Download CORAL REEF AND SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION

CORAL REEF AND SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS
CONSERVATION STRATEGY
2014-2018
This strategy was compiled by The National Coral
Reef and Sea Grass Ecosystems Taskforce and endorsed by stakeholders on 20th May 2013 at Sarova
Whitesands Beach Resort and Spa
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
i
Acknowledgements
Many people and institutions synergistically participated in the formulation of the National Coral Reef and Seagrass Conservation Strategy. The Kenya Wildlife Service was instrumental in convening the first stakeholders’ meeting that culminated in
the constitution of the national Coral Reef and sea grass conservation taskforce. The taskforce members (Dr. Charles Musyoki
– KWS, Dr. David Obura – CORDIO, Dr. Nyawira Muthiga – WCS, Jacob Ochiewo – KMFRI, Dr. Jacqueline Uku – KMFRI, Eng.
Wainaina Mburu – CDA, Elizabeth Mueni – SDF, Innocent Wanyonyi – WIOMSA, James Kamula – NEMA, Dr. Samuel Andanje
– KWS, Dr. Mohamed Omar – KWS, Nassir Amiyo – EAWLS, Dr. Judith Nyunja – KWS, Dr. Erastus Kanga – KWS, Sam Weru –
WWF) co-opted members (Dr. Charles Magori – KMFRI) and other key editorial team (Jelvas Mwaura – KMFRI, Victor Mwakha
– KMFRI, Lillian Nduku – KMFRI, Juliet Furaha – KMFRI, Dr. Fredrick Tamooh – KWS, Arthur Tuda – KWS) are all acknowledged
for their invaluable time, expertise and contributions towards the entire process. We are grateful to Simon Gitau – KWS and
Francis Mutuku – KCDP for their unwavering support at different stages of strategy formulation.
This strategy would not have been possible without active participation of stakeholders from various institutions including;
the national government, representatives from different local communities (BMUs), as well as the media. Special thanks go to
the national taskforce Secretariat (Josephine Mutiso, Jillo Katelo, Mike Olendo, Jacqueline Bernard and Moses Minchil) for
facilitating logistics, contributions and participation during the process.
The funding for the formulation of this strategy was provided by the World Bank and Global Environment Facility (GEF)
through, the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP).
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Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSii
TABLE OF CONTENTSiii
LIST OF ANNEXESv
LIST OF ACRONYMSvi
FOREWORDviii
PREFACEx
STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGYxii
CHAPTER 11
1.0 INTRODUCTION1
CHAPTER 24
2.0 BIOGEOGAPHYICAL SETTING4
2.1 Coral reefs ecosystem in Kenya4
2.2 Seagrass ecosystem in Kenya6
CHAPTER 38
3.0 THREATS TO CORAL REEF AND SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS
8
3.1 Global climate change8
3.2 Direct human threats9
CHAPTER 414
4.0 OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONSERVATION14
4.1 Laws, legislations and multilateral environmental agreements
14
4.2 Capacity building initiatives18
4.3 SWOT analysis matrix19
4.4 Gaps and constraints21
CHAPTER 523
5.0 CONSERVATION STRATEGY23
5.1 Background23
5.2 Vision and goal23
CHAPTER 630
6.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGY
30
6.1 Terms of references for management committee
30
6.2 Terms of references for technical and advisory committee
30
6.3 Terms of references for liaison office31
6.4 Terms of reference for site committees31
REFERENCES33
ANNEXES35
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
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List of Annexes
Annex 1: The logical framework
Annex 2: Legislation framework
Annex 3: List of participants during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
conservation strategy stakeholders’ workshop
Annex 4: Program during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation
strategy stakeholders workshop
Annex 5: Taskforce members for national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
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conservation strategy
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
List of Acronyms
BMU
Beach Management Unit
BOA
Boat Operators Association
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
CBO
Community Based Organization
CCAs
Community Conserved Areas
CDA
Coast Development Authority
CFAs
Community Forest Associations
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CMA
Community Managed Area
CMS
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
CORDIO
Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean
EAWLS
East African Wild Life Society
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act
GCRMN
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network
GoK
Government of Kenya
ICM
Integrated Coastal Management
ICRI
The International Coral Reef Initiative
ICZM
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IOSEA
Indian Ocean and South East Asia
IPAR
Institute of Policy Analysis & Research
IUCN
International Union for conservation of Nature
KCDP
Kenya Coastal Development Project
KFS
Kenya Forest Service
KIPPRA
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis
KMA
Kenya Maritime Authority
KMFRI
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
KPA
Kenya Ports Authority
KWS
Kenya Wildlife Service
LMMAs
Locally Managed Marine Areas
MARPOL
Marine Pollution
MCS
Monitoring Control Surveillance
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
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MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
MPAs
Marine Protected Areas
MTSG
Marine Turtle Specialist Group
NEMA
National Environment Management Authority
NGOs
Non-governmental Organizations
NMK
National Museums of Kenya
POPs
Persistent Organic Pollutants
SDF
State Department of Fisheries
SWOT
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
TAFIRI
Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNEP
United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WCK
Wildlife Clubs of Kenya
WCS
Wildlife Conservation Society
WIO
Western Indian Ocean
WIOMSA
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association
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Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
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Foreword
Globally, tropical and subtropical coral reefs and seagrass
beds are some of the most productive ecosystems, supporting
one of the highest biodiversity, protecting shorelines and
nourishing livelihoods of coastal communities, which make
up approximately 60% of the global population. In Kenya,
coral reefs are estimated to cover an area of approximately
600km2, spanning the entire coastline, except in estuarine,
deltaic zones and creek openings. Seagrass beds remain
largely un-estimated in coverage. These critical marine
ecosystems have attracted a number of key players that
have shaped their management and thus conservation.
These players are drawn from the government, private and
public sectors. The key mandated government include
KWS, SDF, KMFRI, KMA, NEMA, and the KPA. The private
sector includes hoteliers, tour operators, several NGOs
(WWF, WCS, CORDIO, EAWLS, WIOMSA, IUCN, Baobab
Trust, Watamu Turtle Watch, IFAW etc.) and the coastal
communities in general.
Kenya has ratified the United Nations Convention on
Biodiversity (CBD) and has made major steps in its
implementation. Some of these actions include the
establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) as outlined
in the Jakarta Mandate. These MPAs basically recognise
the unique biodiversity as well as the numerous goods and
services offered by marine and coastal ecosystems. To date,
good progress has been made on the establishment and
implementation of management programs for the MPAs.
This progress has been made possible by the Government
of Kenya with support from local and international
conservation partners. Recent efforts have also targeted the
establishment of community conservation areas (CMAs or
LMMAs) that seek to promote the conservation of the coral
reefs and seagrass beds and their associated resources.
In recent years, various threats, including natural and
anthropogenic factors have led to increased loss of
coral reef and sea grass habitats, with a general decline
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in ecosystem health. To address these ever increasing
threats to the delicate and highly diverse coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems, it was found necessary to develop
a conservation strategy. This strategy seeks to promote
biodiversity conservation; safeguard and secure livelihoods
of coastal communities; spur sound and focused scientific
research. The national coral reef and sea grass conservation
taskforce spearheaded the process of formulating this
strategy that culminated to a national workshop comprising
of key stakeholders.
The strategy has five key components that guide its
implementation namely; the vision, goal, strategic objectives,
targets and activities. The contribution and support of all
stakeholders in the conservation and management of coral
reef and seagrass ecosystems is recognised and highly
appreciated. Successful implementation of this strategy will
ensure that the structure and function of these ecosystems is
secured. This will require the participation and collaboration
of many stakeholders including the government, funding
agencies, the private sector, NGOs and the community.
We appreciate the financial support provided by World
Bank and Global Environment Facility (GEF) through,
the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) in
formulating this strategy as well as supporting some of the
proposed actions. We look forward to supporting the full
implementation of the strategy as a sign of commitment to
the future of our marine ecosystems.
Dr. Richard Lesiyampe
Principal Secretary
Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources
Prof. Micheni Ntiba
Principal Secretary
Ministry of Agriculture, livestock and Fisheries
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Preface
Coral reefs and seagrasses are highly productive tropical
ecosystems and are of high utility to coastal communities’
livelihoods, providing diverse goods and services. Today,
these ecosystems are threatened due to the numerous
pressures, ranging from natural disturbances to anthropogenic interference. It is globally estimated that nutrients
enrichment, industrial pollution, shoreline alterations, diseases of corals (and other important taxa), over-extraction
of fish, invertebrates and limestone rock have contributed
to the destruction of about one third of the world’s reefs.
More recently, the impacts of climate change, notably rise
in sea temperature (associated with the coral bleaching and
mortality of affected corals), ocean acidification, sea level
rise and increased storms further adds to the stress list.
In Kenya, most recent studies and ecological monitoring indicate a declining trend in coral and seagrass species diversity and cover owing to a myriad of threats. Because coral
reef and sea grass ecosystems are economically valuable,
the decline or loss has significant social, cultural, economic
impact on community and associated ecosystems. Effective management and recovery of these ecosystems can be
achieved through a strategic integrated approach based
on a seascape model. In order to achieve this, a National
Coral Reef and Seagrass Conservation Taskforce was constituted in 2007. The taskforce drew experts from diverse
disciplines and sectors to develop the conservation strategy as well as work out the implementation framework. The
strategy formulation process was highly consultative from
diverse stakeholders including experts, local communities,
fisher folk, tour operators, NGOs and government agencies
linked to coastal and marine natural resource exploitation,
conservation and management. On 21st May, 2013 a final
stakeholders’ workshop was held at Sarova Whitesands
Beach Resort & Spa to endorse the strategy.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
This strategy is aligned to several international and regional conservation conventions and agreements, including
the UN Convention on Biodiversity, the Jakarta Mandate,
and the Nairobi Convention amongst others. Regionally, it
serves as a template for the Western Indian Ocean, where
regional efforts under the Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA are developing a regional coral reef conservation strategy. Nationally, it contributes towards the realization of the
Vision 2030, which recognizes the conservation of coastal
and marine resources and tourism as major contributors towards economic growth.
The vision and goal will be realised through six strategic
objectives that focus on mitigating the threats to coral reef
and seagrass ecosystems. An elaborate implementation
framework has been provided in this strategy and lead
agencies have committed to implementing various actions.
Efforts are being made to mainstream this strategy in County governments for implementation. We also call upon the
local and international development partners to provide
further support towards the realization of the objectives of
this strategy.
William Kiprono
Director
Kenya Wildlife Service
Geoffrey Monor
Director
State Department of Fisheries
Dr. Johnston Kazungu
Director
Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute
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Structure of the Strategy
In the recent past, various strategies have been formulated
to conserve species and critical habitats more effectively.
This strategy discusses the threats facing coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems, and proposes appropriate actions
aimed at enhancing their conservation at national level. The
strategy is divided into six chapters as outlined below:
Chapter 3 highlights the key threats facing coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems. The chapter further documents the
enabling conditions to counter the threats.
Chapter 4 reviews the existing legal frameworks and
networks favouring conservation efforts of coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems.
Chapter 1 highlights the importance of coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems and introduces the national, regional
and international initiatives put in place to conserve these
critical ecosystems. The chapter further justifies the need for
coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy.
Chapter 5 states the vision, goal, strategic objectives,
targets and activities aimed at addressing the threats facing
coral reef and seagrass ecosystems.
