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CORAL REEF AND SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION STRATEGY 2014-2018 This strategy was compiled by The National Coral Reef and Sea Grass Ecosystems Taskforce and endorsed by stakeholders on 20th May 2013 at Sarova Whitesands Beach Resort and Spa Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy i Acknowledgements Many people and institutions synergistically participated in the formulation of the National Coral Reef and Seagrass Conservation Strategy. The Kenya Wildlife Service was instrumental in convening the first stakeholders’ meeting that culminated in the constitution of the national Coral Reef and sea grass conservation taskforce. The taskforce members (Dr. Charles Musyoki – KWS, Dr. David Obura – CORDIO, Dr. Nyawira Muthiga – WCS, Jacob Ochiewo – KMFRI, Dr. Jacqueline Uku – KMFRI, Eng. Wainaina Mburu – CDA, Elizabeth Mueni – SDF, Innocent Wanyonyi – WIOMSA, James Kamula – NEMA, Dr. Samuel Andanje – KWS, Dr. Mohamed Omar – KWS, Nassir Amiyo – EAWLS, Dr. Judith Nyunja – KWS, Dr. Erastus Kanga – KWS, Sam Weru – WWF) co-opted members (Dr. Charles Magori – KMFRI) and other key editorial team (Jelvas Mwaura – KMFRI, Victor Mwakha – KMFRI, Lillian Nduku – KMFRI, Juliet Furaha – KMFRI, Dr. Fredrick Tamooh – KWS, Arthur Tuda – KWS) are all acknowledged for their invaluable time, expertise and contributions towards the entire process. We are grateful to Simon Gitau – KWS and Francis Mutuku – KCDP for their unwavering support at different stages of strategy formulation. This strategy would not have been possible without active participation of stakeholders from various institutions including; the national government, representatives from different local communities (BMUs), as well as the media. Special thanks go to the national taskforce Secretariat (Josephine Mutiso, Jillo Katelo, Mike Olendo, Jacqueline Bernard and Moses Minchil) for facilitating logistics, contributions and participation during the process. The funding for the formulation of this strategy was provided by the World Bank and Global Environment Facility (GEF) through, the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP). ii Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSii TABLE OF CONTENTSiii LIST OF ANNEXESv LIST OF ACRONYMSvi FOREWORDviii PREFACEx STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGYxii CHAPTER 11 1.0 INTRODUCTION1 CHAPTER 24 2.0 BIOGEOGAPHYICAL SETTING4 2.1 Coral reefs ecosystem in Kenya4 2.2 Seagrass ecosystem in Kenya6 CHAPTER 38 3.0 THREATS TO CORAL REEF AND SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS 8 3.1 Global climate change8 3.2 Direct human threats9 CHAPTER 414 4.0 OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONSERVATION14 4.1 Laws, legislations and multilateral environmental agreements 14 4.2 Capacity building initiatives18 4.3 SWOT analysis matrix19 4.4 Gaps and constraints21 CHAPTER 523 5.0 CONSERVATION STRATEGY23 5.1 Background23 5.2 Vision and goal23 CHAPTER 630 6.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGY 30 6.1 Terms of references for management committee 30 6.2 Terms of references for technical and advisory committee 30 6.3 Terms of references for liaison office31 6.4 Terms of reference for site committees31 REFERENCES33 ANNEXES35 Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy iii List of Annexes Annex 1: The logical framework Annex 2: Legislation framework Annex 3: List of participants during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy stakeholders’ workshop Annex 4: Program during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy stakeholders workshop Annex 5: Taskforce members for national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems iv conservation strategy Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy List of Acronyms BMU Beach Management Unit BOA Boat Operators Association CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organization CCAs Community Conserved Areas CDA Coast Development Authority CFAs Community Forest Associations CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CMA Community Managed Area CMS The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CO2 Carbon Dioxide CORDIO Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean EAWLS East African Wild Life Society EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act GCRMN Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network GoK Government of Kenya ICM Integrated Coastal Management ICRI The International Coral Reef Initiative ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IOSEA Indian Ocean and South East Asia IPAR Institute of Policy Analysis & Research IUCN International Union for conservation of Nature KCDP Kenya Coastal Development Project KFS Kenya Forest Service KIPPRA Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis KMA Kenya Maritime Authority KMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute KPA Kenya Ports Authority KWS Kenya Wildlife Service LMMAs Locally Managed Marine Areas MARPOL Marine Pollution MCS Monitoring Control Surveillance Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy v MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPAs Marine Protected Areas MTSG Marine Turtle Specialist Group NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGOs Non-governmental Organizations NMK National Museums of Kenya POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants SDF State Department of Fisheries SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TAFIRI Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WCK Wildlife Clubs of Kenya WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WIO Western Indian Ocean WIOMSA Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association vi Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy vii Foreword Globally, tropical and subtropical coral reefs and seagrass beds are some of the most productive ecosystems, supporting one of the highest biodiversity, protecting shorelines and nourishing livelihoods of coastal communities, which make up approximately 60% of the global population. In Kenya, coral reefs are estimated to cover an area of approximately 600km2, spanning the entire coastline, except in estuarine, deltaic zones and creek openings. Seagrass beds remain largely un-estimated in coverage. These critical marine ecosystems have attracted a number of key players that have shaped their management and thus conservation. These players are drawn from the government, private and public sectors. The key mandated government include KWS, SDF, KMFRI, KMA, NEMA, and the KPA. The private sector includes hoteliers, tour operators, several NGOs (WWF, WCS, CORDIO, EAWLS, WIOMSA, IUCN, Baobab Trust, Watamu Turtle Watch, IFAW etc.) and the coastal communities in general. Kenya has ratified the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and has made major steps in its implementation. Some of these actions include the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) as outlined in the Jakarta Mandate. These MPAs basically recognise the unique biodiversity as well as the numerous goods and services offered by marine and coastal ecosystems. To date, good progress has been made on the establishment and implementation of management programs for the MPAs. This progress has been made possible by the Government of Kenya with support from local and international conservation partners. Recent efforts have also targeted the establishment of community conservation areas (CMAs or LMMAs) that seek to promote the conservation of the coral reefs and seagrass beds and their associated resources. In recent years, various threats, including natural and anthropogenic factors have led to increased loss of coral reef and sea grass habitats, with a general decline viii in ecosystem health. To address these ever increasing threats to the delicate and highly diverse coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, it was found necessary to develop a conservation strategy. This strategy seeks to promote biodiversity conservation; safeguard and secure livelihoods of coastal communities; spur sound and focused scientific research. The national coral reef and sea grass conservation taskforce spearheaded the process of formulating this strategy that culminated to a national workshop comprising of key stakeholders. The strategy has five key components that guide its implementation namely; the vision, goal, strategic objectives, targets and activities. The contribution and support of all stakeholders in the conservation and management of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems is recognised and highly appreciated. Successful implementation of this strategy will ensure that the structure and function of these ecosystems is secured. This will require the participation and collaboration of many stakeholders including the government, funding agencies, the private sector, NGOs and the community. We appreciate the financial support provided by World Bank and Global Environment Facility (GEF) through, the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) in formulating this strategy as well as supporting some of the proposed actions. We look forward to supporting the full implementation of the strategy as a sign of commitment to the future of our marine ecosystems. Dr. Richard Lesiyampe Principal Secretary Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Prof. Micheni Ntiba Principal Secretary Ministry of Agriculture, livestock and Fisheries Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Preface Coral reefs and seagrasses are highly productive tropical ecosystems and are of high utility to coastal communities’ livelihoods, providing diverse goods and services. Today, these ecosystems are threatened due to the numerous pressures, ranging from natural disturbances to anthropogenic interference. It is globally estimated that nutrients enrichment, industrial pollution, shoreline alterations, diseases of corals (and other important taxa), over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and limestone rock have contributed to the destruction of about one third of the world’s reefs. More recently, the impacts of climate change, notably rise in sea temperature (associated with the coral bleaching and mortality of affected corals), ocean acidification, sea level rise and increased storms further adds to the stress list. In Kenya, most recent studies and ecological monitoring indicate a declining trend in coral and seagrass species diversity and cover owing to a myriad of threats. Because coral reef and sea grass ecosystems are economically valuable, the decline or loss has significant social, cultural, economic impact on community and associated ecosystems. Effective management and recovery of these ecosystems can be achieved through a strategic integrated approach based on a seascape model. In order to achieve this, a National Coral Reef and Seagrass Conservation Taskforce was constituted in 2007. The taskforce drew experts from diverse disciplines and sectors to develop the conservation strategy as well as work out the implementation framework. The strategy formulation process was highly consultative from diverse stakeholders including experts, local communities, fisher folk, tour operators, NGOs and government agencies linked to coastal and marine natural resource exploitation, conservation and management. On 21st May, 2013 a final stakeholders’ workshop was held at Sarova Whitesands Beach Resort & Spa to endorse the strategy. