleus of an atom of U-235. The nucleus … which collide WITH other nuclei and split, and so on. However, if no explosion occurs IT is because …is moderated BY a non-fissionable material such AS graphite or heavy water. This absorbs most OF the free neutrons and prevents them FROM splitting too MANY nuclei too quickly. The process releases great AMOUNTS of energy in the form of heat. This heat ….produced can be USED to generate electric power. As the fuel … during ITS use inside the reactor, when IT is taken …, IT is stored in the fuel pools, …, in general more THAN a year, before sending IT to the processing plant.