Chapter 2 presents an overview of coral reef and seagrass
ecosystems functioning.
Chapter 6 summarizes the implementation structure of
the strategy including terms of reference for management,
technical and advisory committee, liaison office and County
site committees.
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Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Exposed seagrass meadowin the intertidal zone
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
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Chapter 1
1.0 Introduction
Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems cover less than 1% of
earth’s surface but support the highest marine biodiversity
in the world. These ecosystems are known to harbour up to
3 million species, representing one third of all known marine
species. For ages, resources from these ecosystems have
remained a primary source of livelihood to many people. In
particular, coral reef ecosystem supports both artisanal and
commercial fisheries thus, forming the backbone of coastal
communities’ economies. In addition, recreational activities
in coral reef ecosystem supports the tourism industry
which subsequently engages other stakeholders such as
boat operators, tour companies and tour guides, hoteliers
among others in the hospitality sector.
In Kenya, coral reef form part of the northern end of the East
African Fringing Reef System, decreasing in extent, size and
diversity northwards towards and into Somalia. The inflows
from Kenya’s two largest rivers, the Athi/Galana/Sabaki
and Tana Rivers suppress the growth of coral reef between
Malindi and Lamu. From Malindi southwards, the fringing
reef system is broken at creeks and river mouths, where
fresh water suppresses reef growth. Coral reef communities
extend from shallow inshore waters to about 20 – 25 m
depths, limited by water clarity (visibility of 15 – 25 m) and
a change from rocky to sandy substrates on the continental
slope. Where present, deeper rocky knolls and relict reefs
support corals down to 35 m. There are approximately 209
species of corals documented in Kenya. The dominant
species being Porites lutea – the massive reef – building
coral (Obura, 2012).
Seagrasses are submerged flowering plants found in shallow
marine waters, such as bays and lagoons along continental
shelves. They occur in extensive beds covering the large
proportion of shallow reef slopes. Seagrasses are highly
productive and form an important habitat for many marine
species and adjacent ecosystems. They stabilize bottom
sediments with their dense roots and rhizomes especially
during storms and cyclones. Seagrass ecosystems are
vital to the fishing industries as they serve as an important
habitat to approximately 70% of fish species, for at least
a part of their life cycle. Seagrass beds are also important
foraging grounds for endangered species such as dugongs
and marine turtles. There are 12 seagrass species in Kenya,
but Thallasondendron ciliatum is the dominant.
In Kenya, coral reef and seagrass ecosystems support
coastal artisanal, commercial and recreational fisheries as
well as tourism. However, extensive exploitation with little
regulation particularly use of destructive fishing techniques
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
have led to their degradation. Recent studies show that
these ecosystems are deteriorating at an alarming rate.
This has been occasioned by numerous emerging threats
associated with both natural and anthropogenic events.
These include land-based pollution, sedimentation, physical
damage of corals, coral diseases, reef fish over-extraction,
and climate change. Combinations of these threats have
contributed to the death of about one third of the world’s
reefs. More recently, climate change, notably rise in sea
temperature has led to coral bleaching and eventually death
of affected corals, thus further impacting on an already
stressed ecosystem. Similarly, ocean acidification, sea level
rise and increased storms continue to pose a threat to
both the corals reef and seagrasses. Many of these threats
occur concurrently, making the precise nature of ecosystem
response non-linear, complex and mostly unpredictable.
At the national level, Kenya does not have specific legislation
or policy that addresses conservation of coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems, despite their immense importance.
However, a number of sectoral laws and policies that
promote conservation of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
have been enacted by the government. Among these
include the Environmental Management and Coordination
Act (EMCA) 1999, Wildlife Act (Cap. 378), Fisheries Act (Cap
376), and draft Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
Policy. The new Wildlife Conservation and Management
Bill 2013, Wetlands policy and the ICZM Action Plan have
made more explicit provisions on protection of coral reef
and seagrass ecosystems compared to other sectoral laws.
Kenya is also a signatory to a number of multilateral treaties
and agreements that promote conservation of these
ecosystems. Nonetheless, there is need for a conservation
strategy to reverse further degradation of these critical
ecosystems. This is particularly important in the face of
climate change that has been reported to aggravate nonclimate stressors.
This strategy seeks to address the issues affecting coral reef
through building linkages and synergies amongst public
and private sectors, local communities, experts and general
stakeholders. This strategy is guided by six strategic
objectives focusing on threats mitigation measures to
coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. The objectives will
be implemented through sound adaptive management,
focused research and dissemination mechanisms, education
and awareness and sustainable environmentally friendly
enterprises.
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Fish foraging in a seagrass bed
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Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Chapter 2
2.0 Biogeogaphyical setting
2.1 Coral reefs ecosystem in Kenya
The Kenyan Coastal environment is about 600 km in length,
and differentiated into two regions. The southern half,
from the Tanzania border north to Malindi, consists of tiers
of Pleistocene reefs above and below sea level, the most
prominent one being the intertidal platform that forms
the current fringing reef. The southern coast is backed by
a narrow coastal plane, up to 20 km wide and a range of
coastal hills reaching up to 500 m above sea level, which
block inland rivers delivering sediment and freshwater to
the coast. North of Malindi, the coast is formed by broad
sedimentary plains of Quaternary and Tertiary origin,
drained by the Tana and Athi-Sabaki rivers, which transport
large volumes of freshwater to the coast (Obura, 2001).
Kenya’s continental shelf is narrow, mostly only about 5km
wide, except off Malindi and the Tana River mouth, where
it extends to 60km offshore with development of extensive
shallow reef banks (UNEP, 1998).
Coral reef, just like any other ecosystem, relies on a variety
of biotic and abiotic factors to keep them healthy and
functional. They are restricted to tropical waters where
conditions of salinity, temperature and sedimentation are
suitable. Extreme temperatures and salinities cause thermal
and osmotic stress, while large amounts of sediment
smother corals and block light. High concentrations of
nutrients encourage algal growth at the expense of corals,
while low seawater aragonite concentrations prevent
net accretion of the reef framework. At local scales, the
hydrodynamic regime influences reef growth, as corals are
damaged by storms and wave surge.
The extent, size and diversity of coral reef ecosystems
decreases northwards along the Kenya coast, due to
increasingly poor conditions for reef development due to
river influence and the Somali current system (Obura, 2001).
Reefs grow to the low tide level, thus providing a breakwater,
but the richest parts lay 5–20 metres below the surface
where light is still sufficient but where sedimentation and
turbulence are not severe. Corals are the main reef builders
on tropical reefs. They make their own skeleton of calcium
carbonate, much of which remains as consolidated rock
when they die, the remainder becoming broken down to
form extensive sediment beds. With the slow growth, reefs
provide structural habitats for many different vertebrate
and invertebrate species, a single reef being host to tens
of thousands different species. However, without a stable
trophic cascade, coral reef could not survive. Trophic
structure in any environment refers to the different levels
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
of the food chain and illustrates the transfer of energy from
one level to the next in the form of a pyramid; energy is
always lost as it travels “up” the food chain from the primary
producers to the top predators. Corals are the architects of
coral reef, due to the microscopic single-celled algae that
live symbiotic within them, and that fuel reef growth.
Kenya has a documented 209 species of corals (Obura,
2012). Reef-building corals may occur in a variety of growth
forms, and there often is strong variation in coral shape
even within a species. Soft corals and sponges are other
major occupiers of substrate on a coral reef, but they
deposit only minimal quantities of rock. All are important
ecological components of coral reef, though the greatest
biodiversity of macro fauna are found amongst the fishes,
cryptic invertebrates and micro-organisms.
Algae are also a significant part of the reef ecosystem,
covering the substrate in the form of hard pink crusts, low
turf algae (like a lawn) and large macroalgae. Macroalgae are
generally scarce on healthy reefs, partly due to grazing and
low nutrient levels. Some algae generate large quantities
of limestone and assist in reef construction. Microbes,
including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoans and
microalgae, are the most abundant and arguably the most
important members of coral reef communities. They occur
in the water column and sediment, and in association with
other reef organisms, and thrive on the rich mucus-covered
surfaces.
As adults, all reef-building corals are sessile. This means
that for their entire lives, they remain on the same spot
of the sea floor. Thus, they have developed reproductive,
feeding, and social behaviours that allow them to gain
the maximum survival benefit from their situation. Many
processes contribute to the breakdown of the reef, whether
physically or biologically (bio-erosion). The rates of erosion
and rate of growth of corals and other benthic species are
closely balanced in a healthy reef.
2.2 Seagrass ecosystem in Kenya
Seagrasses are marine angiosperms comprised of a group
of higher plants that have adapted to live submerged in the
sea. Although they form less than 0.02% of the angiosperm
flora (Les et al. 1997) they are found in all coastal areas of
the world except the Antarctic (Hemminga & Duarte, 2000).
Seagrasses have a life cycle that comprises of flowering,
pollination and seed distribution under water. They are also
able to propagate vegetatively through the elongation of
their rhizomes.
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Along the Kenyan coastline, 12 seagrass species have
been documented (Isaac & Isaac, 1968; Ochieng &
Erftemeijer, 2003).
These include Halodule wrightii,
Halodule uninervis, Halodule minor, Halophila ovalis,
Halophila stipulacea, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea
serrulata, Thalassia hemprichii, Thalassodendron cilatum,
Enhalusa coroides, Zostera capensis, and Syringodium
isoetifolium. These species are widely distributed along
the Kenyan coastline and most of them occur in mixed
meadows with Thalassodendron cilatum forming large
monospecific meadows in several areas. These species of
seagrasses occur in a succession regime with small species
such as Halodule spp. and Halophila spp. being pioneer
species and the larger seagrasses such as Thalassia sp.,
Thalassodendron sp. and Enhalusa coroides forming the
more dominant climax communities. Although the species
diversity is known, the acreage of seagrasses along the
Kenyan coastline is yet to be estimated.
2.3 Importance of seagrasses
Seagrass meadows provide numerous high value
ecosystem services (Costanza et al., 1997). They support
a valued fishery, which supports the livelihoods of coastal
communities. Seagrass beds provide habitat for a diverse
assemblage of plant and animal species. This includes
macroalgae that grow as epiphytes on the stems and
leaves of the seagrasses (Uku, 2005), invertebrates that
include sea cucumbers, sea urchins, shrimps and lobsters
(Ochieng & Erftemeijer, 2003). Additionally, seagrass beds
provide habitat for important fish species, sea turtles
and dugongs (Ochieng & Erftemeijer, 2003) as well as
acting as an important food source for these herbivores.
Seagrasses have rhizomes and roots that grow anchored
on soft sandy substrates. Hence, seagrass ecosystem
plays an important role in sediment stabilization, nutrient
uptake and protection of the coast from strong oceanic
currents. Globally, seagrass meadows are considered to be
productive ecosystems with an average standing stock dry
weight of 460 g per m2 and an average growth rate of 5 g
dry weight per m2 per day (Bjork et al., 2008), hence playing
an important role in carbon sequestration.
For the past one decade, seagrass cover along Kenyan
coast have shown massive decline. For instance, the most
dominant seagrass species (Thalassodendron cilatum)
showed 50% decline between 2001 to 2005 due to
proliferation of the sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla), which
feeds preferentially on seagrass. However, due to natural
mortality of the sea urchin, the seagrass beds have in the
recent past shown significant natural recover.