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy This strategy is aligned to several international and regional conservation conventions and agreements, including the UN Convention on Biodiversity, the Jakarta Mandate, and the Nairobi Convention amongst others. Regionally, it serves as a template for the Western Indian Ocean, where regional efforts under the Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA are developing a regional coral reef conservation strategy. Nationally, it contributes towards the realization of the Vision 2030, which recognizes the conservation of coastal and marine resources and tourism as major contributors towards economic growth. The vision and goal will be realised through six strategic objectives that focus on mitigating the threats to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. An elaborate implementation framework has been provided in this strategy and lead agencies have committed to implementing various actions. Efforts are being made to mainstream this strategy in County governments for implementation. We also call upon the local and international development partners to provide further support towards the realization of the objectives of this strategy. William Kiprono Director Kenya Wildlife Service Geoffrey Monor Director State Department of Fisheries Dr. Johnston Kazungu Director Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute ix Structure of the Strategy In the recent past, various strategies have been formulated to conserve species and critical habitats more effectively. This strategy discusses the threats facing coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, and proposes appropriate actions aimed at enhancing their conservation at national level. The strategy is divided into six chapters as outlined below: Chapter 3 highlights the key threats facing coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. The chapter further documents the enabling conditions to counter the threats. Chapter 4 reviews the existing legal frameworks and networks favouring conservation efforts of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. Chapter 1 highlights the importance of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems and introduces the national, regional and international initiatives put in place to conserve these critical ecosystems. The chapter further justifies the need for coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy. Chapter 5 states the vision, goal, strategic objectives, targets and activities aimed at addressing the threats facing coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. Chapter 2 presents an overview of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems functioning. Chapter 6 summarizes the implementation structure of the strategy including terms of reference for management, technical and advisory committee, liaison office and County site committees. x Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Exposed seagrass meadowin the intertidal zone Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy xi Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems cover less than 1% of earth’s surface but support the highest marine biodiversity in the world. These ecosystems are known to harbour up to 3 million species, representing one third of all known marine species. For ages, resources from these ecosystems have remained a primary source of livelihood to many people. In particular, coral reef ecosystem supports both artisanal and commercial fisheries thus, forming the backbone of coastal communities’ economies. In addition, recreational activities in coral reef ecosystem supports the tourism industry which subsequently engages other stakeholders such as boat operators, tour companies and tour guides, hoteliers among others in the hospitality sector. In Kenya, coral reef form part of the northern end of the East African Fringing Reef System, decreasing in extent, size and diversity northwards towards and into Somalia. The inflows from Kenya’s two largest rivers, the Athi/Galana/Sabaki and Tana Rivers suppress the growth of coral reef between Malindi and Lamu. From Malindi southwards, the fringing reef system is broken at creeks and river mouths, where fresh water suppresses reef growth. Coral reef communities extend from shallow inshore waters to about 20 – 25 m depths, limited by water clarity (visibility of 15 – 25 m) and a change from rocky to sandy substrates on the continental slope. Where present, deeper rocky knolls and relict reefs support corals down to 35 m. There are approximately 209 species of corals documented in Kenya. The dominant species being Porites lutea – the massive reef – building coral (Obura, 2012). Seagrasses are submerged flowering plants found in shallow marine waters, such as bays and lagoons along continental shelves. They occur in extensive beds covering the large proportion of shallow reef slopes. Seagrasses are highly productive and form an important habitat for many marine species and adjacent ecosystems. They stabilize bottom sediments with their dense roots and rhizomes especially during storms and cyclones. Seagrass ecosystems are vital to the fishing industries as they serve as an important habitat to approximately 70% of fish species, for at least a part of their life cycle. Seagrass beds are also important foraging grounds for endangered species such as dugongs and marine turtles. There are 12 seagrass species in Kenya, but Thallasondendron ciliatum is the dominant. In Kenya, coral reef and seagrass ecosystems support coastal artisanal, commercial and recreational fisheries as well as tourism. However, extensive exploitation with little regulation particularly use of destructive fishing techniques Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy have led to their degradation. Recent studies show that these ecosystems are deteriorating at an alarming rate. This has been occasioned by numerous emerging threats associated with both natural and anthropogenic events. These include land-based pollution, sedimentation, physical damage of corals, coral diseases, reef fish over-extraction, and climate change. Combinations of these threats have contributed to the death of about one third of the world’s reefs. More recently, climate change, notably rise in sea temperature has led to coral bleaching and eventually death of affected corals, thus further impacting on an already stressed ecosystem. Similarly, ocean acidification, sea level rise and increased storms continue to pose a threat to both the corals reef and seagrasses. Many of these threats occur concurrently, making the precise nature of ecosystem response non-linear, complex and mostly unpredictable. At the national level, Kenya does not have specific legislation or policy that addresses conservation of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, despite their immense importance. However, a number of sectoral laws and policies that promote conservation of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems have been enacted by the government. Among these include the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999, Wildlife Act (Cap. 378), Fisheries Act (Cap 376), and draft Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Policy. The new Wildlife Conservation and Management Bill 2013, Wetlands policy and the ICZM Action Plan have made more explicit provisions on protection of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems compared to other sectoral laws. Kenya is also a signatory to a number of multilateral treaties and agreements that promote conservation of these ecosystems. Nonetheless, there is need for a conservation strategy to reverse further degradation of these critical ecosystems. This is particularly important in the face of climate change that has been reported to aggravate nonclimate stressors. This strategy seeks to address the issues affecting coral reef through building linkages and synergies amongst public and private sectors, local communities, experts and general stakeholders. This strategy is guided by six strategic objectives focusing on threats mitigation measures to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. The objectives will be implemented through sound adaptive management, focused research and dissemination mechanisms, education and awareness and sustainable environmentally friendly enterprises. 1 Fish foraging in a seagrass bed 2 Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Chapter 2 2.0 Biogeogaphyical setting 2.1 Coral reefs ecosystem in Kenya The Kenyan Coastal environment is about 600 km in length, and differentiated into two regions. The southern half, from the Tanzania border north to Malindi, consists of tiers of Pleistocene reefs above and below sea level, the most prominent one being the intertidal platform that forms the current fringing reef. The southern coast is backed by a narrow coastal plane, up to 20 km wide and a range of coastal hills reaching up to 500 m above sea level, which block inland rivers delivering sediment and freshwater to the coast. North of Malindi, the coast is formed by broad sedimentary plains of Quaternary and Tertiary origin, drained by the Tana and Athi-Sabaki rivers, which transport large volumes of freshwater to the coast (Obura, 2001). Kenya’s continental shelf is narrow, mostly only about 5km wide, except off Malindi and the Tana River mouth, where it extends to 60km offshore with development of extensive shallow reef banks (UNEP, 1998). Coral reef, just like any other ecosystem, relies on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors to keep them healthy and functional. They are restricted to tropical waters where conditions of salinity, temperature and sedimentation are suitable. Extreme temperatures and salinities cause thermal and osmotic stress, while large amounts of sediment smother corals and block light. High concentrations of nutrients encourage algal growth at the expense of corals, while low seawater aragonite concentrations prevent net accretion of the reef framework. At local scales, the hydrodynamic regime influences reef growth, as corals are damaged by storms and wave surge. The extent, size and diversity of coral reef ecosystems decreases northwards along the Kenya coast, due to increasingly poor conditions for reef development due to river influence and the Somali current system (Obura, 2001). Reefs grow to the low tide level, thus providing a breakwater, but the richest parts lay 5–20 metres below the surface where light is still sufficient but where sedimentation and turbulence are not severe. Corals are the main reef builders on tropical reefs. They make their own skeleton of calcium carbonate, much of which remains as consolidated rock when they die, the remainder becoming broken down to form extensive sediment beds. With the slow growth, reefs provide structural habitats for many different vertebrate and invertebrate species, a single reef being host to tens of thousands different species. However, without a stable trophic cascade, coral reef could not survive. Trophic structure in any environment refers to the different levels Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy of the food chain and illustrates the transfer of energy from one level to the next in the form of a pyramid; energy is always lost as it travels “up” the food chain from the primary producers to the top predators. Corals are the architects of coral reef, due to the microscopic single-celled algae that live symbiotic within them, and that fuel reef growth. Kenya has a documented 209 species of corals (Obura, 2012). Reef-building corals may occur in a variety of growth forms, and there often is strong variation in coral shape even within a species. Soft corals and sponges are other major occupiers of substrate on a coral reef, but they deposit only minimal quantities of rock. All are important ecological components of coral reef, though the greatest biodiversity of macro fauna are found amongst the fishes, cryptic invertebrates and micro-organisms. Algae are also a significant part of the reef ecosystem, covering the substrate in the form of hard pink crusts, low turf algae (like a lawn) and large macroalgae. Macroalgae are generally scarce on healthy reefs, partly due to grazing and low nutrient levels. Some algae generate large quantities of limestone and assist in reef construction. Microbes, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoans and microalgae, are the most abundant and arguably the most important members of coral reef communities. They occur in the water column and sediment, and in association with other reef organisms, and thrive on the rich mucus-covered surfaces. As adults, all reef-building corals are sessile. This means that for their entire lives, they remain on the same spot of the sea floor. Thus, they have developed reproductive, feeding, and social behaviours that allow them to gain the maximum survival benefit from their situation. Many processes contribute to the breakdown of the reef, whether physically or biologically (bio-erosion). The rates of erosion and rate of growth of corals and other benthic species are closely balanced in a healthy reef. 2.2 Seagrass ecosystem in Kenya Seagrasses are marine angiosperms comprised of a group of higher plants that have adapted to live submerged in the sea. Although they form less than 0.02% of the angiosperm flora (Les et al. 1997) they are found in all coastal areas of the world except the Antarctic (Hemminga & Duarte, 2000). Seagrasses have a life cycle that comprises of flowering, pollination and seed distribution under water. They are also able to propagate vegetatively through the elongation of their rhizomes. 3 Along the Kenyan coastline, 12 seagrass species have been documented (Isaac & Isaac, 1968; Ochieng & Erftemeijer, 2003). These include Halodule wrightii, Halodule uninervis, Halodule minor, Halophila ovalis, Halophila stipulacea, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Thalassia hemprichii, Thalassodendron cilatum, Enhalusa coroides, Zostera capensis, and Syringodium isoetifolium. These species are widely distributed along the Kenyan coastline and most of them occur in mixed meadows with Thalassodendron cilatum forming large monospecific meadows in several areas. These species of seagrasses occur in a succession regime with small species such as Halodule spp. and Halophila spp. being pioneer species and the larger seagrasses such as Thalassia sp., Thalassodendron sp. and Enhalusa coroides forming the more dominant climax communities. Although the species diversity is known, the acreage of seagrasses along the Kenyan coastline is yet to be estimated. 