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2.4 Current management tools and initiatives
The government of Kenya has enacted several measures
towards the conservation and management of marine
and coastal ecosystems and resources. These include the
establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to help in
conservation, management and fostering the recovery of
coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems, which support a rich
fishery that sustains the livelihoods of coastal communities.
This has implied that these resources associated with the
ecosystems are threatened by excessive exploitation.
A total of 6 MPAs (covering approximately <7% of the
territorial waters) have been established along the Kenyan
coast. These are managed by the central government
through the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). The approach is
for full protection the ecosystems and associated resources
in parks (no take zones), not allowing any form of extractive
use. In this setting, only recreation, research and education
are permissible. Contiguous to these marine parks, marine
reserves are also established, except for Kiunga, a standalone reserve (Figure 1). Marine parks and reserves are
gazetted under the legislation of the Ministry of Forestry
and Wildlife through the revised Wildlife Conservation
and Management Act of 2013, which is administered and
enforced by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS).
Figure 1. Kenya’s coastline with major towns and nationally gazetted
Marine Parks and Reserves (red shaded areas). (Map prepared by R.
Lamprey, FFI)
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
The Kenyan government took great initiative and declared
its first Marine Parks in Malindi and Watamu in 1968 (See
table 1). These were some of the first marine parks in the
world. Since then Kenya has gone on to gazette 2 more parks
Kisite in 1978 and Mombasa in 1986. These government
MPAs have proved very effective in conservation and
restoration of coral reef and sea grass beds.
reefs and its resources while increasing the social and
ecological benefits.
Table 1: Kenyan Marine Parks and Reserves
Site Name
Size (Km2)
Date
established
Management
type
Kiunga
250
1979
Reserve
Malindi
6.3
1968
Park
Malindi
213
1968
Reserve
Watamu
10
1968
Park
Watamu
10
1968
Reserve
Mombasa
200
1986
Park
Mombasa
10
1986
Reserve
Diani-Chale
75
1995
Reserve
Kisite
28
1978
Park
Mpunguti
11
1978
Reserve
2.5 Community-based MPAs
Community-based MPAs or community conservation areas
(CCAs) are relatively recent initiatives in Kenya and have
been evolving over the last six years. there has also been
a number of legislative reviews that is attempting to give
such efforts a legal backing and promoting enforcement.
The government has been encouraging co-management
of ecosystems and their resources outside protected areas.
Several CCAs have been established by coastal fishing
communities along the coast as tools for protecting coral
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Figure 2: Map of CCAs locally known as ‘’Tengefu’’
established along the Kenya coast. Different colors indicate
the stage of development: Green (fully established and
operational); Yellow (established but not yet operational);
Red (either established and later collapsed or not yet
established).
5
Chapter 3
3.0 Threats to Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems
Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems have numerous socioeconomic, ecological, and aesthetic values. In particular,
they significantly contribute to fisheries resources
which play a critical role as source of livelihood to many
coastal communities. However, the ecological integrity
of these marine ecosystems have continued to decline
due to increasing array of threats mainly dominated by
unsustainable fishing, global climate change and poor
governance. This section summarizes common threats
to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems as identified from
published work and knowledge from stakeholders.
3.1 Global climate change
Global climate change, specifically increase in ocean
temperatures and ocean acidification have been shown to
affect coral reef, by causing frequent mass bleaching and
slow formation of coral skeletons. Corals are vulnerable
to thermal stress and have low adaptive capacity (HoeghGuldberg et al., 2007). In 2007, the intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that global sea surface
waters had risen by 0.740C since the late 19th century
causing more frequent and severe bleaching and mortality
of corals around the world. In Kenya, the bleaching event of
1997 caused massive loss of coral cover ranging between
50%-90% (Ateweberhan & McClanahan, 2010).
The increasing concentration of CO2in the atmosphere
lowers the pH of seawater leading to ocean acidification. The
increased acidity of ocean water has serious consequences
on corals and other marine life, as it reduces the capacity
of corals and other calcifying organisms to make calcium
carbonate skeletons. Ocean acidification also may increase
the susceptibility of corals to bleaching during thermal
stress. Other climate change related threats include; sea
level rise, shift in ocean currents, and increases in cyclones
and storms.
It is hypothesized that sea level rise would lead to
increase in water height above seagrasses, lowering light
penetration to seagrass beds and therefore affecting
seagrass productivity. Increased carbon dioxide in the
water column has an effect on individual seagrass species
and algal populations, though its effect varies according
to environmental conditions and species (Beer and Koch,
1996). A combination of global climate change and local
6
stressors such as sediment and nutrient runoff, physical
disturbance, disease and overgrazing leads to mass
seagrass cover loss. Such decrease will compromise primary
production, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration
function of seagrasses.
3.2 Direct human threats
Human population growth continues to exert pressure on
goods and services derived from coral reef and sea grass
ecosystems. The anthropogenically induced threats to
coral reef and seagrass ecosystems include; pollution from
land-based activities; pollution from maritime transport,
especially oil pollution; destructive fishing practices;
overexploitation of living resources; coral and sand mining
for construction purposes; sediment pollution resulting
from dredging operations and poor land use practices and
tourism-related activities.
3.2.1 Destructive fishing practices
Kenya’s coral reef and seagrass ecosystems contribute
to commercial and subsistence fishery. The fishery is
predominantly artisanal with growing number of fishers
concentrating their fishing efforts on inshore reefs. Rapid
coastal population growth and limited alternative income
generating activities have led to increased fishers with
concomitant increase of fishing gears that cause physical
damage to reef structure and seagrass beds. In spite
of enforcement efforts, destructive fishing practices are
prevalent within coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. These
illegal fishing activities include; dynamite fishing; cyanide/
poison fishing; bottom trawling and, pull-seine nets.
3.2.2 Overexploitation of marine living resources
Overfishing results in increased abundance of macroalgae
and explosion of bio eroding sea urchin populations
thus leading to ecosystem phase shifts (McClanahan,
1994). Studies suggest that overfishing particularly of key
functional reef species, such as herbivorous fishes may lead
to phase-shifts from high-diversity coral-dominated systems
to low-productivity algal-dominated communities.
3.2.3 Unsustainable tourism
Unregulated tourism cause damage to both to coral and
seagrass ecosystems. For instance, trampling by tourists
and unregulated boating activities such as indiscriminate
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
anchoring of boats have been confirmed to cause damage
to these ecosystems. Besides, hotels and resorts also
discharge untreated sewage and wastewater into the
ocean, hence contributing to algal growth which competes
with corals for space within the reef.
3.2.4 Pollution
Pollution poses a serious threat to coral reef and seagrass
ecosystems. Most of pollutants in the marine environment
are land-based. Untreated industrial and domestic waste
discharge, agrochemicals, and oil pollutants negatively
impacts on the living marine resources in coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems. For instance, excess nutrients
promote growth of algae that outcompetes corals for
space while in seagrass, an increase in nutrient levels leads
to high epiphytic cover on their leaves and shoots affecting
their productivity. Other threats associated with excess
nutrients are coral diseases and crown of thorns outbreaks.
Besides, land use changes such as urbanization, agricultural
expansion and deforestation results in runoff associated with
high quantity sediment. These ultimately affect corals and
seagrass by limiting their growth, feeding, photosynthesis,
recruitment and survival (Obura, 2001; Fabricius, 2005).
of ports, jetties, tourist resorts and housing developments.
These transformations often result in re-suspension of
sediments that lead to physical damage of coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems.
3.2.6 Poor governance
While there are several legal frameworks directly or indirectly
governing conservation and management of coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems, there is inadequate enforcement
particularly outside protected areas. Lack of coordinated
conservation efforts among relevant government agencies
has made coastal management a major challenge. This
has subsequently led to poor governance of the resources,
duplication of efforts and wasted resources. In addition,
inadequate allocation of funds to conservation of these
coastal ecosystems has further worsened the situation.
3.2.7 Limited scientific information
Although there is a lot of research and monitoring being
undertaken by different institutions, most of these efforts
are not based on management needs. For instances, there
is lack of information on carrying capacity of ecosystems and
linkages on livelihoods. There is also inadequate utilization
of available scientific information to assist in addressing
issues affecting the coral reef and seagrass ecosystems.
3.2.5 Physical alteration and destruction of habitats
Transformation and destruction of marine and coastal
habitats is a major problem affecting the coastal region of
Kenya. These includes; dredging of waterways, construction
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
7
8
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Source: Adapted from Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Land-based Sources and Activities
Affecting the Western Indian Ocean Coastal and Marine Environment
Problem Tree – Coral Reef Degradation
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
9
Source: Adapted from Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Land-based Sources and Activities
Affecting the Western Indian Ocean Coastal and Marine Environment
Problem Tree – Seagrass Degradation
Threat Matrix
Pollution
Fisheries
Utilization
Social
Dynamics
Physical
Damage
Climate
Change
Science and
Technology
• Oil spill
• Siltation
• Sedimentation
• Eutrophication
• Solid waste
• Effluents
• Dumping of
dredge spoil/
toxic waste
• Overfishing
• Destructive
fishing
practices
• Illegal
extraction
by aquarium
fisheries
• Uncontrolled
collection
of aquarium
fisheries
• Uncontrolled
collection for
souvenirs
• Population
increase
• Poverty
• Cultural
perception
• Benefit
sharing
• Resource
use conflict
• Anchor
damage
• Land
reclamation
• Shoreline
erosion
• Tourism
pressure
• Infrastructure
development
e.g. port,
dredging
• Land use
change
• Coral mining
• Inadequate
• Coral
understanding
bleaching
of coral reef
• Sea level
and sea
rise
grasses
• Diseases
• Inadequate
• Ocean
capacity –
acidification
Scientific
• Sea surface
knowledge,
temperature
Human
anomaly
resource,
technology,
finances
• Inadequate
dissemination
of research
findings
Governance
• Policy gaps
• Weak
legislation
framework
• Inadequate
enforcement
• Lack of
awareness
and
knowledge
• Unclear
ownership
rights
10
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Chapter 4
4.0 Opportunities for Conservation
4.1 Laws, legislations and multilateral environmental
agreements
The Government of Kenya has recognized the need to conserve and sustainably manage coastal resources. Several
policies, legislations, regulations and strategies have been
developed to provide a framework for sustainable management of natural resources including marine resources.
These framework environmental laws, sectoral laws and
international agreements provide an opportunity for integrated management of coral and seagrass ecosystems sustainably. Below is a summary of these laws.
4.1.1 National Policy Framework
• The National Oceans and Fisheries Policy, 2008
• The Water Policy, 1999
• National Land Policy, 2009
• Regional Development Authorities Policy, 2007
4.1.2 National Legislative Framework
• The Constitution of Kenya
• Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999
• The Fisheries Act, 1991
• Science ,Technology and Innovation Act,2013
• Merchant Shipping Act of 2009
• The Water Act, 2002
• The Physical Planning Act, 1996
• The Forest Act, 2005
• The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013
• Coast Development Act, 1990
• National Museums and Heritage Act, 2006
• Lands Act,2012
• Maritime Zones Act(371),1989
• The Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act,2013
• County Government Act,2012
• Mining Act (306),1987
• The Shipping Operations(Marine pollution) Act,2012
4.1.3 Regulations
• Environmental management and coordination (Wetlands, riverbanks, lakeshores and seashore management) regulations, 2009
• Environment management and coordination (water
quality) regulations, 2006
• Fisheries (Beach management unit) regulations, 2007
• Environmental management and coordination (prevention of pollution in coastal zones and other segments of
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
the environment) regulations, 2003
4.1.4 National Strategies
• Shoreline management strategy,2010
• ICZM action plan,2011-2015
• National conservation and management strategy for
sea turtles in Kenya, 2011-2015
• Vision 2030
• Strategy for revitalizing agriculture, 2004-2014
4.1.5 Regional and Global Networks
Nairobi Convention, Coral Reef Task Force
In order to address the challenges presented in managing
this important marine ecosystem, a Coral Reef Task Force
was constituted in 2001 as a task force of the Nairobi Convention as per the Third Conference of Parties decision CP.
3/2 on Protection of coral reef and associated ecosystems.
The purpose of the Coral Reef Task Force was to coordinate actions that address the loss and degradation of coral
reef in the region. The Task Force commenced its work by
facilitating the development of a Regional Coral Reef Action Plan based on input from managers, scientists, private
sector and the public. The Action Plan: 1) identifies the key
threats to coral reef in the region, 2) details major actions
to address these threats, and 3) outlines an implementation
and review process. The Contracting Parties (countries) to
the Nairobi Convention will be requested to establish and
sustain national Coral Reef Task Forces that will be responsible for monitoring and reporting on the status and health
of coral reef and associated marine ecosystems.
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA)
WIOMSA is the main marine science and management professional network in the region, with a secretariat in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Most of the research conducted under its
umbrella and through its funding relates to coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems. A major area of work in WIOMSA is
in support of management of marine ecosystems, through
capacity building for marine park managers and staff.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN
The IUCN is a global Union of countries and organizations,
united in the conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources. Coral reef and seagrasses are among the key
ecosystems in which IUCN is active. The East and Southern
11
Africa Regional Office in Nairobi has had, and is re-establishing a regional marine programme in collaboration with
the Global Marine Programme based in the IUCN headquarters in Switzerland. Many member organizations from
the region are focused on coral reef work, and several IUCN
Specialist and Working groups are active in coral reef issues
in the region.
International Coral Reef Initiative and Global Coral Reef
Monitoring Network
The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is a partnership among governments, international organizations, and
non-government organizations. It strives to preserve coral
reef and related ecosystems by implementing Chapter 17
of Agenda 21, and other relevant international conventions and agreements. Currently, ICRI is chaired by two
countries (one developing, one first world) for two years at
a time, with Australia and Belize holding the position for
2012-13. Among the main programmes operating under
the ICRI umbrella is the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) which works through a global network of
stakeholders to support the management and conservation of coral reef and promotes regular monitoring of coral
reef sites. GCRMN is coordinated through regional nodes,
currently being provided for the Nairobi Convention Coral
Reef Task Force, CORDIO as an ICRI Partner, and an islands
node facilitated through successive projects hosted at the
Indian Ocean Commission.
Nairobi Convention, WIO Seagrass Network
Considering the importance of seagrass and their critical
contribution to marine and coastal ecosystems, it is has
been proposed that the Nairobi Convention supports the
formation of a regional WIO Seagrass Network. The aim of
this network is to enhance the collaborative effort of scientists and managers in the management of the seagrass
ecosystems of the WIO including Kenya.
SeagrassNet
SeagrassNet is an ecological monitoring program that investigates and documents the status of seagrass resources,
and is active now in 33 countries (including Kenya) with a
global monitoring protocol and web-based data reporting
system. The ultimate aim is to preserve the valuable seagrass ecosystem by increasing scientific knowledge and
public awareness of this threatened coastal resource.
4.1.6 Other related networks
IOSEA – Sea Turtle Conservation network
The Memorandum of Understanding on the Conserva-
12
tion and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats
of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia puts in place a
framework through which States of the Indian Ocean and
South-East Asian region can work together to conserve and
replenish depleted marine turtle populations for which they
share responsibility. This objective will be achieved through
the collective implementation of an associated Conservation and Management Plan.
4.1.7 Major Multilateral Environmental Agreements Signed
by Kenya
• Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention, 1971)
• UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the
World Culture and Natural heritage (1972)
• Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 1973)
• Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (CMS 1979)
• UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982)
• London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972)
• Protocol to the Convention on Prevention of Marine
Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other
Matter (1996)
• International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, as amended in 1978 (MARPOL 1973/78)
• International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (1990)
• Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of
the East African Region with its Protocols (Nairobi Convention, 1985)
• Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC, 1992)
• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS, 2001)
• Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land Based Activities (1995)
• Rio declaration(Agenda 21)Rio +10, +20,
• Arusha Declaration,1993
4.2 Capacity building initiatives
Several opportunities for local capacity building and awareness creation on issues regarding management of coastal
resources are available. Training in research and management continues at different levels e.g. WIOMSA MPA certification programmme. Specialized training in monitoring for
both ecological and socio economic parameters are also
available. Scientists, national agencies, community-based
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
projects and conservation NGOs, need different sets of information to abet realization of their objectives. Hence, there is a
need to improve their technical capacity and further innovate better ways for capacity building. The general public is usually
informed thorough specific theme days. This gives an opportunity for the public to interact with practitioners and get informed
on issues surrounding particular environmental concerns. Those theme days include Marine Environment Day, World Wetlands
Day and Coastal-Clean-up Day among others.
4.3SWOT analysis matrix
Analysis on the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) in coastal resource management was conducted
in order to understand issues affecting management of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. Below is a summary of SWOT
analysis.
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
1. Existing network of
Marine Protected
Areas.
2. Existence of
community
managed marine
areas
3. Existing legal
framework for
management of
coral reef and
seagrass beds
4. Rich and diverse
coral reef
5. Existence of
baseline data
from past research
projects on coral
reef
6. Existence of
indigenous
knowledge systems
7. Existence of key
management and
research institutions
8. Existence of strong
networks and
linkages at regional
and international
level
9. Various capacity
building
programmes for
coral reef managers
exist
1. Low awareness of linkages
between coastal resources and
livelihoods (inadequate coral
reef and seagrass ecosystems
knowledge – functions, local
systems,)
2. Inadequate research capacity on
sea grass and coral reef (range of
topics to be covered)
3. Low investment in research for
development
4. Uncoordinated research and
development programs/projects
5. Low awareness, participation
and empowerment of local
communities.
6. Inadequate dissemination of coral
reef and seagrass ecosystems
information to different
stakeholders
7. Weak and conflicting legal
instruments
8. Inadequate resources and
uncoordinated use of available
resources, (human, financial,
equipment, and infrastructure)
9. Weak public-private partnership
10. Inadequate implementation of
National Resource Management
based policies
11. Inadequate awareness and
appreciation of the importance of
coastal resources by policy makers
12. Low enforcement levels and
compliance systems
1. Functional collaboration
for management
and research at
national, regional and
international levels
2. Community appreciation
of benefits of community
managed marine areas
3. Ongoing legal
processes (Draft
Science Technology and
Innovation policy, ICZM,
Draft Management plans,
wetland policies, Draft
regional coastal master
plan)
4. Wide range of
research projects
and development
programmes
5. Willingness and interest
by development partners
6. The availability of
research funds at the
National Council of
Science and Technology
7. Potential for ecotourism development
(responsible tourism)
8. Public sector reforms
aimed at performance
improvement
9. Increasing level of
consciousness by public
about their environment
1. Upstream land
degradation
resulting to high
soil erosion and
river sediment
loading
2. Pollution (effluents
and solid wastes)
3. Unplanned and
uncoordinated
shoreline
developments
4. Loss of resilience
5. Climate change
(increase in
temperature,
ocean
acidification,
6. Pest, diseases and
invasive species
7. Direct impacts
caused by
recreation use
(trampling while
diving/snorkeling)
8.Poverty
9. Weak governance
structures and
sectoral interests
10. Rapid population
growth
11. Increased demand
for marine
resources
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
13
4.4Gaps and constraints
4.4.1 Lack of coordinated efforts in conservation of coral
reef and seagrass ecosystems
A number of government institutions have mandate in protecting and conserving coral reef and seagrass ecosystems.
However, management of these ecosystems areas along
the Kenyan coast is sectoral and falls under different institutional jurisdiction. Lack of clarity in the institutional framework of state actors often leads to ineffective conservation
of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. This situation is expected to change with the on-going processes of reviewing
current laws, policies and management plans and drafting
new ones where there are gaps.
4.4.2 Inadequate resources for research, conservation and
management
Research and monitoring of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems allows early detection of detrimental impacts for conservation and management actions. However, there is lack
of sufficient resources to conduct comprehensive research,
conservation and management programmes. Collaborative support from government and development partners
is needed not only to help finance local efforts, but also
ensure sound scientific research is maintained and results
are understood by decision makers.
4.4.3 Inadequate education and public awareness
Scientific information available to local communities on
coral reef and sea grass ecosystems are limited hence the
heavy reliance on indigenous knowledge. This can be attributed to inadequate dissemination of coral reef and seagrass beds information, among other factors. Most people
do not know the real value of these ecosystems for them
14
to have a positive outlook towards conserving them. Education and public awareness are vital in disseminating correct information on threats and sustainable use of marine
ecosystems. Better understanding of these ecosystems will
foster ownership, appreciate accrued benefits, reduce destructive activities and subsequently improve management
of these ecosystems.
4.4.4 Inadequate stakeholder participation
Coral reef and seagrass ecosystems along the Kenyan coast
have been degraded due to anthropogenic and natural
stressors by marine users. Community efforts to conserve
and manage marine resources through CCAs needs to be
encouraged and promoted. This will empower the communities to participate in conservation of the coral reef and
sea grass ecosystems while deriving benefits from them.
Long term initiatives that focus on governance and empowerment are also important and should be promotion
e.g. Beach Management Units (BMUs) and other natural
resources based community conservation groups. Other
stakeholders include government (including KMFRI, the
State Department of Fisheries, KWS, and Tourism Ministry),
NGOs and development partners.
4.4.5 Other constraints identified
1. Uncoordinated research and development programs/
projects
2. Weak and conflicting legal instruments
3. Weak public-private partnership
4. Inadequate implementation of National Resource Management based policies.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Beach cast
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
15
Chapter 5
5.0 Conservation Strategy
5.1 Background
Based on the identified threats and the current status of
coral reef and seagrass ecosystems in Kenya, this section
outlines the specific strategic objectives, targets and activities to enhance conservation of these ecosystems. The strategic objectives are geared towards both short and long
term goals. These take into consideration inputs from the
taskforce and other key stakeholders. The strategies take
cognisance of existing conservation initiatives, threats and
gaps with an aim of consolidating efforts and resources to
sustainably conserve coral reef and sea grass ecosystems.
5.2 Vision and goal
5.2.1 Vision
Ensure healthy coral reef and sea grass ecosystems sustainably provide goods and services for posterity.
5.2.2 Goal
Maintain and restore the ecological integrity of coral reef
and sea grass ecosystems through improved research and
management in partnership with stakeholders.
The intent of this goal is to address existing and potential
threats affecting coral reef and sea grass ecosystems by
identifying key strategic objectives targets and activities
that promote healthy and resilient ecosystems.
5.2.3 Specific objectives
5.2.3.1 Specific objective one: Secure, restore and maintain
healthy and resilient coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
The coral reef and seagrass ecosystems are facing different
threats including overfishing, land-based pollution, and climate change effects, leading to rapid degradation and loss.