2.3 Importance of seagrasses Seagrass meadows provide numerous high value ecosystem services (Costanza et al., 1997). They support a valued fishery, which supports the livelihoods of coastal communities. Seagrass beds provide habitat for a diverse assemblage of plant and animal species. This includes macroalgae that grow as epiphytes on the stems and leaves of the seagrasses (Uku, 2005), invertebrates that include sea cucumbers, sea urchins, shrimps and lobsters (Ochieng & Erftemeijer, 2003). Additionally, seagrass beds provide habitat for important fish species, sea turtles and dugongs (Ochieng & Erftemeijer, 2003) as well as acting as an important food source for these herbivores. Seagrasses have rhizomes and roots that grow anchored on soft sandy substrates. Hence, seagrass ecosystem plays an important role in sediment stabilization, nutrient uptake and protection of the coast from strong oceanic currents. Globally, seagrass meadows are considered to be productive ecosystems with an average standing stock dry weight of 460 g per m2 and an average growth rate of 5 g dry weight per m2 per day (Bjork et al., 2008), hence playing an important role in carbon sequestration. For the past one decade, seagrass cover along Kenyan coast have shown massive decline. For instance, the most dominant seagrass species (Thalassodendron cilatum) showed 50% decline between 2001 to 2005 due to proliferation of the sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla), which feeds preferentially on seagrass. However, due to natural mortality of the sea urchin, the seagrass beds have in the recent past shown significant natural recover. 4 2.4 Current management tools and initiatives The government of Kenya has enacted several measures towards the conservation and management of marine and coastal ecosystems and resources. These include the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to help in conservation, management and fostering the recovery of coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems, which support a rich fishery that sustains the livelihoods of coastal communities. This has implied that these resources associated with the ecosystems are threatened by excessive exploitation. A total of 6 MPAs (covering approximately <7% of the territorial waters) have been established along the Kenyan coast. These are managed by the central government through the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). The approach is for full protection the ecosystems and associated resources in parks (no take zones), not allowing any form of extractive use. In this setting, only recreation, research and education are permissible. Contiguous to these marine parks, marine reserves are also established, except for Kiunga, a standalone reserve (Figure 1). Marine parks and reserves are gazetted under the legislation of the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife through the revised Wildlife Conservation and Management Act of 2013, which is administered and enforced by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). Figure 1. Kenya’s coastline with major towns and nationally gazetted Marine Parks and Reserves (red shaded areas). (Map prepared by R. Lamprey, FFI) Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy The Kenyan government took great initiative and declared its first Marine Parks in Malindi and Watamu in 1968 (See table 1). These were some of the first marine parks in the world. Since then Kenya has gone on to gazette 2 more parks Kisite in 1978 and Mombasa in 1986. These government MPAs have proved very effective in conservation and restoration of coral reef and sea grass beds. reefs and its resources while increasing the social and ecological benefits. Table 1: Kenyan Marine Parks and Reserves Site Name Size (Km2) Date established Management type Kiunga 250 1979 Reserve Malindi 6.3 1968 Park Malindi 213 1968 Reserve Watamu 10 1968 Park Watamu 10 1968 Reserve Mombasa 200 1986 Park Mombasa 10 1986 Reserve Diani-Chale 75 1995 Reserve Kisite 28 1978 Park Mpunguti 11 1978 Reserve 2.5 Community-based MPAs Community-based MPAs or community conservation areas (CCAs) are relatively recent initiatives in Kenya and have been evolving over the last six years. there has also been a number of legislative reviews that is attempting to give such efforts a legal backing and promoting enforcement. The government has been encouraging co-management of ecosystems and their resources outside protected areas. Several CCAs have been established by coastal fishing communities along the coast as tools for protecting coral Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Figure 2: Map of CCAs locally known as ‘’Tengefu’’ established along the Kenya coast. Different colors indicate the stage of development: Green (fully established and operational); Yellow (established but not yet operational); Red (either established and later collapsed or not yet established). 5 Chapter 3 3.0 Threats to Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems have numerous socioeconomic, ecological, and aesthetic values. In particular, they significantly contribute to fisheries resources which play a critical role as source of livelihood to many coastal communities. However, the ecological integrity of these marine ecosystems have continued to decline due to increasing array of threats mainly dominated by unsustainable fishing, global climate change and poor governance. This section summarizes common threats to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems as identified from published work and knowledge from stakeholders. 3.1 Global climate change Global climate change, specifically increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification have been shown to affect coral reef, by causing frequent mass bleaching and slow formation of coral skeletons. Corals are vulnerable to thermal stress and have low adaptive capacity (HoeghGuldberg et al., 2007). In 2007, the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that global sea surface waters had risen by 0.740C since the late 19th century causing more frequent and severe bleaching and mortality of corals around the world. In Kenya, the bleaching event of 1997 caused massive loss of coral cover ranging between 50%-90% (Ateweberhan & McClanahan, 2010). The increasing concentration of CO2in the atmosphere lowers the pH of seawater leading to ocean acidification. The increased acidity of ocean water has serious consequences on corals and other marine life, as it reduces the capacity of corals and other calcifying organisms to make calcium carbonate skeletons. Ocean acidification also may increase the susceptibility of corals to bleaching during thermal stress. Other climate change related threats include; sea level rise, shift in ocean currents, and increases in cyclones and storms. It is hypothesized that sea level rise would lead to increase in water height above seagrasses, lowering light penetration to seagrass beds and therefore affecting seagrass productivity. Increased carbon dioxide in the water column has an effect on individual seagrass species and algal populations, though its effect varies according to environmental conditions and species (Beer and Koch, 1996). A combination of global climate change and local 6 stressors such as sediment and nutrient runoff, physical disturbance, disease and overgrazing leads to mass seagrass cover loss. Such decrease will compromise primary production, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration function of seagrasses. 3.2 Direct human threats Human population growth continues to exert pressure on goods and services derived from coral reef and sea grass ecosystems. The anthropogenically induced threats to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems include; pollution from land-based activities; pollution from maritime transport, especially oil pollution; destructive fishing practices; overexploitation of living resources; coral and sand mining for construction purposes; sediment pollution resulting from dredging operations and poor land use practices and tourism-related activities. 3.2.1 Destructive fishing practices Kenya’s coral reef and seagrass ecosystems contribute to commercial and subsistence fishery. The fishery is predominantly artisanal with growing number of fishers concentrating their fishing efforts on inshore reefs. Rapid coastal population growth and limited alternative income generating activities have led to increased fishers with concomitant increase of fishing gears that cause physical damage to reef structure and seagrass beds. In spite of enforcement efforts, destructive fishing practices are prevalent within coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. These illegal fishing activities include; dynamite fishing; cyanide/ poison fishing; bottom trawling and, pull-seine nets. 3.2.2 Overexploitation of marine living resources Overfishing results in increased abundance of macroalgae and explosion of bio eroding sea urchin populations thus leading to ecosystem phase shifts (McClanahan, 1994). Studies suggest that overfishing particularly of key functional reef species, such as herbivorous fishes may lead to phase-shifts from high-diversity coral-dominated systems to low-productivity algal-dominated communities. 3.2.3 Unsustainable tourism Unregulated tourism cause damage to both to coral and seagrass ecosystems. For instance, trampling by tourists and unregulated boating activities such as indiscriminate Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy anchoring of boats have been confirmed to cause damage to these ecosystems. Besides, hotels and resorts also discharge untreated sewage and wastewater into the ocean, hence contributing to algal growth which competes with corals for space within the reef. 3.2.4 Pollution Pollution poses a serious threat to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. Most of pollutants in the marine environment are land-based. Untreated industrial and domestic waste discharge, agrochemicals, and oil pollutants negatively impacts on the living marine resources in coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. For instance, excess nutrients promote growth of algae that outcompetes corals for space while in seagrass, an increase in nutrient levels leads to high epiphytic cover on their leaves and shoots affecting their productivity. Other threats associated with excess nutrients are coral diseases and crown of thorns outbreaks. Besides, land use changes such as urbanization, agricultural expansion and deforestation results in runoff associated with high quantity sediment. These ultimately affect corals and seagrass by limiting their growth, feeding, photosynthesis, recruitment and survival (Obura, 2001; Fabricius, 2005). of ports, jetties, tourist resorts and housing developments. These transformations often result in re-suspension of sediments that lead to physical damage of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. 3.2.6 Poor governance While there are several legal frameworks directly or indirectly governing conservation and management of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, there is inadequate enforcement particularly outside protected areas. Lack of coordinated conservation efforts among relevant government agencies has made coastal management a major challenge. This has subsequently led to poor governance of the resources, duplication of efforts and wasted resources. In addition, inadequate allocation of funds to conservation of these coastal ecosystems has further worsened the situation. 3.2.7 Limited scientific information Although there is a lot of research and monitoring being undertaken by different institutions, most of these efforts are not based on management needs. For instances, there is lack of information on carrying capacity of ecosystems and linkages on livelihoods. There is also inadequate utilization of available scientific information to assist in addressing issues affecting the coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. 