The rate of degradation of the Kenyan coral reef and seagrass ecosystems is increasing this is attributed to myriad
of threats. Securing, restoring and maintaining these ecosystems can be achieved through effective legislation and
management. Management strategies such as Integrated
Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and ecosystem-based
fisheries management are effective tools in conservation of
coral reef and seagrass ecosystems.
The intent of this objective is to enhance legislation and
policy related to protection and conservation of these ecosystems.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Targets
• Enhanced management of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
• Area of coverage of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems under conservation increased
• Reduce fishing impacts
• Restore degraded coral reef and sea grass ecosystems
Activities
• Identify, map and zone sea grass beds and coral reef
ecosystems
• Gazette management plans, strategies and action
plans for coral reef and seagrass beds
• Promote the establishment of artificial reefs
• Promote transplantation of seagrass in degraded areas
• Enforce fishing gear regulations
• Enforce tourism regulations
• Enforce water quality regulations
• Implement seasonal closures
• Review management plan for Mombasa Marine National Park
• Fast track the adoption of the draft management plans
• Develop guidelines for establishment of Community
Managed Marine Areas
• Guide in the development of management plans for
Community Conserved Areas
• Establish trans boundary Marine Protected Area between Kenya and Tanzania
• Conduct carrying capacity assessment in at least five
selected sites
• Enforce existing fisheries plans and regulations (BMUs)
• Provide support and technical assistance to strengthen
fisheries policy, governance and regulatory measures
• Regulate ornamental fisheries
• Improve management of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems to enhance resilience and recovery processes
• Identify appropriate restoration protocols
• Implement restoration activities
• Monitor restoration progress
• Evaluate restoration programs
5.2.3.2 Specific objective two: Enhance research, monitoring and information management
In Kenya, the National Council of Science and Technology regulates research and monitoring. State agencies can
also regulate research within their scope as guided by their
16
mandate. KWS, through the Research and Monitoring Division, regulates all research conducted within protected
areas under its jurisdiction. Different stakeholders also conclude their research and or monitoring but little information is available at a central depository. This is mainly due to
weak regulation and information sharing mechanism. The
country also has limited expertise in some fields, e.g. seagrass, to design and conduct research. Other factors that
attribute to the low capacity to conduct research include
poor infrastructure and limited equipment.
Targets
• Data and information depository centralized
• Monitoring of coral reef and sea grass beds enhanced
• Targeted research carried out
• Enhanced dissemination of information to various
stakeholders
Activities
• Collect, collate and synthesize available scientific data
and information
• Develop information resource centre and database
• Conduct an inventory of equipment to identify gaps
• Acquire the appropriate equipment to fill in the gaps
• Develop a framework for research and monitoring
• Undertake research on diseases, pests and invasive
species
• Undertake applied research on biological, social and
economic aspects
• Undertake research on issues of climate change in relation to corals and seagrass beds
• Conduct research on sources of pollutants on sea grass
beds and coral reef and watersheds
• Package information to suit different stakeholders
5.2.3.3 Specific objective three: Strengthen legal and policy
framework
Kenya does not have a specific legislation or policy on protection of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. However,
there are a number of sectoral laws and policies that touch
on these ecosystems conservation. These include EMCA
1999; Wildlife Act 1989; Fisheries Act 1991 and ICZM Action Plan among others. The new Wildlife Conservation and
Management Bill 2013, Wetlands Policy and ICZM Action
Plan have made more explicit provisions on protection of
coral reef compared to other sectoral law.
Targets
• Legal gaps identified and addressed
• Policy gaps and weakness identified and addressed
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
•
•
•
•
Advocate for co-managed areas with coral reef and
seagrass ecosystems
Enforcement mechanisms for monitoring, control and
surveillance improved
Reduce impacts of infrastructural development on coral
reef and seagrass ecosystems
Develop and implement policies governing coastal and
watershed management
Activities
• Review existing legislations and policies including
ICZM to identify gaps, conflicts and limitations with
stakeholders
• Conduct training on development of policy briefs from
research findings
• Undertake consultative process to finalise key policies
and legal frameworks (wetlands, wildlife, ICZM, tourism)
• Generate and disseminate policy briefs
• Lobby for inclusion of coral reef and sea grass beds issues in policy forums
• Lobby for policy and legislation review
• Sensitization on need for establishment of new conservation areas
• Establish new areas for conservation and management
• Conduct a baseline survey to establish area under conservation
• Develop guidelines for establishing marine community
conservation areas
• Carry out suitability assessment on unmanaged areas
with potential for
conservation
• Fast track completion of Joint inshore Monitoring Control Surveillance (MCS) Plan
• Train staff involved in MCS on compliance
• Create coral reef and sea grass forensic investigations
unit
• Create coral reef and sea grass rapid response team
• Develop guidelines for projects that will impact on coral reef and sea grass beds
• Develop a database of proposed licensed infrastructural development
• Develop management plans to minimize sediment runoff and pollution
• Develop integrated watershed management policies
5.2.3.4 Specific objective four: Enhance stakeholder awareness and participation
Generally, information and interest on coral reef and seagrass ecosystems is low compared to terrestrial ecosystems. Recognizing the value of an informed and engaged
17
public, this objective aims at promoting flow of information,
creating awareness and raising the profile of these ecosystems in the public.
Targets
• Participatory management systems developed and implemented
• Environmental education and awareness developed
and implemented
• To increase the level of stakeholders’ participation in
management and conservation activities
Activities
• Review existing environmental education and awareness programmes
• Encourage and empower volunteer groups in coral reef
conservation
• Train natural resources users, CBOs, BMUs and CFAs in
monitoring, law enforcement, and awareness creation
• Develop environmental education and awareness materials in different formats
• Conduct training for students, tour operators, government staff and local community
• Participate in media programmes aimed at information
dissemination
• Develop training manuals, coral reef and seagrass
newsletters
• Conduct a stakeholder analysis
• Create stakeholders forum
• Create awareness on stakeholders to understand regulations, laws related to coral reef and sea grass beds
• Carry out education and awareness programs on watershed management targeting stakeholders
• Mainstream indigenous knowledge in conservation and
management of coral reefs and sea grass beds.
• Build capacity of stakeholders to understand regulations, laws related to coral reefs and sea grass beds
5.2.3.5 Specific objective five: Manage watershed, water
quality and reduce pollution
Water pollution affects the ecological integrity of coral reef
and seagrass ecosystems. The area is also facing rapid urbanization coupled with human population expansion. In
addition, the development of ports increased maritime
trade and industrial development can significantly contribute to pollution loads.
Target
• Reduce pollution from all sources
Activities
• Identify and document existing and potential land
based sources of pollution
• Develop watershed soil conservation programs that will
reduce coastal sedimentation.
• Monitor water quality of riverine systems, groundwater
and coastal
• Recommend mitigation, adaptation or preventive intervention
• Enforce implementation of environmental management
plans of development projects generated through the
EIA process
• Fast track reduction of maritime pollution
5.2.3.6 Specific objective six: Enhance capacity for coral reef
and seagrass ecosystems conservation
This objective seeks to build capacity for different stakeholders and to furnish them with adequate skills and knowledge to conserve and manage the coral reef and seagrass
ecosystems effectively. This is in recognition of the diverse
stakeholders involved in the conservation and management activities.
Target
• Capacity for institutions and communities in coral reef
and seagrass ecosystems conservation built by 2018
Activities
• Conduct a training needs assessment
• Develop training modules for coral reef and seagrass
ecosystems conservation
• Identify and develop appropriate infrastructure needs
for coral reef and seagrass conservation and management
• Conduct coral reef and seagrass ecosystems management training and certification programs for institutions
and local communities
• Conduct marine management training and certification
programs
• Support training of personnel on research, monitoring
techniques both at technical and community level
The proposed actions, activities, timeframes and actors for
this strategic objective are detailed in Annex 1
This objective focuses on reducing both land and sea based
pollution on the marine ecosystem.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
18
Typical coral reef fish community foraging in a seagrass bed
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
19
Chapter 6
6.0 Implementation Structure of the Strategy
National Coral reef and Sea grass Management Committee
(Chaired-KWS, SDF, NEMA, CDA, KMFRI, County Government
Representatives – Kwale, Mombasa, Kilifi, Tana River and Lamu)
National Coral reef
and Sea grass Liaison
Office (KWS)
County
committee
Mombasa
County
committee
Kwale
County
committee
Kilifi
6.1 Terms of references for management committee
1. Review and evaluate effectiveness of the national conservation and management strategy and make appropriate recommendations
2. Ratify recommendations and decisions by the technical
and advisory committee.
3. Lobby for County Governments to formulate policies
that promote the conservation of coral reefs and seagrass beds, thus implement the conservation strategy
under the County Governments.
6.2 Terms of references for technical and advisory
committee
This committee shall be composed of KWS, SDF, NEMA,
CDA, and KMFRI. The terms of reference are as follows: Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Technical Committee(Former Taskforce
committee), IUCN,
Nairobi Convention,
EAWLS
County
committee
Lamu
County
committee
Tana-River
1. Set monitoring standards and handling protocols and
evaluate their implementation
2. Prioritize funding needs and advice the liaison officer
and national management committee
3. Mobilize resources for strategy implementation
4. Advice on emerging issues of national concern in relation to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
5. Advice the national management committee on policy
and strategy development
6. Advice the County Governments on relevant coral reef
and sea grass ecosystems management and conservation actions.
7. Fulfill any other role deemed necessary by the national
management committee
20
6.3 Terms of references for liaison office
1. Shall serve as the secretariat for the management and
technical committee.
2. Maintaining a central information depository for coral reef and seagrass conservation and management
through assembly of reports, data and other relevant
information from collaborating agencies.
3. Liaise with all the stakeholders as identified in the coral
reef and seagrass conservation strategy during implementation and to streamline information flow.
4. Arrange quarterly meetings with technical and advisory committee and annual meeting with management
committee.
5. Arrange meetings of County committees every two
months.
6. Prepare quarterly progress reports for the technical
committee.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
7. Prepare proposals and seek in-kind support towards
coral reef and seagrass conservation activities in liaison
with the technical committee.
8. Ensure successful implementation of all required actions by putting in place a robust monitoring and evaluation framework.
6.4 Terms of reference for County Committees
1. Ensure adequate allocations of resources for conservation activities.
2. Strengthen the link and working relations between
Counties, private public and government institutions.
3. Coordinate awareness activities
4. Implement required actions and give feedback
21
References
• Ateweberhan, M., McClanahan, T. R.: Historical sea-surface temperature variability predicts climate change-induced coral mortality, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60,
964–970, 2010.
• Beer, S. and Koch, E.: Photosynthesis of seagrasses vs.
marine macroalgae in globally changing CO2 environments, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 141, 199-204,
1996.
• Björk, M., Short, F., Mcleod, E., Beer, S.: Managing Seagrasses for Resilience to Climate Change, IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland, 56pp, 2008.
• Costanza R, d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farberk , S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, V.
R., Paruelo, J., Raskin, G. R., Sutton, P., van den Belt, M.:
The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural
capital, Nature, 387, 253–260, 1997.
• Fabricius, K.E.. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs; review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin,50, 125–146, 2005.
• Hemminga, M, Duarte, C. M.: Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge (United Kingdom): Cambridge University Press,
2000.
• Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P. J. Mumby, A. J. Hooten, R. S.
Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C. D. Harvell, P. F.
Sale, A. J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C. M.
Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R. H. Bradbury,
A. Dubi, and M. E. Hatziolos.. Coral Reefs under Rapid
Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science, 318,
1737-1742, 2007.
• McClanahan, T. R.: Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: effects
of fishing, substrate complexity, and sea urchins, Coral
Reefs, 13, 231–241, 1994.
• Obura, D.: Kenya, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 1264–
1278, 2001.
• Obura, D.: The Diversity and Biogeography of Western
Indian Ocean Reef-Building Corals, PLoS ONE, 7(9),
2012.
• Ochieng, C. A., Erftemeijer, P. L. A.: Seagrasses of Kenya and Tanzania, In: Green, E.P., Short, F.T. (eds.) World
Atlas of Seagrasses pp. 82-92, 2003.
• Uku, J.: Seagrasses and their epiphytes: Characterization of abundance and productivity in tropical seagrass
beds, Ph. D. Thesis, Stockholm University, Sweden,
2005.
• UNEP: Eastern Africa Atlas of Coastal Resources, 1:
Kenya. (EAF-14) UNEP, 119 pp, 1998.
• UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat, Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis of Land-based Sources and Activities Affecting the Western Indian Ocean Coastal and
Marine Environment, UNEP Nairobi, Kenya 378pp, 2009
• Waycott, M., Duarte, C .M., Carruthers, T. J. B., Orth,
J. R., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., Calladine, A., Fourqurean, W. J., Heck, Jr., Hughes, R. A., Kendrick, A. G.,
Kenworthy, J. W., Short, T. F., Williams., L. S.: Accelerating loss of seagrass across the globe threatens coastal
ecosystems, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 106, 12377-12381, 2009.
• Les, D. H., Cleland, M. A., Waycott, M.: Phylogenetic
studies in the Alismatidae, II: Evolution of the marine
angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily, Systematic
Botany, 22, 443–463, 1997.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
22
A seagrass bed neighboring a coral reef with rich fish diversity
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
23
Annexes
Annex 1: The logical framework
Vision
Ensure healthy coral reef and sea grass ecosystems sustainably provide goods and services for posterity
Goal
Maintain and restore the ecological integrity of coral reef and sea grass ecosystem through improved research and management in partnership with stakeholders.
Objective
Target
Secure, restore
and maintain
healthy and
resilient coral
reef and
sea grass
ecosystems
Enhanced
Identify, map and zone
management of
sea grass beds and coral
coral reef and sea reef ecosystems
grass ecosystems
Activity
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Zoning plans
Designated areas
for different uses
KMFRI, KWS, SDF,
NGOs, BMUs, KPA
5 years
Maps for seagrass
KMFRI, KWS, SDF,
beds and coral reef NGOs, BMUs
generated
5 years
Gazette Management
plans, strategies and
action plans for coral
reef and seagrass
ecosystems
Number of
Gazetted plans
KWS, SDF, KFS
5 years
Promote experimental
transplantation of
seagrass in degraded
areas
No of trials
undertaken
KWS, SDF, KMFRI,
5 years
NEMA, Lafarge
Ecosystems, CORDIO,
BMUs, Hoteliers
Enforce fishing gear
regulations
Decline in number
of fishing gears
confiscated
Reduction in
number of
infringements
to regulations
governing coral
and seagrass
ecosystems
SDF, KWS BMUs;
Hoteliers, County
Government, NEMA,
KMA, SDF
5 years
Enforce tourism
regulations
Reduction in
number of
infringements
SDF, KWS
BMUs; Hoteliers,
County Government ,
NEMA, KMA
5 years
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
24
Objective
Target
Develop, adopt
and implement
Management
plans for key
identified Marine
conservation
areas
Area of coverage
of coral and
seagrass under
conservation and
management
increased
Activity
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Enforce water quality
regulations
Improved water
quality
SDF, KWS
BMUs; Hoteliers,
County Government,
NEMA, KMA
5 years
Implement seasonal
closures
Number of
seasonal closures
successfully
implemented
KWS, SDF, BMUs
5 years
Review management
plan for Mombasa
Marine National Park
Management plan
developed
KWS, SDF, NGOs,
5 years
BMUs, BOA,
Hoteliers, Department
of Tourism
Fast track the
implementation of draft
management plans,
strategies and action
plans for key coral reef
areas and seagrasse
ecosystems.
Draft plans
implemented
KWS
1 year
Develop guidelines
for establishment of
Community Conserved
Areas
Guidelines
developed
KWS, SDF, BMUs,
KMFRI
3 years
Guide in the
development of comanagement plans for
Community Conserved
Areas
Co-management
plans for
Community
Conserved Areas
developed
BMUs, KWS, SDF,
County Government,
NGOs
5 years
Establish trans boundary A transboundary
Marine protected area
Marine Protected
between Kenya and
area established
Tanzania
KWS, SDF, KMFRI
BMUs, County
Government, NGOs,
Tanzania Marine
Parks, NEMA, Kenya
Navy, TAFIRI and
other Tanzanian
stakeholders,
Nairobi Convention
Secretariat,
development
partners.
5 years
Conduct carrying
capacity assessment in
at least five selected
sites
KWS, KMFRI, SDF
3 years
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Report on carrying
capacity
25
Objective
Target
Activity
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Reduce fishing
impacts
Enforce existing
fisheries plans and
regulations (BMU)
Number of patrols
Reduction on
number of
infringement
KWS, SDF, BMUs
5 years
Provide support and
technical assistance
to strengthen fisheries
policy, governance and
regulatory measures
Number of
technical meetings
conducted
KWS, KMFRI, County
Government, NEMA
5 years
Regulate ornamental
fisheries
Reduction
in number
infringement
SDF
2 years
Improve management
of coral reef and sea
grass ecosystems to
enhance resilience and
recovery processes
Management
reports produced
KWS, SDF
5 years
Restoration
protocol identified
and adopted
KMFRI, KWS, Private
sector, SDF, NGOs
5 years
Implement restoration
activities
Number of
Degraded sites
restored,
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
5 years
Monitor restoration
progress
Monitoring reports
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
5 years
Evaluate restoration
programs
Evaluation reports
KWS, KMFRI
5 years
Collect, collate and
synthesis available
scientific data and
information
Number of
reports produced
Database
KWS, SDF, KMA,
NGOs, KMFRI, BMUs,
BOA
2 years
Development of
information resource
center and database
Resource Centre
developed
Data base
developed
KWS, KMFRI, KCDP
5 years
Conduct an inventory of
equipment to identify
gaps
Equipment
Inventory Report
KWS, SDF, KMA,
NGOs, KMFRI, BMUs,
BOA
1 years
Acquire the appropriate
equipment to fill in the
gaps
Number and types
of equipment
purchased
KWS, SDF, KMA,
NGOs, KMFRI, BMUs,
BOA
1 years
Develop a coordinated
framework for research
and monitoring
Framework for
coordinated
research and
monitoring
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs,
Local communities,
Universities, NMK
1 years
Restore degraded Identify appropriate
coral reef and sea restoration protocols
grass ecosystems.
Enhance
research,
monitoring and
information
management
Data and
information
depository
centralized
Monitoring of
coral reef and
sea grass beds
enhanced
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
26
Objective
Target
Activity
Targeted research Undertake research
carried out.
on diseases, pest and
invasive species
Undertake applied
research on biological,
social and economic
aspects
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Reports,
Publications,
Brochures,
Dissemination
meeting
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs,
Local communities,
Universities, NMK
5 year
5 year
Undertake research on
issues of climate change
in relation to corals and
seagrass beds
Enhanced
dissemination
of information
to various
stakeholders
Strengthen
Legal and
legal and policy policy gaps and
framework
weaknesses
identified
and remedial
measures
recommended
5 year
Conduct research on
Number of reports
sources of pollutants on
sea grass beds and coral
reef and watersheds
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
2 years
Package information
to suit different
stakeholders
Policy briefs,
technical reports,
Brochures
KWS, KMFRI, SDF,
NGOs, Universities,
private sector
5 year
Review existing
legislations and policies
including ICZM to
identify gaps, conflicts
and limitations with
stakeholders
Review reports,
Number of
consultation
forums held
NEMA, KWS, SDF,
KIPPRA, IPAR
1 year
Conduct training on
development of policy
briefs from research
findings
Number of people
trained
NEMA, KWS, SDF,
KIPPRA, IPAR
1 year
Undertake consultative
process to finalize
key policies and legal
frameworks (wetlands,
wildlife, ICZM, tourism)
Inclusion of coral
reef and seagrass
issues in policy
documents
NEMA, KWS
Department of
Tourism, KMFRI, SDF,
Media, Policy makers,
KFS
3 years
Generate and
disseminate policy
briefs
Policy briefs,
Report on
dissemination
forums
NEMA, KWS,
Department of
Tourism, KMFRI, SDF,
Media, Policy makers
5 years
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
27
Objective
Target
Advocate for
co-managed
areas with coral
reef and seagrass
beds.
Enforcement
mechanisms
for monitoring,
control and
surveillance
improved
Activity
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Lobby for inclusion of
coral reef and sea grass
issues in policy
Number of coral
reef and sea
grass bed issues
included in policy
documents
Number of policy
meetings held
Type of policy
makers or
candidates reached
NEMA, KWS,
Department of
Tourism, KMFRI, SDF,
Media, Policy makers,
KFS
5 Years
Carry out advocacy for
policy and legislation
review
Newspaper
supplements,
electronic media
appeals
NEMA, KWS,
Department of
Tourism, KMFRI, SDF,
Media, Policy makers,
KFS,
5 years
Sensitization on need
Sensitization
for establishment of new forums,
conservation areas
Number of new
conservation areas
NGOs, BMUs, KWS,
SDF
5 years
Establish new areas
for conservation and
management
Number of new
areas established
NGOs, BMUs, KWS,
SDF
3 years
Conduct a baseline
survey to establish area
under conservation
Survey reports
NGOs, BMUs, KWS,
SDF, NGOs
3 years
Develop guidelines for
establishing marine
community conservation
areas
Guidelines for
establishment of
marine community
conservation areas
KWS, KMFRI, SDF,
NGOs, BMUs
3 years
Carry out suitability
assessment on
unmanaged areas
with potential for
conservation
Suitable areas
for conservation
management
identified
KWS, SDF
2 years
SDF, KWS, KMA,
Kenya Navy, NEMA,
Kenya Police, BMUs
1 year
Fast track completion of MCS plan and
Joint inshore Monitoring patrol reports
Control Surveillance
(MCS) Plan
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
28
Objective
4. Enhance
stakeholder
awareness and
participation
Target
Activity
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Train staff involved in
MCS on compliance
Compliance
information on
zoning, gear used,
infringements
Number of
trainings
undertaken
Number of staff
trained
SDF, KWS, KMA,
Kenya Navy, NEMA,
Kenya Police, BMUs
4 years
Create coral reef and
sea grass forensic
investigations unit
Coral reef and sea
grass forensic unit
in place
SDF, KWS, KMA,
Kenya Navy, NEMA,
Kenya Police, BMUs
5 years
Create coral reef
and sea grass rapid
response team
Rapid response
team in place
SDF, KWS, KMA,
Kenya Navy, NEMA,
KPA Kenya Police,
BMUs
1 year
Reduce impacts
of infrastructural
development on
coral reef and sea
grass ecosystems.