3.2.5 Physical alteration and destruction of habitats Transformation and destruction of marine and coastal habitats is a major problem affecting the coastal region of Kenya. These includes; dredging of waterways, construction Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 7 8 Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Source: Adapted from Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Land-based Sources and Activities Affecting the Western Indian Ocean Coastal and Marine Environment Problem Tree – Coral Reef Degradation Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 9 Source: Adapted from Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Land-based Sources and Activities Affecting the Western Indian Ocean Coastal and Marine Environment Problem Tree – Seagrass Degradation Threat Matrix Pollution Fisheries Utilization Social Dynamics Physical Damage Climate Change Science and Technology • Oil spill • Siltation • Sedimentation • Eutrophication • Solid waste • Effluents • Dumping of dredge spoil/ toxic waste • Overfishing • Destructive fishing practices • Illegal extraction by aquarium fisheries • Uncontrolled collection of aquarium fisheries • Uncontrolled collection for souvenirs • Population increase • Poverty • Cultural perception • Benefit sharing • Resource use conflict • Anchor damage • Land reclamation • Shoreline erosion • Tourism pressure • Infrastructure development e.g. port, dredging • Land use change • Coral mining • Inadequate • Coral understanding bleaching of coral reef • Sea level and sea rise grasses • Diseases • Inadequate • Ocean capacity – acidification Scientific • Sea surface knowledge, temperature Human anomaly resource, technology, finances • Inadequate dissemination of research findings Governance • Policy gaps • Weak legislation framework • Inadequate enforcement • Lack of awareness and knowledge • Unclear ownership rights 10 Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Chapter 4 4.0 Opportunities for Conservation 4.1 Laws, legislations and multilateral environmental agreements The Government of Kenya has recognized the need to conserve and sustainably manage coastal resources. Several policies, legislations, regulations and strategies have been developed to provide a framework for sustainable management of natural resources including marine resources. These framework environmental laws, sectoral laws and international agreements provide an opportunity for integrated management of coral and seagrass ecosystems sustainably. Below is a summary of these laws. 4.1.1 National Policy Framework • The National Oceans and Fisheries Policy, 2008 • The Water Policy, 1999 • National Land Policy, 2009 • Regional Development Authorities Policy, 2007 4.1.2 National Legislative Framework • The Constitution of Kenya • Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999 • The Fisheries Act, 1991 • Science ,Technology and Innovation Act,2013 • Merchant Shipping Act of 2009 • The Water Act, 2002 • The Physical Planning Act, 1996 • The Forest Act, 2005 • The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 • Coast Development Act, 1990 • National Museums and Heritage Act, 2006 • Lands Act,2012 • Maritime Zones Act(371),1989 • The Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act,2013 • County Government Act,2012 • Mining Act (306),1987 • The Shipping Operations(Marine pollution) Act,2012 4.1.3 Regulations • Environmental management and coordination (Wetlands, riverbanks, lakeshores and seashore management) regulations, 2009 • Environment management and coordination (water quality) regulations, 2006 • Fisheries (Beach management unit) regulations, 2007 • Environmental management and coordination (prevention of pollution in coastal zones and other segments of Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy the environment) regulations, 2003 4.1.4 National Strategies • Shoreline management strategy,2010 • ICZM action plan,2011-2015 • National conservation and management strategy for sea turtles in Kenya, 2011-2015 • Vision 2030 • Strategy for revitalizing agriculture, 2004-2014 4.1.5 Regional and Global Networks Nairobi Convention, Coral Reef Task Force In order to address the challenges presented in managing this important marine ecosystem, a Coral Reef Task Force was constituted in 2001 as a task force of the Nairobi Convention as per the Third Conference of Parties decision CP. 3/2 on Protection of coral reef and associated ecosystems. The purpose of the Coral Reef Task Force was to coordinate actions that address the loss and degradation of coral reef in the region. The Task Force commenced its work by facilitating the development of a Regional Coral Reef Action Plan based on input from managers, scientists, private sector and the public. The Action Plan: 1) identifies the key threats to coral reef in the region, 2) details major actions to address these threats, and 3) outlines an implementation and review process. The Contracting Parties (countries) to the Nairobi Convention will be requested to establish and sustain national Coral Reef Task Forces that will be responsible for monitoring and reporting on the status and health of coral reef and associated marine ecosystems. Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) WIOMSA is the main marine science and management professional network in the region, with a secretariat in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Most of the research conducted under its umbrella and through its funding relates to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. A major area of work in WIOMSA is in support of management of marine ecosystems, through capacity building for marine park managers and staff. International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN The IUCN is a global Union of countries and organizations, united in the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Coral reef and seagrasses are among the key ecosystems in which IUCN is active. The East and Southern 11 Africa Regional Office in Nairobi has had, and is re-establishing a regional marine programme in collaboration with the Global Marine Programme based in the IUCN headquarters in Switzerland. Many member organizations from the region are focused on coral reef work, and several IUCN Specialist and Working groups are active in coral reef issues in the region. International Coral Reef Initiative and Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is a partnership among governments, international organizations, and non-government organizations. It strives to preserve coral reef and related ecosystems by implementing Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, and other relevant international conventions and agreements. Currently, ICRI is chaired by two countries (one developing, one first world) for two years at a time, with Australia and Belize holding the position for 2012-13. Among the main programmes operating under the ICRI umbrella is the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) which works through a global network of stakeholders to support the management and conservation of coral reef and promotes regular monitoring of coral reef sites. GCRMN is coordinated through regional nodes, currently being provided for the Nairobi Convention Coral Reef Task Force, CORDIO as an ICRI Partner, and an islands node facilitated through successive projects hosted at the Indian Ocean Commission. Nairobi Convention, WIO Seagrass Network Considering the importance of seagrass and their critical contribution to marine and coastal ecosystems, it is has been proposed that the Nairobi Convention supports the formation of a regional WIO Seagrass Network. The aim of this network is to enhance the collaborative effort of scientists and managers in the management of the seagrass ecosystems of the WIO including Kenya. SeagrassNet SeagrassNet is an ecological monitoring program that investigates and documents the status of seagrass resources, and is active now in 33 countries (including Kenya) with a global monitoring protocol and web-based data reporting system. The ultimate aim is to preserve the valuable seagrass ecosystem by increasing scientific knowledge and public awareness of this threatened coastal resource. 4.1.6 Other related networks IOSEA – Sea Turtle Conservation network The Memorandum of Understanding on the Conserva- 12 tion and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia puts in place a framework through which States of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asian region can work together to conserve and replenish depleted marine turtle populations for which they share responsibility. This objective will be achieved through the collective implementation of an associated Conservation and Management Plan. 4.1.7 Major Multilateral Environmental Agreements Signed by Kenya • Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention, 1971) • UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Culture and Natural heritage (1972) • Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 1973) • Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS 1979) • UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982) • London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972) • Protocol to the Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter (1996) • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as amended in 1978 (MARPOL 1973/78) • International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (1990) • Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the East African Region with its Protocols (Nairobi Convention, 1985) • Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992) • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS, 2001) • Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land Based Activities (1995) • Rio declaration(Agenda 21)Rio +10, +20, • Arusha Declaration,1993 4.2 Capacity building initiatives Several opportunities for local capacity building and awareness creation on issues regarding management of coastal resources are available. Training in research and management continues at different levels e.g. WIOMSA MPA certification programmme. Specialized training in monitoring for both ecological and socio economic parameters are also available. Scientists, national agencies, community-based Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy projects and conservation NGOs, need different sets of information to abet realization of their objectives. Hence, there is a need to improve their technical capacity and further innovate better ways for capacity building. The general public is usually informed thorough specific theme days. This gives an opportunity for the public to interact with practitioners and get informed on issues surrounding particular environmental concerns. Those theme days include Marine Environment Day, World Wetlands Day and Coastal-Clean-up Day among others. 4.3SWOT analysis matrix Analysis on the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) in coastal resource management was conducted in order to understand issues affecting management of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. Below is a summary of SWOT analysis. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats 1. Existing network of Marine Protected Areas. 2. Existence of community managed marine areas 3. Existing legal framework for management of coral reef and seagrass beds 4. Rich and diverse coral reef 5. Existence of baseline data from past research projects on coral reef 6. Existence of indigenous knowledge systems 7. Existence of key management and research institutions 8. Existence of strong networks and linkages at regional and international level 9. Various capacity building programmes for coral reef managers exist 1. Low awareness of linkages between coastal resources and livelihoods (inadequate coral reef and seagrass ecosystems knowledge – functions, local systems,) 2. Inadequate research capacity on sea grass and coral reef (range of topics to be covered) 3. Low investment in research for development 4. Uncoordinated research and development programs/projects 5. Low awareness, participation and empowerment of local communities. 6. Inadequate dissemination of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems information to different stakeholders 7. Weak and conflicting legal instruments 8. Inadequate resources and uncoordinated use of available resources, (human, financial, equipment, and infrastructure) 9. Weak public-private partnership 10. Inadequate implementation of National Resource Management based policies 11. Inadequate awareness and appreciation of the importance of coastal resources by policy makers 12. Low enforcement levels and compliance systems 1. Functional collaboration for management and research at national, regional and international levels 2. Community appreciation of benefits of community managed marine areas 3. Ongoing legal processes (Draft Science Technology and Innovation policy, ICZM, Draft Management plans, wetland policies, Draft regional coastal master plan) 4. Wide range of research projects and development programmes 5. Willingness and interest by development partners 6. The availability of research funds at the National Council of Science and Technology 7. Potential for ecotourism development (responsible tourism) 8. Public sector reforms aimed at performance improvement 9. Increasing level of consciousness by public about their environment 1. Upstream land degradation resulting to high soil erosion and river sediment loading 2. Pollution (effluents and solid wastes) 3. Unplanned and uncoordinated shoreline developments 4. Loss of resilience 5. Climate change (increase in temperature, ocean acidification, 6. Pest, diseases and invasive species 7. Direct impacts caused by recreation use (trampling while diving/snorkeling) 8.Poverty 9. Weak governance structures and sectoral interests 10. Rapid population growth 11. Increased demand for marine resources Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 13 4.4Gaps and constraints 4.4.1 Lack of coordinated efforts in conservation of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems A number of government institutions have mandate in protecting and conserving coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. However, management of these ecosystems areas along the Kenyan coast is sectoral and falls under different institutional jurisdiction. Lack of clarity in the institutional framework of state actors often leads to ineffective conservation of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. This situation is expected to change with the on-going processes of reviewing current laws, policies and management plans and drafting new ones where there are gaps. 4.4.2 Inadequate resources for research, conservation and management Research and monitoring of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems allows early detection of detrimental impacts for conservation and management actions. However, there is lack of sufficient resources to conduct comprehensive research, conservation and management programmes. Collaborative support from government and development partners is needed not only to help finance local efforts, but also ensure sound scientific research is maintained and results are understood by decision makers. 