Develop guidelines for
projects that will impact
on coral reef and sea
grass ecosystems
Guidelines on coral NEMA, KWS, BMUs,
reef and seagrass
KMFRI, SDF
habitat protection
developed
5 years
Develop a database
of proposed licensed
infrastructural
development.
Database of
all licensed
infrastructural
developments
developed
1 year
Develop and
implement
policies
governing
Coastal and
watershed
management
Develop management
plans to minimize
sediment runoff and
pollution
Number of
KWS, NEMA,
Management plans WARMA, Department
developed
of Agriculture, KFS
Develop integrated
Number of
watershed management policy document
policies
produced
KWS, NEMA, SDF
WARMA, Department
of Agriculture, KFS,
5 years
Participatory
management
systems
developed and
implemented
Review existing
environmental
education and
awareness programmes
Number of reviews
done
Number of
programmes
reviewed
KWS, SDF, KMFRI,
natural resource users
5 years
Encourage and
empower volunteer
groups in coral reef
conservation
Number of coral
reef conservation
groups formed
KWS, SDF, KMFRI,
natural resource users
5 year
Train natural resources
users, CBOs, BMUs and
CFAs in monitoring,
law enforcement, and
awareness creation
Number of
trainings
conducted
Number of people
trained
KWS, SDF, KMFRI,
WCK and County
Government
5 years
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
NEMA
5 years
29
Objective
Target
Activity
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Environmental
education and
awareness
developed and
implemented
Develop environmental
education and
awareness materials in
different formats
Newsletters,
Brochures,
Education and
awareness training
manual
NGOs, SDF, KMFRI,
KWS
1 year
Conduct training for
students, tour operators,
government staff and
local community
Number of
trainings
conducted
Number of people
trained
KWS, SDF, KMFRI,
NGOs
5year
Participate in
media programmes
for information
dissemination
Number of media
programmes
participated in.
KWS, KMFRI, SDF
NGOs
5 year
Develop training
manuals, coral reef and
seagrass newsletters
Manual, newsletter
developed
KWS, SDF, KMFRI,
NGO, County
Government and
WCK
5 year
Conduct a stakeholder
analysis
Stakeholder
analysis report
KWS
1 year
Create Stakeholders
forum
Stakeholders forum KWS, KMFRI, SDF,
developed
BMUs, County
Government, KMA,
CORDIO, WCS.
2 years
Create awareness
on stakeholders to
understand regulations,
laws related to coral
reef and sea grass
ecosystems
Number of
awareness
initiatives
conducted.
Number of people
reached
KWS, NEMA, SDF,
NGOs, WCK, CBO,
County Government,
Civil Society
Organizations
1 year
Carry out education and
awareness programs on
watershed management
targeting stakeholders
Number of
education and
awareness
meetings held
KWS, NEMA, SDF
2 years
Mainstream indigenous
knowledge in
conservation and
management of coral
reef and sea grass
ecosystems.
Number of
community led
conservation
programmes on
coral reef and sea
grass ecosystems
KWS, SDF, NMK,
CBOs, KMFRI, NGOs,
County Government
5 years
Build capacity of
stakeholders to
understand regulations,
laws related to coral
reef and sea grass
ecosystems
Number of capacity
building activities
conducted.
Number of people
reached
KWS, NEMA, SDF,
NGOs, WCK, CBO,
County Government,
Civil Society
Organizations
2 year
To increase
the level of
stakeholders’
participation in
management
and conservation
activities.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
30
Objective
Target
Activity
Indicator
Manage
watershed,
water quality
and reduce
pollution
Reduce pollution
from all sources
Identify and document
existing and potential
land based sources of
pollution
Report on pollution KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
sources
4 years
Develop watershed soil
conservation programs
that will reduce coastal
sedimentation.
Number and types
of programmes
developed
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
4 years
Monitor riverine,
groundwater and
coastal water quality
Monitoring reports
KWS, KMFRI, NEMA,
WRMA, TARDA,
Ministry of Health
5 years
Recommend mitigation, Recommendation
adaptation or preventive report
intervention.
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
2 years
Enforce implementation
of environmental
management plan of
development projects
generated through the
EIA process.
Number of
environmental
audits conducted
on development
projects
NEMA, County
Government, TARDA,
5 year
Fast track reduction
of maritime pollution
including oil spills,
commercial, domestic
and industrial pollution
Update oil spill
NEMA, County
response strategies Government, TARDA
and extend to
other types of
pollution
Improved water
quality
5 years
Conduct a training
needs assessment
Training need
assessment report
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
1 year
Develop training
modules for coral
reef and sea
grass ecosystems
conservation and
management
Training modules
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs
1 year
Identify and
develop appropriate
infrastructure needs for
coral reef and seagrass
conservation and
management
Inventory of
appropriate
infrastructure,
Appropriate
infrastructure
acquired and
deployed
KWS
5 years
Enhance
capacity for
Coral reef
and sea grass
conservation
and
management.
Capacity for
institutions and
communities
in coral reef
and seagrass
ecosystems
conservation and
management
built by 2018
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Actor
Timeline
31
Objective
Target
Activity
Indicator
Actor
Timeline
Conduct coral reef and
Number of certified KMA, KWS, SDF,
sea grass management trainees
NGOs, BMUs
training and certification
programs for institutions
and local communities
1 year
Conduct marine
management training
and certification
programs
Number trained
and actively
involved, Number
retained, Number
certified, Number
of trainings
conducted
KWS, SDF,
2 years
Support training of
personnel on research,
monitoring techniques
both at technical and
community level
Number of experts
trained
KWS, KMFRI, NGOs,
SDF, CBOs
5 years
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
32
Annex 2: Legislation Framework
Legislation/Policy/
MEA
Link to coral reef management/ focus area
Responsibility
The Constitution of
Kenya, 2010
Article 42 - guarantees the right to a clean and healthy environment.
Article 69 obliges the state to ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization,
management and conservation of the environment and its natural resources.
Development of the coral reef and seagrass conservation strategy contributes
to the achievement of this requirement as it relates to protection of these
ecologically sensitive areas. The strategy recognizes the State and public
obligations in relation to the environment and the right of participation by citizens
in environmental matters and processes that affect their lives.
All
Environment
Management and
Coordination Act,
1999
It provides a legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment. Section 55 gives provision for protecting and managing critical coastal
habitats
This strategy provides a road map for the protection and management of the
coral reef and seagrass ecosystems which are critical coastal habitats thus fulfilling
the aspirations of EMCA.
National
Environment
Management
Authority
(NEMA)
The Fisheries Act,
(CAP 378) of 1991
Sate
It provides the framework for management and sustainable development in of
Department of
fisheries resources.
It has made provisions on licensing (Article 8), protection of breeding areas (Article Fisheries (SDF)
50) and prohibits coral gatherings (Article 46) and use of explosives (Article 49).
This strategy defines clear actions to ensure adequate enforcement of license
regimes, protection of breeding sites and use of appropriate fishing methods.
'The Wildlife
Conservation and
Management Act,
2013'
The wildlife conservation and management Act 2013 Article 36 (2b) provides for
Kenya Wildlife
zoning of marine conservation areas to allow for multiple uses including zoning for Service (KWS)
protection of foraging and breeding areas and human
The National Oceans The policy promotes research and development for sustainable exploitation of
and Fisheries policy, fisheries resources and ecosystem based approach in resource management. It
2008
ensures monitoring, control and surveillance (MSC) to minimize negative effects
on seagrass and coral reef ecosystems, review of legal and institutional framework and promotes public awareness and participation in management of these
resources.
Ministry of
Agriculture,
Livestock and
Fisheries
The Water Policy,
1999
Ministry of
Environment,
Water and
Natural
Resource
The policy ensures that there is progressive restoration and protection of
ecological systems and biodiversity in strategic water catchments. It seeks to
control pollution of water catchments through the ‘user/polluter pays’ principle
and other legal and administrative actions. It establishes sound research and
development in the water sector, enhances enforcement of regulation and other
IWRM actions and a comprehensive effluent treatment and recycling strategy to
protect coral reef and seagrass beds.
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
33
Legislation/Policy/
MEA
Link to coral reef management/ focus area
Responsibility
National Land Policy, It takes cognizance of fragile ecosystems such as coral reef and seagrass
2009
ecosystems as areas hosting threatened biodiversity and stresses the need
for their protection and management for enhanced livelihoods. The policy
encourages preparation of participatory environmental action plans by local
communities to preserve cultural and social-economic aspects, co- management
by local communities, controls development activities, prohibits discharge of
untreated solid and liquid waste into catchment and ocean and ensures that
environmental impact assessments and audits are taken to implement appropriate
remedial measures.
Ministry of
Land, Housing
and Urban
Development
National tourism
policy, 2006
It ensures that changes in land use are controlled to ensure they do not detract
from Kenya's unique endowment of diverse tourism attractions. The policy document recommends that land-use activities contributing to pollution, eutrophication and sedimentation in seagrass and coral reef ecosystems are closely monitored and controlled. It also provides for enhancement of community participation
in tourism activities and promotion of tourism resources protection.
Ministry of
East African
Affairs,
Commerce
and Tourism
National
Environment policy
It aims to promote sustainable use of marine resources and the conservation of
vulnerable coastal ecosystems including seagrass ecosystems and coral reef. It
provides for the harmonization and coordination of the roles of various regulatory agencies charged with the management of seagrass and coral reef. It advocates for the development and implementation of a harmonized Integrated
Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Integrated Ocean Management Policy,
Strategy and Action Plan. It further encourages support of research and training
in the conservation and management of marine ecosystems.
National
Environment
Management
Authority
(NEMA)
Convention on
Wetlands (Ramsar
Convention, 1971)
It provides a framework for national action and international cooperation for conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna
The strategy will allow designation and “wise” use of marine sites of international
importance such as coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
Kenya Wildlife
Service (KWS)
African Convention
on the Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources;
The conservation, utilization and development of natural resources in accordance
with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people.
Strategy ensure gaps in biodiversity conservation of coral reef and seagrass
ecosystems and formation of community-based protected areas
Ministry of
Environment,
Water and
Natural
Resource
Washington
Convention on
International Trade
in Endangered
Species (CITES,
1973)
It establishes the international legal framework for the prevention of trade in
endangered species and for an effective regulation of trade in certain other
species.
The strategy allows enactment and enforcement of regulations that prevent and
restrict exploitation of certain species through international trade.
Kenya Wildlife
Service (KWS)
Bonn Convention on
the Conservation of
Migratory Species of
Wild Animals (CMS
1979)
The convention is the primary tool for conservation of migratory species, providing a mechanism for Range States agreeing to take action whenever possible and
appropriate, paying special attention to vulnerable migratory species, and taking
individual or joint steps to conserve such species and their habitat.
Strategy will ensure restoration of migratory species of wild animals to a favorable
conservation status
Kenya Wildlife
Service (KWS)
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
34
Legislation/Policy/
MEA
Link to coral reef management/ focus area
Responsibility
Attorney
General’s
Office
UN Convention on
the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS,1982)
To set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans and, as far
as environmental provisions are concerned to establish material rules concerning
environmental standards as well as enforcement provision dealing with pollution
in the marine environment.
This strategy allows environmental and enforcement provisions dealing with
pollution and affecting coral reef and seagrass ecosystems.