4.4.3 Inadequate education and public awareness Scientific information available to local communities on coral reef and sea grass ecosystems are limited hence the heavy reliance on indigenous knowledge. This can be attributed to inadequate dissemination of coral reef and seagrass beds information, among other factors. Most people do not know the real value of these ecosystems for them 14 to have a positive outlook towards conserving them. Education and public awareness are vital in disseminating correct information on threats and sustainable use of marine ecosystems. Better understanding of these ecosystems will foster ownership, appreciate accrued benefits, reduce destructive activities and subsequently improve management of these ecosystems. 4.4.4 Inadequate stakeholder participation Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems along the Kenyan coast have been degraded due to anthropogenic and natural stressors by marine users. Community efforts to conserve and manage marine resources through CCAs needs to be encouraged and promoted. This will empower the communities to participate in conservation of the coral reef and sea grass ecosystems while deriving benefits from them. Long term initiatives that focus on governance and empowerment are also important and should be promotion e.g. Beach Management Units (BMUs) and other natural resources based community conservation groups. Other stakeholders include government (including KMFRI, the State Department of Fisheries, KWS, and Tourism Ministry), NGOs and development partners. 4.4.5 Other constraints identified 1. Uncoordinated research and development programs/ projects 2. Weak and conflicting legal instruments 3. Weak public-private partnership 4. Inadequate implementation of National Resource Management based policies. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Beach cast Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 15 Chapter 5 5.0 Conservation Strategy 5.1 Background Based on the identified threats and the current status of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems in Kenya, this section outlines the specific strategic objectives, targets and activities to enhance conservation of these ecosystems. The strategic objectives are geared towards both short and long term goals. These take into consideration inputs from the taskforce and other key stakeholders. The strategies take cognisance of existing conservation initiatives, threats and gaps with an aim of consolidating efforts and resources to sustainably conserve coral reef and sea grass ecosystems. 5.2 Vision and goal 5.2.1 Vision Ensure healthy coral reef and sea grass ecosystems sustainably provide goods and services for posterity. 5.2.2 Goal Maintain and restore the ecological integrity of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems through improved research and management in partnership with stakeholders. The intent of this goal is to address existing and potential threats affecting coral reef and sea grass ecosystems by identifying key strategic objectives targets and activities that promote healthy and resilient ecosystems. 5.2.3 Specific objectives 5.2.3.1 Specific objective one: Secure, restore and maintain healthy and resilient coral reef and seagrass ecosystems The coral reef and seagrass ecosystems are facing different threats including overfishing, land-based pollution, and climate change effects, leading to rapid degradation and loss. The rate of degradation of the Kenyan coral reef and seagrass ecosystems is increasing this is attributed to myriad of threats. Securing, restoring and maintaining these ecosystems can be achieved through effective legislation and management. Management strategies such as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and ecosystem-based fisheries management are effective tools in conservation of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. The intent of this objective is to enhance legislation and policy related to protection and conservation of these ecosystems. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Targets • Enhanced management of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems • Area of coverage of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems under conservation increased • Reduce fishing impacts • Restore degraded coral reef and sea grass ecosystems Activities • Identify, map and zone sea grass beds and coral reef ecosystems • Gazette management plans, strategies and action plans for coral reef and seagrass beds • Promote the establishment of artificial reefs • Promote transplantation of seagrass in degraded areas • Enforce fishing gear regulations • Enforce tourism regulations • Enforce water quality regulations • Implement seasonal closures • Review management plan for Mombasa Marine National Park • Fast track the adoption of the draft management plans • Develop guidelines for establishment of Community Managed Marine Areas • Guide in the development of management plans for Community Conserved Areas • Establish trans boundary Marine Protected Area between Kenya and Tanzania • Conduct carrying capacity assessment in at least five selected sites • Enforce existing fisheries plans and regulations (BMUs) • Provide support and technical assistance to strengthen fisheries policy, governance and regulatory measures • Regulate ornamental fisheries • Improve management of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems to enhance resilience and recovery processes • Identify appropriate restoration protocols • Implement restoration activities • Monitor restoration progress • Evaluate restoration programs 5.2.3.2 Specific objective two: Enhance research, monitoring and information management In Kenya, the National Council of Science and Technology regulates research and monitoring. State agencies can also regulate research within their scope as guided by their 16 mandate. KWS, through the Research and Monitoring Division, regulates all research conducted within protected areas under its jurisdiction. Different stakeholders also conclude their research and or monitoring but little information is available at a central depository. This is mainly due to weak regulation and information sharing mechanism. The country also has limited expertise in some fields, e.g. seagrass, to design and conduct research. Other factors that attribute to the low capacity to conduct research include poor infrastructure and limited equipment. Targets • Data and information depository centralized • Monitoring of coral reef and sea grass beds enhanced • Targeted research carried out • Enhanced dissemination of information to various stakeholders Activities • Collect, collate and synthesize available scientific data and information • Develop information resource centre and database • Conduct an inventory of equipment to identify gaps • Acquire the appropriate equipment to fill in the gaps • Develop a framework for research and monitoring • Undertake research on diseases, pests and invasive species • Undertake applied research on biological, social and economic aspects • Undertake research on issues of climate change in relation to corals and seagrass beds • Conduct research on sources of pollutants on sea grass beds and coral reef and watersheds • Package information to suit different stakeholders 5.2.3.3 Specific objective three: Strengthen legal and policy framework Kenya does not have a specific legislation or policy on protection of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. However, there are a number of sectoral laws and policies that touch on these ecosystems conservation. These include EMCA 1999; Wildlife Act 1989; Fisheries Act 1991 and ICZM Action Plan among others. The new Wildlife Conservation and Management Bill 2013, Wetlands Policy and ICZM Action Plan have made more explicit provisions on protection of coral reef compared to other sectoral law. Targets • Legal gaps identified and addressed • Policy gaps and weakness identified and addressed Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy • • • • Advocate for co-managed areas with coral reef and seagrass ecosystems Enforcement mechanisms for monitoring, control and surveillance improved Reduce impacts of infrastructural development on coral reef and seagrass ecosystems Develop and implement policies governing coastal and watershed management Activities • Review existing legislations and policies including ICZM to identify gaps, conflicts and limitations with stakeholders • Conduct training on development of policy briefs from research findings • Undertake consultative process to finalise key policies and legal frameworks (wetlands, wildlife, ICZM, tourism) • Generate and disseminate policy briefs • Lobby for inclusion of coral reef and sea grass beds issues in policy forums • Lobby for policy and legislation review • Sensitization on need for establishment of new conservation areas • Establish new areas for conservation and management • Conduct a baseline survey to establish area under conservation • Develop guidelines for establishing marine community conservation areas • Carry out suitability assessment on unmanaged areas with potential for conservation • Fast track completion of Joint inshore Monitoring Control Surveillance (MCS) Plan • Train staff involved in MCS on compliance • Create coral reef and sea grass forensic investigations unit • Create coral reef and sea grass rapid response team • Develop guidelines for projects that will impact on coral reef and sea grass beds • Develop a database of proposed licensed infrastructural development • Develop management plans to minimize sediment runoff and pollution • Develop integrated watershed management policies 5.2.3.4 Specific objective four: Enhance stakeholder awareness and participation Generally, information and interest on coral reef and seagrass ecosystems is low compared to terrestrial ecosystems. Recognizing the value of an informed and engaged 17 public, this objective aims at promoting flow of information, creating awareness and raising the profile of these ecosystems in the public. Targets • Participatory management systems developed and implemented • Environmental education and awareness developed and implemented • To increase the level of stakeholders’ participation in management and conservation activities Activities • Review existing environmental education and awareness programmes • Encourage and empower volunteer groups in coral reef conservation • Train natural resources users, CBOs, BMUs and CFAs in monitoring, law enforcement, and awareness creation • Develop environmental education and awareness materials in different formats • Conduct training for students, tour operators, government staff and local community • Participate in media programmes aimed at information dissemination • Develop training manuals, coral reef and seagrass newsletters • Conduct a stakeholder analysis • Create stakeholders forum • Create awareness on stakeholders to understand regulations, laws related to coral reef and sea grass beds • Carry out education and awareness programs on watershed management targeting stakeholders • Mainstream indigenous knowledge in conservation and management of coral reefs and sea grass beds. • Build capacity of stakeholders to understand regulations, laws related to coral reefs and sea grass beds 5.2.3.5 Specific objective five: Manage watershed, water quality and reduce pollution Water pollution affects the ecological integrity of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. The area is also facing rapid urbanization coupled with human population expansion. In addition, the development of ports increased maritime trade and industrial development can significantly contribute to pollution loads. Target • Reduce pollution from all sources Activities • Identify and document existing and potential land based sources of pollution • Develop watershed soil conservation programs that will reduce coastal sedimentation. • Monitor water quality of riverine systems, groundwater and coastal • Recommend mitigation, adaptation or preventive intervention • Enforce implementation of environmental management plans of development projects generated through the EIA process • Fast track reduction of maritime pollution 5.2.3.6 Specific objective six: Enhance capacity for coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation This objective seeks to build capacity for different stakeholders and to furnish them with adequate skills and knowledge to conserve and manage the coral reef and seagrass ecosystems effectively. This is in recognition of the diverse stakeholders involved in the conservation and management activities. Target • Capacity for institutions and communities in coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation built by 2018 Activities • Conduct a training needs assessment • Develop training modules for coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation • Identify and develop appropriate infrastructure needs for coral reef and seagrass conservation and management • Conduct coral reef and seagrass ecosystems management training and certification programs for institutions and local communities • Conduct marine management training and certification programs • Support training of personnel on research, monitoring techniques both at technical and community level The proposed actions, activities, timeframes and actors for this strategic objective are detailed in Annex 1 This objective focuses on reducing both land and sea based pollution on the marine ecosystem. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 18 Typical coral reef fish community foraging in a seagrass bed Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 19 Chapter 6 6.0 Implementation Structure of the Strategy National Coral reef and Sea grass Management Committee (Chaired-KWS, SDF, NEMA, CDA, KMFRI, County Government Representatives – Kwale, Mombasa, Kilifi, Tana River and Lamu) National Coral reef and Sea grass Liaison Office (KWS) County committee Mombasa County committee Kwale County committee Kilifi 6.1 Terms of references for management committee 1. Review and evaluate effectiveness of the national conservation and management strategy and make appropriate recommendations 2. Ratify recommendations and decisions by the technical and advisory committee. 3. Lobby for County Governments to formulate policies that promote the conservation of coral reefs and seagrass beds, thus implement the conservation strategy under the County Governments. 6.2 Terms of references for technical and advisory committee This committee shall be composed of KWS, SDF, NEMA, CDA, and KMFRI. The terms of reference are as follows: Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Technical Committee(Former Taskforce committee), IUCN, Nairobi Convention, EAWLS County committee Lamu County committee Tana-River 1. Set monitoring standards and handling protocols and evaluate their implementation 2. Prioritize funding needs and advice the liaison officer and national management committee 3. Mobilize resources for strategy implementation 4. Advice on emerging issues of national concern in relation to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems 5. Advice the national management committee on policy and strategy development 6. Advice the County Governments on relevant coral reef and sea grass ecosystems management and conservation actions. 7. Fulfill any other role deemed necessary by the national management committee 20 6.3 Terms of references for liaison office 1. Shall serve as the secretariat for the management and technical committee. 2. Maintaining a central information depository for coral reef and seagrass conservation and management through assembly of reports, data and other relevant information from collaborating agencies. 3. Liaise with all the stakeholders as identified in the coral reef and seagrass conservation strategy during implementation and to streamline information flow. 4. Arrange quarterly meetings with technical and advisory committee and annual meeting with management committee. 5. Arrange meetings of County committees every two months. 6. Prepare quarterly progress reports for the technical committee. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 7. Prepare proposals and seek in-kind support towards coral reef and seagrass conservation activities in liaison with the technical committee. 8. Ensure successful implementation of all required actions by putting in place a robust monitoring and evaluation framework. 6.4 Terms of reference for County Committees 1. Ensure adequate allocations of resources for conservation activities. 2. Strengthen the link and working relations between Counties, private public and government institutions. 3. Coordinate awareness activities 4. Implement required actions and give feedback 21 References • Ateweberhan, M., McClanahan, T. R.: Historical sea-surface temperature variability predicts climate change-induced coral mortality, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 964–970, 2010. • Beer, S. and Koch, E.: Photosynthesis of seagrasses vs. marine macroalgae in globally changing CO2 environments, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 141, 199-204, 1996. • Björk, M., Short, F., Mcleod, E., Beer, S.: Managing Seagrasses for Resilience to Climate Change, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 56pp, 2008. • Costanza R, d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farberk , S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, V. R., Paruelo, J., Raskin, G. R., Sutton, P., van den Belt, M.: The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, 387, 253–260, 1997. • Fabricius, K.E.. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs; review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin,50, 125–146, 2005. • Hemminga, M, Duarte, C. M.: Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge (United Kingdom): Cambridge University Press, 2000. • Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P. J. Mumby, A. J. Hooten, R. S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C. D. Harvell, P. F. Sale, A. J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C. M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R. H. Bradbury, A. Dubi, and M. E. Hatziolos.. Coral Reefs under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science, 318, 1737-1742, 2007. • McClanahan, T. R.: Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: effects of fishing, substrate complexity, and sea urchins, Coral Reefs, 13, 231–241, 1994. • Obura, D.: Kenya, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 1264– 1278, 2001. • Obura, D.: The Diversity and Biogeography of Western Indian Ocean Reef-Building Corals, PLoS ONE, 7(9), 2012. • Ochieng, C. A., Erftemeijer, P. L. A.: Seagrasses of Kenya and Tanzania, In: Green, E.P., Short, F.T. (eds.) World Atlas of Seagrasses pp. 82-92, 2003. • Uku, J.: Seagrasses and their epiphytes: Characterization of abundance and productivity in tropical seagrass beds, Ph. D. Thesis, Stockholm University, Sweden, 2005. • UNEP: Eastern Africa Atlas of Coastal Resources, 1: Kenya. (EAF-14) UNEP, 119 pp, 1998. • UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat, Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Land-based Sources and Activities Affecting the Western Indian Ocean Coastal and Marine Environment, UNEP Nairobi, Kenya 378pp, 2009 • Waycott, M., Duarte, C .M., Carruthers, T. J. B., Orth, J. R., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., Calladine, A., Fourqurean, W. J., Heck, Jr., Hughes, R. A., Kendrick, A. G., Kenworthy, J. W., Short, T. F., Williams., L. S.: Accelerating loss of seagrass across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 12377-12381, 2009. • Les, D. H., Cleland, M. A., Waycott, M.: Phylogenetic studies in the Alismatidae, II: Evolution of the marine angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily, Systematic Botany, 22, 443–463, 1997. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 22 A seagrass bed neighboring a coral reef with rich fish diversity Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 23 Annexes Annex 1: The logical framework Vision Ensure healthy coral reef and sea grass ecosystems sustainably provide goods and services for posterity Goal Maintain and restore the ecological integrity of coral reef and sea grass ecosystem through improved research and management in partnership with stakeholders. Objective Target Secure, restore and maintain healthy and resilient coral reef and sea grass ecosystems Enhanced Identify, map and zone management of sea grass beds and coral coral reef and sea reef ecosystems grass ecosystems Activity Indicator Actor Timeline Zoning plans Designated areas for different uses KMFRI, KWS, SDF, NGOs, BMUs, KPA 5 years Maps for seagrass KMFRI, KWS, SDF, beds and coral reef NGOs, BMUs generated 5 years Gazette Management plans, strategies and action plans for coral reef and seagrass ecosystems Number of Gazetted plans KWS, SDF, KFS 5 years Promote experimental transplantation of seagrass in degraded areas No of trials undertaken KWS, SDF, KMFRI, 5 years NEMA, Lafarge Ecosystems, CORDIO, BMUs, Hoteliers Enforce fishing gear regulations Decline in number of fishing gears confiscated Reduction in number of infringements to regulations governing coral and seagrass ecosystems SDF, KWS BMUs; Hoteliers, County Government, NEMA, KMA, SDF 5 years Enforce tourism regulations Reduction in number of infringements SDF, KWS BMUs; Hoteliers, County Government , NEMA, KMA 5 years Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 24 Objective Target Develop, adopt and implement Management plans for key identified Marine conservation areas Area of coverage of coral and seagrass under conservation and management increased Activity Indicator Actor Timeline Enforce water quality regulations Improved water quality SDF, KWS BMUs; Hoteliers, County Government, NEMA, KMA 5 years Implement seasonal closures Number of seasonal closures successfully implemented KWS, SDF, BMUs 5 years Review management plan for Mombasa Marine National Park Management plan developed KWS, SDF, NGOs, 5 years BMUs, BOA, Hoteliers, Department of Tourism Fast track the implementation of draft management plans, strategies and action plans for key coral reef areas and seagrasse ecosystems. Draft plans implemented KWS 1 year Develop guidelines for establishment of Community Conserved Areas Guidelines developed KWS, SDF, BMUs, KMFRI 3 years Guide in the development of comanagement plans for Community Conserved Areas Co-management plans for Community Conserved Areas developed BMUs, KWS, SDF, County Government, NGOs 5 years Establish trans boundary A transboundary Marine protected area Marine Protected between Kenya and area established Tanzania KWS, SDF, KMFRI BMUs, County Government, NGOs, Tanzania Marine Parks, NEMA, Kenya Navy, TAFIRI and other Tanzanian stakeholders, Nairobi Convention Secretariat, development partners. 5 years Conduct carrying capacity assessment in at least five selected sites KWS, KMFRI, SDF 3 years Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Report on carrying capacity 25 Objective Target Activity Indicator Actor Timeline Reduce fishing impacts Enforce existing fisheries plans and regulations (BMU) Number of patrols Reduction on number of infringement KWS, SDF, BMUs 5 years Provide support and technical assistance to strengthen fisheries policy, governance and regulatory measures Number of technical meetings conducted KWS, KMFRI, County Government, NEMA 5 years Regulate ornamental fisheries Reduction in number infringement SDF 2 years Improve management of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems to enhance resilience and recovery processes Management reports produced KWS, SDF 5 years Restoration protocol identified and adopted KMFRI, KWS, Private sector, SDF, NGOs 5 years Implement restoration activities Number of Degraded sites restored, KWS, KMFRI, NGOs 5 years Monitor restoration progress Monitoring reports KWS, KMFRI, NGOs 5 years Evaluate restoration programs Evaluation reports KWS, KMFRI 5 years Collect, collate and synthesis available scientific data and information Number of reports produced Database KWS, SDF, KMA, NGOs, KMFRI, BMUs, BOA 2 years Development of information resource center and database Resource Centre developed Data base developed KWS, KMFRI, KCDP 5 years Conduct an inventory of equipment to identify gaps Equipment Inventory Report KWS, SDF, KMA, NGOs, KMFRI, BMUs, BOA 1 years Acquire the appropriate equipment to fill in the gaps Number and types of equipment purchased KWS, SDF, KMA, NGOs, KMFRI, BMUs, BOA 1 years Develop a coordinated framework for research and monitoring Framework for coordinated research and monitoring KWS, KMFRI, NGOs, Local communities, Universities, NMK 1 years Restore degraded Identify appropriate coral reef and sea restoration protocols grass ecosystems. Enhance research, monitoring and information management Data and information depository centralized Monitoring of coral reef and sea grass beds enhanced Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 26 Objective Target Activity Targeted research Undertake research carried out. on diseases, pest and invasive species Undertake applied research on biological, social and economic aspects Indicator Actor Timeline Reports, Publications, Brochures, Dissemination meeting KWS, KMFRI, NGOs, Local communities, Universities, NMK 5 year 5 year Undertake research on issues of climate change in relation to corals and seagrass beds Enhanced dissemination of information to various stakeholders Strengthen Legal and legal and policy policy gaps and framework weaknesses identified and remedial measures recommended 5 year Conduct research on Number of reports sources of pollutants on sea grass beds and coral reef and watersheds KWS, KMFRI, NGOs 2 years Package information to suit different stakeholders Policy briefs, technical reports, Brochures KWS, KMFRI, SDF, NGOs, Universities, private sector 5 year Review existing legislations and policies including ICZM to identify gaps, conflicts and limitations with stakeholders Review reports, Number of consultation forums held NEMA, KWS, SDF, KIPPRA, IPAR 1 year Conduct training on development of policy briefs from research findings Number of people trained NEMA, KWS, SDF, KIPPRA, IPAR 1 year Undertake consultative process to finalize key policies and legal frameworks (wetlands, wildlife, ICZM, tourism) Inclusion of coral reef and seagrass issues in policy documents NEMA, KWS Department of Tourism, KMFRI, SDF, Media, Policy makers, KFS 3 years Generate and disseminate policy briefs Policy briefs, Report on dissemination forums NEMA, KWS, Department of Tourism, KMFRI, SDF, Media, Policy makers 5 years Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 27 Objective Target Advocate for co-managed areas with coral reef and seagrass beds. Enforcement mechanisms for monitoring, control and surveillance improved Activity Indicator Actor Timeline Lobby for inclusion of coral reef and sea grass issues in policy Number of coral reef and sea grass bed issues included in policy documents Number of policy meetings held Type of policy makers or candidates reached NEMA, KWS, Department of Tourism, KMFRI, SDF, Media, Policy makers, KFS 5 Years Carry out advocacy for policy and legislation review Newspaper supplements, electronic media appeals NEMA, KWS, Department of Tourism, KMFRI, SDF, Media, Policy makers, KFS, 5 years Sensitization on need Sensitization for establishment of new forums, conservation areas Number of new conservation areas NGOs, BMUs, KWS, SDF 5 years Establish new areas for conservation and management Number of new areas established NGOs, BMUs, KWS, SDF 3 years Conduct a baseline survey to establish area under conservation Survey reports NGOs, BMUs, KWS, SDF, NGOs 3 years Develop guidelines for establishing marine community conservation areas Guidelines for establishment of marine community conservation areas KWS, KMFRI, SDF, NGOs, BMUs 3 years Carry out suitability assessment on unmanaged areas with potential for conservation Suitable areas for conservation management identified KWS, SDF 2 years SDF, KWS, KMA, Kenya Navy, NEMA, Kenya Police, BMUs 1 year Fast track completion of MCS plan and Joint inshore Monitoring patrol reports Control Surveillance (MCS) Plan Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 28 Objective 4. Enhance stakeholder awareness and participation Target Activity Indicator Actor Timeline Train staff involved in MCS on compliance Compliance information on zoning, gear used, infringements Number of trainings undertaken Number of staff trained SDF, KWS, KMA, Kenya Navy, NEMA, Kenya Police, BMUs 4 years Create coral reef and sea grass forensic investigations unit Coral reef and sea grass forensic unit in place SDF, KWS, KMA, Kenya Navy, NEMA, Kenya Police, BMUs 5 years Create coral reef and sea grass rapid response team Rapid response team in place SDF, KWS, KMA, Kenya Navy, NEMA, KPA Kenya Police, BMUs 1 year Reduce impacts of infrastructural development on coral reef and sea grass ecosystems. Develop guidelines for projects that will impact on coral reef and sea grass ecosystems Guidelines on coral NEMA, KWS, BMUs, reef and seagrass KMFRI, SDF habitat protection developed 5 years Develop a database of proposed licensed infrastructural development. Database of all licensed infrastructural developments developed 1 year Develop and implement policies governing Coastal and watershed management Develop management plans to minimize sediment runoff and pollution Number of KWS, NEMA, Management plans WARMA, Department developed of Agriculture, KFS Develop integrated Number of watershed management policy document policies produced KWS, NEMA, SDF WARMA, Department of Agriculture, KFS, 5 years Participatory management systems developed and implemented Review existing environmental education and awareness programmes Number of reviews done Number of programmes reviewed KWS, SDF, KMFRI, natural resource users 5 years Encourage and empower volunteer groups in coral reef conservation Number of coral reef conservation groups formed KWS, SDF, KMFRI, natural resource users 5 year Train natural resources users, CBOs, BMUs and CFAs in monitoring, law enforcement, and awareness creation Number of trainings conducted Number of people trained KWS, SDF, KMFRI, WCK and County Government 5 years Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy NEMA 5 years 29 Objective Target Activity Indicator Actor Timeline Environmental education and awareness developed and implemented Develop environmental education and awareness materials in different formats Newsletters, Brochures, Education and awareness training manual NGOs, SDF, KMFRI, KWS 1 year Conduct training for students, tour operators, government staff and local community Number of trainings conducted Number of people trained KWS, SDF, KMFRI, NGOs 5year Participate in media programmes for information dissemination Number of media programmes participated in. KWS, KMFRI, SDF NGOs 5 year Develop training manuals, coral reef and seagrass newsletters Manual, newsletter developed KWS, SDF, KMFRI, NGO, County Government and WCK 5 year Conduct a stakeholder analysis Stakeholder analysis report KWS 1 year Create Stakeholders forum Stakeholders forum KWS, KMFRI, SDF, developed BMUs, County Government, KMA, CORDIO, WCS. 2 years Create awareness on stakeholders to understand regulations, laws related to coral reef and sea grass ecosystems Number of awareness initiatives conducted. Number of people reached KWS, NEMA, SDF, NGOs, WCK, CBO, County Government, Civil Society Organizations 1 year Carry out education and awareness programs on watershed management targeting stakeholders Number of education and awareness meetings held KWS, NEMA, SDF 2 years Mainstream indigenous knowledge in conservation and management of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems. Number of community led conservation programmes on coral reef and sea grass ecosystems KWS, SDF, NMK, CBOs, KMFRI, NGOs, County Government 5 years Build capacity of stakeholders to understand regulations, laws related to coral reef and sea grass ecosystems Number of capacity building activities conducted. Number of people reached KWS, NEMA, SDF, NGOs, WCK, CBO, County Government, Civil Society Organizations 2 year To increase the level of stakeholders’ participation in management and conservation activities. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 30 Objective Target Activity Indicator Manage watershed, water quality and reduce pollution Reduce pollution from all sources Identify and document existing and potential land based sources of pollution Report on pollution KWS, KMFRI, NGOs sources 4 years Develop watershed soil conservation programs that will reduce coastal sedimentation. Number and types of programmes developed KWS, KMFRI, NGOs 4 years Monitor riverine, groundwater and coastal water quality Monitoring reports KWS, KMFRI, NEMA, WRMA, TARDA, Ministry of Health 5 years Recommend mitigation, Recommendation adaptation or preventive report intervention. KWS, KMFRI, NGOs 2 years Enforce implementation of environmental management plan of development projects generated through the EIA process. Number of environmental audits conducted on development projects NEMA, County Government, TARDA, 5 year Fast track reduction of maritime pollution including oil spills, commercial, domestic and industrial pollution Update oil spill NEMA, County response strategies Government, TARDA and extend to other types of pollution Improved water quality 5 years Conduct a training needs assessment Training need assessment report KWS, KMFRI, NGOs 1 year Develop training modules for coral reef and sea grass ecosystems conservation and management Training modules KWS, KMFRI, NGOs 1 year Identify and develop appropriate infrastructure needs for coral reef and seagrass conservation and management Inventory of appropriate infrastructure, Appropriate infrastructure acquired and deployed KWS 5 years Enhance capacity for Coral reef and sea grass conservation and management. Capacity for institutions and communities in coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation and management built by 2018 Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Actor Timeline 31 Objective Target Activity Indicator Actor Timeline Conduct coral reef and Number of certified KMA, KWS, SDF, sea grass management trainees NGOs, BMUs training and certification programs for institutions and local communities 1 year Conduct marine management training and certification programs Number trained and actively involved, Number retained, Number certified, Number of trainings conducted KWS, SDF, 2 years Support training of personnel on research, monitoring techniques both at technical and community level Number of experts trained KWS, KMFRI, NGOs, SDF, CBOs 5 years Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 32 Annex 2: Legislation Framework Legislation/Policy/ MEA Link to coral reef management/ focus area Responsibility The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 Article 42 - guarantees the right to a clean and healthy environment. Article 69 obliges the state to ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and its natural resources. Development of the coral reef and seagrass conservation strategy contributes to the achievement of this requirement as it relates to protection of these ecologically sensitive areas. The strategy recognizes the State and public obligations in relation to the environment and the right of participation by citizens in environmental matters and processes that affect their lives. All Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999 It provides a legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment. Section 55 gives provision for protecting and managing critical coastal habitats This strategy provides a road map for the protection and management of the coral reef and seagrass ecosystems which are critical coastal habitats thus fulfilling the aspirations of EMCA. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) The Fisheries Act, (CAP 378) of 1991 Sate It provides the framework for management and sustainable development in of Department of fisheries resources. It has made provisions on licensing (Article 8), protection of breeding areas (Article Fisheries (SDF) 50) and prohibits coral gatherings (Article 46) and use of explosives (Article 49). This strategy defines clear actions to ensure adequate enforcement of license regimes, protection of breeding sites and use of appropriate fishing methods. 'The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013' The wildlife conservation and management Act 2013 Article 36 (2b) provides for Kenya Wildlife zoning of marine conservation areas to allow for multiple uses including zoning for Service (KWS) protection of foraging and breeding areas and human The National Oceans The policy promotes research and development for sustainable exploitation of and Fisheries policy, fisheries resources and ecosystem based approach in resource management. It 2008 ensures monitoring, control and surveillance (MSC) to minimize negative effects on seagrass and coral reef ecosystems, review of legal and institutional framework and promotes public awareness and participation in management of these resources. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries The Water Policy, 1999 Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resource The policy ensures that there is progressive restoration and protection of ecological systems and biodiversity in strategic water catchments. It seeks to control pollution of water catchments through the ‘user/polluter pays’ principle and other legal and administrative actions. It establishes sound research and development in the water sector, enhances enforcement of regulation and other IWRM actions and a comprehensive effluent treatment and recycling strategy to protect coral reef and seagrass beds. Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 33 Legislation/Policy/ MEA Link to coral reef management/ focus area Responsibility National Land Policy, It takes cognizance of fragile ecosystems such as coral reef and seagrass 2009 ecosystems as areas hosting threatened biodiversity and stresses the need for their protection and management for enhanced livelihoods. The policy encourages preparation of participatory environmental action plans by local communities to preserve cultural and social-economic aspects, co- management by local communities, controls development activities, prohibits discharge of untreated solid and liquid waste into catchment and ocean and ensures that environmental impact assessments and audits are taken to implement appropriate remedial measures. Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development National tourism policy, 2006 It ensures that changes in land use are controlled to ensure they do not detract from Kenya's unique endowment of diverse tourism attractions. The policy document recommends that land-use activities contributing to pollution, eutrophication and sedimentation in seagrass and coral reef ecosystems are closely monitored and controlled. It also provides for enhancement of community participation in tourism activities and promotion of tourism resources protection. Ministry of East African Affairs, Commerce and Tourism National Environment policy It aims to promote sustainable use of marine resources and the conservation of vulnerable coastal ecosystems including seagrass ecosystems and coral reef. It provides for the harmonization and coordination of the roles of various regulatory agencies charged with the management of seagrass and coral reef. It advocates for the development and implementation of a harmonized Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Integrated Ocean Management Policy, Strategy and Action Plan. It further encourages support of research and training in the conservation and management of marine ecosystems. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention, 1971) It provides a framework for national action and international cooperation for conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna The strategy will allow designation and “wise” use of marine sites of international importance such as coral reef and seagrass ecosystems Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; The conservation, utilization and development of natural resources in accordance with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people. Strategy ensure gaps in biodiversity conservation of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems and formation of community-based protected areas Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resource Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 1973) It establishes the international legal framework for the prevention of trade in endangered species and for an effective regulation of trade in certain other species. The strategy allows enactment and enforcement of regulations that prevent and restrict exploitation of certain species through international trade. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS 1979) The convention is the primary tool for conservation of migratory species, providing a mechanism for Range States agreeing to take action whenever possible and appropriate, paying special attention to vulnerable migratory species, and taking individual or joint steps to conserve such species and their habitat. Strategy will ensure restoration of migratory species of wild animals to a favorable conservation status Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 34 Legislation/Policy/ MEA Link to coral reef management/ focus area Responsibility Attorney General’s Office UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS,1982) To set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans and, as far as environmental provisions are concerned to establish material rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provision dealing with pollution in the marine environment. This strategy allows environmental and enforcement provisions dealing with pollution and affecting coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972) Promote the effective control of all sources of pollution of the marine environment Kenya Maritime and take all practicable steps to prevent the pollution of the sea by the dumping Authority of waste and other matter that is liable to create hazards to harm living resources and marine life. The strategy allows issues of pollution to be addressed effectively and efficiently to avoid creating hazards to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as amended in 1978(MARPOL 1973/78) Includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships both accidental pollution and that from routine operations. The Strategy addresses pollution of the marine environment endowed with critical coral reef and seagrass ecosystems Kenya Maritime Authority International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (1990) An international maritime convention establishing measures for dealing with marine oil pollution incidents nationally and in co-operation with other countries The strategy will ensure effective cooperation in responding to pollution incidents and reducing the risk of affecting/polluting coral reef and seagrass ecosystems Kenya Maritime Authority Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the East African Region with its Protocols (Nairobi Convention, 1985) The Nairobi Convention is a comprehensive umbrella agreement for the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) The Conference of Parties in Nagoya Japan adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, and its twenty Aichi targets in 2010. Target 10 “By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reef, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning” has coral reef as its focal/example ecosystem. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resource protection, management and development of the marine and coastal environment, with a broad mandate concerning pollution, land-based sources, protected areas, environmental impacts and scientific and technical cooperation. Protocols on wild fauna and flora, marine pollution, land-based sources and ICZM have been developed. All WIO countries have signed and ratified the convention and its protocols. The strategy calls for protection and management measures implemented to ensure sound or healthy coral reef and seagrass ecosystems Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 35 Legislation/Policy/ MEA Link to coral reef management/ focus area Responsibility United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992 Sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resource Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS, 2001) Aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resource Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land Based Activities (1995) Aims at preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities by facilitating the realization of the duty of States to preserve and protect the marine environment. It is unique in that it is the only global initiative directly addressing the connectivity between terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Rio declaration (Agenda 21)Rio +10, +20, The United Nations Rio+20 outcome document “The Future We Want,” highlights the critical role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystems that provide essential services which are the foundation for sustainable development and human well-being. Building on the sustainable development agenda (Agenda 21 and Rio+10), the Rio+20 Conference identified two overarching themes: Green Economy in the context of Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication; and Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development. These relate to sustainable fisheries and coastal economics based on coral reef ecosystem services. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resource Arusha Declaration, 1993 The Arusha Declaration initiated the concept and practice of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) in the WIO region. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2010 The conservation, utilization and development of natural resources in Africa in accordance with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Arusha Declaration on Africa’s post Rio+20 strategy for sustainable development, 2012 Provides a framework for sustainable development, and its action plan for the environment initiative as the framework for addressing environmental matters in Africa National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 36 Researchers conducting a seagrass assessment Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 37 Annex 3: List of participants during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy stakeholders’ workshop NO. NAME INSTITUTION TITTLE ADRESS 1. DR.SAMUEL KASIKI KWS-NAIROBI Deputy Director, Biodiversity research and monitoring P.O. BOX 40241- [email protected] 00100, NAIROBI 0721446729 2. NICHOLAS M. NTHEKETHA SDF Provincial Fisheries Director P.O. BOX 90423, MOMBASA [email protected] 0721446729 3. DR.MOHAMED OMAR KWSMOMBASA Senior Research Scientist P.O. BOX 82144, MOMBASA [email protected] 0722764691 4. ARTHUR TUDA KWSMOMBASA Assistant Director Coast Conservation Area. P.O. BOX 82144, MSA [email protected] 0722283769 5. DR.DAVID OBURA CORDIO Director P.O. BOX 10135, MOMBASA doburacordioea.net 0711067417 6. NASSIR AMIYO EAWLS Marine Programme Coordinator P.O. BOX 20100, 00200, NAIROBI [email protected] 0722308909 7. JAMES KAMULA NEMAMOMBASA Senior Marine Officer P. O. BOX 84700 – 80100 MOMBASA. [email protected] 0722942081 8. DR.JUDITH NYUNJA KWS Senior Research Scientist P.O. BOX 40241- [email protected] 00100, NAIROBI 0721277154 9. MIRAJ RUGA KWS-KIUNGA Warden P.O. BOX 82, LAMU [email protected] 0721300333 10. DICKSON KORIR KWS-WATAMU Warden P.O. BOX 333 WATAMU [email protected] 071227992 11. ISAAC W. MUGO KWS -MALINDI Senior Warden P.O. BOX 109 80200 MALINDI [email protected] 0721884554 12. WILLIAM SANG KWS-LAMU Senior Warden P.O. BOX 82, LAMU [email protected] 0711615998 13. VICTOR MWAKHA KMFRI Research Scientist P.O. BOX 81651, MOMBASA [email protected] 0726596621 14. DAMA KITSAO BMU Member P.O. BOX 81651, MOMBASA 15. DR.CHARLES MUSYOKI KWS-HQS Senior Scientist P.O. BOX 40241 - 00100, NAIROBI 16. ATHUMAN M. MWAMGOA BAMBURI BMU Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy EMAIL ADDRESS TELEPHONE NO 0708125092 [email protected] 0722826911 0723266133 38 NO. NAME INSTITUTION TITTLE ADRESS EMAIL ADDRESS TELEPHONE NO 17. DR.JACQUELINE UKU KMFRI KCDP Project Coordinator/ Research Scientist P.O. BOX 81651, MOMBASA [email protected] 0722683935 18. ELIZABETH MUENI SDF Chief Principal officer P.O. BOX 90423, MOMBASA [email protected] 0722326326 19. JACQUELINE BENARD KWS Research Scientist P.O. BOX 8214, MOMBASA [email protected] 0733156203 20. JELVAS MWAURA KMFRI Research Scientist P.O. BOX 81651, MOMBASA [email protected] 0712705688 21. JOSPHINE MUTISO KWS Research Scientist P.O. BOX 82144, MSA [email protected] 0721533832 22. MERCY KIMOLO KWS Administration P.O. BOX 82144, MSA [email protected] 0727954849 23. GEORGE ONGORO SERENA BEACH HOTEL [email protected] 0734699861 24. ALBERT A. MUSANDO LAFARGE Conservation Manager P.O. BOX 90202, 80100 [email protected] 0722855184 25. MOHAMED KHERI KWS-KISITE MPUNGUTI MP Senior warden P.O. BOX 55, UKUNDA [email protected] 0722935374 26. BERNABAS KEMBOI MOMBASA BEACH HOTEL b.kemboi@kenya_safari. co.ke 0723663911 27. MUTUKU FRANCIS KWS P.O. BOX 82144, MSA [email protected] 0722674251 28. ERICK MISOKA KMA P.O. BOX 95076, MOMBASA [email protected] 0720571713 29. GORRET MWANGI KENYA TROPICAL SEA LIFE gorret@kenyatropicalsealife. com 0727824159 30. MUTHAMA CHARLES KMFRI Research Technologist P.O. BOX 8 1651, MOMBASA [email protected] 0733852358 31. JACOB OCHIEWO KMFRI Research Scientist P.O. BOX 81651, MOMBASA [email protected] 0733804395 32. DISHON MURAGE NATURECOM Environmental Consultant [email protected] 0722270298 33. ABDULMAJEED OMAR PWANI UNIVERSITY abdulmajeedsaid@gmail. com 0723833459 34. JANE GITAU KWS WardenMombasa MMP P.O. BOX 82144, MOMBASA [email protected] 0722398193 35. ROSE MACHAKU WCS Conservation Scientist P.O. BOX 99470, MOMBASA [email protected] 0723855340 36. MOSES MINCHIL KWS Accountant P.O. BOX 82144, MOMBASA [email protected] 0722796663 Project Manager Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 39 NO. NAME INSTITUTION TITTLE ADRESS EMAIL ADDRESS TELEPHONE NO 37. BERNARD OGWOKA KWSSHIMBAHILLS Research Technologist P.O. BOX 30, KWALE, KENYA. [email protected] 0734905380 38. ROSE ABAE KWS Research Technologist P.O. BOX 82144, MSA [email protected] 0723809344 39. FRANCIS OLAKE KWS Driver P.O. BOX 82144. MOMBASA. [email protected] 0723912550 40. EMMANUEL YAA BAMBURI BMU Chairman [email protected] 0729453887 41. SHAMALLA PETER DAVID MBOA [email protected] 0723205950 Chairman Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 40 Annex 4: Program during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy stakeholders’ workshop Time Event 8:00 – 8:30 Registration Speaker/Owner 8:30 – 8:50 Participants Introduction All Participants 8:50 – 9.00 Welcoming remarks Arthur Tuda 9:00 – 9:15 Official Opening Dr. Samuel Kasiki 9:15 – 9:40 Species Conservation Strategies – Overview, Goals and expectations of the workshop Dr. C. Musyoki 9:40 – 10:00 Strategic Objectives Dr. D. Obura 10:00 – 10:30 Plenary Discussion Nassir Amiyo 10:30 – 11:00 TEA BREAK 11:00 – 11:30 Strategic Activities Dr. N. Muthiga 11:30 – 12:00 Plenary Discussion J. Kamula 12:00 – 12:40 Strategic Indicators, Actors and Timelines. Dr. M. Omar 12:40 – 2:00 LUNCH BREAK 2:00 – 3:30 Implementation Framework Dr. N. Muthiga 3:30 – 3:45 Way forward E. Mueni 3:45 – 4:20 Key statements (endorsements) from lead organizations 4:20 – 4:30 Closing Remarks 4:30 – 4:45 TEA BREAK Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy Rapporteur Session Chair L. Kivunzi/Mercy Dr. M. Omar J. Bernard J. Mutiso Arthur Tuda R. Abae Dr. J. Nyunja Director-SDF 41 Annex 5: Taskforce members for national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy Dr. Charles Musyoki KWS Dr. Mohamed Omar KWS Mr. James Kamula NEMA Dr. David Obura CORDIO Dr. Nyawira Muthiga WCS Elizabeth MueniSDF Innocent Wanyonyi WIOMSA Sam WeruUSAID Dr. Jacqueline Uku KMFRI Jacob OchiewoKMFRI Eng. WainainaCDA Nassir AmiyoEAWLS Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 42 Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 43 Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy 44