London Convention
on the Prevention of
Marine Pollution by
Dumping of Wastes
and Other Matter
(1972)
Promote the effective control of all sources of pollution of the marine environment Kenya
Maritime
and take all practicable steps to prevent the pollution of the sea by the dumping
Authority
of waste and other matter that is liable to create hazards to harm living resources
and marine life.
The strategy allows issues of pollution to be addressed effectively and efficiently
to avoid creating hazards to coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
International
Convention for
the Prevention
of Pollution from
Ships, as amended
in 1978(MARPOL
1973/78)
Includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships both accidental pollution and that from routine operations.
The Strategy addresses pollution of the marine environment endowed with
critical coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
Kenya
Maritime
Authority
International
Convention on
Oil Pollution
Preparedness,
Response and
Cooperation (1990)
An international maritime convention establishing measures for dealing with
marine oil pollution incidents nationally and in co-operation with other countries
The strategy will ensure effective cooperation in responding to pollution incidents
and reducing the risk of affecting/polluting coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
Kenya
Maritime
Authority
Convention for
the Protection,
Management and
Development of the
Marine and Coastal
Environment of the
East African Region
with its Protocols
(Nairobi Convention,
1985)
The Nairobi Convention is a comprehensive umbrella agreement for the
National
Environment
Management
Authority
(NEMA)
Convention on
Biological Diversity
(1992)
The Conference of Parties in Nagoya Japan adopted the Strategic Plan for
Biodiversity 2011-2020, and its twenty Aichi targets in 2010. Target 10 “By
2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reef, and other vulnerable
ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so
as to maintain their integrity and functioning” has coral reef as its focal/example
ecosystem.
Ministry of
Environment,
Water and
Natural Resource
protection, management and development of the marine and coastal
environment, with a broad mandate concerning pollution, land-based sources,
protected areas, environmental impacts and scientific and technical cooperation.
Protocols on wild fauna and flora, marine pollution, land-based sources and ICZM
have been developed. All WIO countries have signed and ratified the convention
and its protocols.
The strategy calls for protection and management measures implemented to
ensure sound or healthy coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
35
Legislation/Policy/
MEA
Link to coral reef management/ focus area
Responsibility
United Nations
Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
(UNFCCC, 1992
Sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge
posed by climate change.
Ministry of
Environment,
Water and
Natural Resource
Stockholm
Convention on
Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPS,
2001)
Aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants
Ministry of
Environment,
Water and
Natural
Resource
Global Programme
of Action for the
Protection of the
Marine Environment
from Land Based
Activities (1995)
Aims at preventing the degradation of the marine environment from land-based
activities by facilitating the realization of the duty of States to preserve and protect
the marine environment. It is unique in that it is the only global initiative directly
addressing the connectivity between terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine
ecosystems.
National
Environment
Management
Authority
(NEMA)
Rio declaration
(Agenda 21)Rio +10,
+20,
The United Nations Rio+20 outcome document “The Future We Want,” highlights
the critical role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystems that provide essential services which are the foundation for sustainable development and human
well-being.
Building on the sustainable development agenda (Agenda 21 and Rio+10), the
Rio+20 Conference identified two overarching themes: Green Economy in the
context of Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication; and Institutional
Framework for Sustainable Development. These relate to sustainable fisheries and
coastal economics based on coral reef ecosystem services.
Ministry of
Environment,
Water and
Natural
Resource
Arusha Declaration,
1993
The Arusha Declaration initiated the concept and practice of Integrated Coastal
Management (ICM) in the WIO region.
National
Environment
Management
Authority
(NEMA)
African Convention
on the Conservation
of Nature and
Natural Resources,
2010
The conservation, utilization and development of natural resources in Africa in
accordance with scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of
the people.
Kenya Wildlife
Service (KWS)
Arusha Declaration
on Africa’s post
Rio+20 strategy
for sustainable
development, 2012
Provides a framework for sustainable development, and its action plan for the
environment initiative as the framework for addressing environmental matters in
Africa
National
Environment
Management
Authority
(NEMA)
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
36
Researchers conducting a seagrass assessment
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
37
Annex 3: List of participants during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
conservation strategy stakeholders’ workshop
NO. NAME
INSTITUTION
TITTLE
ADRESS
1.
DR.SAMUEL KASIKI
KWS-NAIROBI
Deputy Director,
Biodiversity
research and
monitoring
P.O. BOX 40241- [email protected]
00100, NAIROBI
0721446729
2.
NICHOLAS M.
NTHEKETHA
SDF
Provincial
Fisheries
Director
P.O. BOX 90423,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0721446729
3.
DR.MOHAMED
OMAR
KWSMOMBASA
Senior Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 82144,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0722764691
4.
ARTHUR TUDA
KWSMOMBASA
Assistant
Director Coast
Conservation
Area.
P.O. BOX 82144,
MSA
[email protected]
0722283769
5.
DR.DAVID OBURA
CORDIO
Director
P.O. BOX 10135,
MOMBASA
doburacordioea.net
0711067417
6.
NASSIR AMIYO
EAWLS
Marine
Programme
Coordinator
P.O. BOX 20100,
00200, NAIROBI
[email protected]
0722308909
7.
JAMES KAMULA
NEMAMOMBASA
Senior Marine
Officer
P. O. BOX
84700 – 80100
MOMBASA.
[email protected]
0722942081
8.
DR.JUDITH NYUNJA
KWS
Senior Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 40241- [email protected]
00100, NAIROBI
0721277154
9.
MIRAJ RUGA
KWS-KIUNGA
Warden
P.O. BOX 82,
LAMU
[email protected]
0721300333
10.
DICKSON KORIR
KWS-WATAMU
Warden
P.O. BOX 333
WATAMU
[email protected]
071227992
11.
ISAAC W. MUGO
KWS -MALINDI Senior Warden
P.O. BOX 109 80200 MALINDI
[email protected]
0721884554
12.
WILLIAM SANG
KWS-LAMU
Senior Warden
P.O. BOX 82,
LAMU
[email protected]
0711615998
13.
VICTOR MWAKHA
KMFRI
Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 81651,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0726596621
14.
DAMA KITSAO
BMU
Member
P.O. BOX 81651,
MOMBASA
15.
DR.CHARLES
MUSYOKI
KWS-HQS
Senior Scientist
P.O. BOX
40241 - 00100,
NAIROBI
16.
ATHUMAN M.
MWAMGOA
BAMBURI BMU
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
EMAIL ADDRESS
TELEPHONE
NO
0708125092
[email protected]
0722826911
0723266133
38
NO. NAME
INSTITUTION
TITTLE
ADRESS
EMAIL ADDRESS
TELEPHONE
NO
17.
DR.JACQUELINE
UKU
KMFRI
KCDP Project
Coordinator/
Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 81651,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0722683935
18.
ELIZABETH MUENI
SDF
Chief Principal
officer
P.O. BOX 90423,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0722326326
19.
JACQUELINE
BENARD
KWS
Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 8214,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0733156203
20.
JELVAS MWAURA
KMFRI
Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 81651,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0712705688
21.
JOSPHINE MUTISO
KWS
Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 82144,
MSA
[email protected]
0721533832
22.
MERCY KIMOLO
KWS
Administration
P.O. BOX 82144,
MSA
[email protected]
0727954849
23.
GEORGE ONGORO
SERENA
BEACH HOTEL
[email protected]
0734699861
24.
ALBERT A.
MUSANDO
LAFARGE
Conservation
Manager
P.O. BOX 90202,
80100
[email protected]
0722855184
25.
MOHAMED KHERI
KWS-KISITE
MPUNGUTI
MP
Senior warden
P.O. BOX 55,
UKUNDA
[email protected]
0722935374
26.
BERNABAS KEMBOI
MOMBASA
BEACH HOTEL
b.kemboi@kenya_safari.
co.ke
0723663911
27.
MUTUKU FRANCIS
KWS
P.O. BOX 82144,
MSA
[email protected]
0722674251
28.
ERICK MISOKA
KMA
P.O. BOX 95076,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0720571713
29.
GORRET MWANGI
KENYA
TROPICAL SEA
LIFE
gorret@kenyatropicalsealife.
com
0727824159
30.
MUTHAMA CHARLES KMFRI
Research
Technologist
P.O. BOX 8 1651,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0733852358
31.
JACOB OCHIEWO
KMFRI
Research
Scientist
P.O. BOX 81651,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0733804395
32.
DISHON MURAGE
NATURECOM
Environmental
Consultant
[email protected]
0722270298
33.
ABDULMAJEED
OMAR
PWANI
UNIVERSITY
abdulmajeedsaid@gmail.
com
0723833459
34.
JANE GITAU
KWS
WardenMombasa MMP
P.O. BOX 82144,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0722398193
35.
ROSE MACHAKU
WCS
Conservation
Scientist
P.O. BOX 99470,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0723855340
36.
MOSES MINCHIL
KWS
Accountant
P.O. BOX 82144,
MOMBASA
[email protected]
0722796663
Project Manager
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
39
NO. NAME
INSTITUTION
TITTLE
ADRESS
EMAIL ADDRESS
TELEPHONE
NO
37.
BERNARD OGWOKA
KWSSHIMBAHILLS
Research
Technologist
P.O. BOX 30,
KWALE, KENYA.
[email protected]
0734905380
38.
ROSE ABAE
KWS
Research
Technologist
P.O. BOX 82144,
MSA
[email protected]
0723809344
39.
FRANCIS OLAKE
KWS
Driver
P.O. BOX 82144.
MOMBASA.
[email protected]
0723912550
40.
EMMANUEL YAA
BAMBURI BMU Chairman
[email protected]
0729453887
41.
SHAMALLA PETER
DAVID
MBOA
[email protected]
0723205950
Chairman
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
40
Annex 4: Program during national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems conservation strategy stakeholders’ workshop
Time
Event
8:00 – 8:30
Registration
Speaker/Owner
8:30 – 8:50
Participants Introduction
All Participants
8:50 – 9.00
Welcoming remarks
Arthur Tuda
9:00 – 9:15
Official Opening
Dr. Samuel Kasiki
9:15 – 9:40
Species Conservation Strategies – Overview, Goals and expectations of the
workshop
Dr. C. Musyoki
9:40 – 10:00
Strategic Objectives
Dr. D. Obura
10:00 – 10:30
Plenary Discussion
Nassir Amiyo
10:30 – 11:00
TEA BREAK
11:00 – 11:30
Strategic Activities
Dr. N. Muthiga
11:30 – 12:00
Plenary Discussion
J. Kamula
12:00 – 12:40
Strategic Indicators, Actors and Timelines.
Dr. M. Omar
12:40 – 2:00
LUNCH BREAK
2:00 – 3:30
Implementation Framework
Dr. N. Muthiga
3:30 – 3:45
Way forward
E. Mueni
3:45 – 4:20
Key statements (endorsements) from lead
organizations
4:20 – 4:30
Closing Remarks
4:30 – 4:45
TEA BREAK
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
Rapporteur
Session Chair
L. Kivunzi/Mercy
Dr. M. Omar
J. Bernard
J. Mutiso
Arthur Tuda
R. Abae
Dr. J. Nyunja
Director-SDF
41
Annex 5: Taskforce members for national coral reef and seagrass ecosystems
conservation strategy
Dr. Charles Musyoki
KWS
Dr. Mohamed Omar KWS
Mr. James Kamula
NEMA
Dr. David Obura
CORDIO
Dr. Nyawira Muthiga
WCS
Elizabeth MueniSDF
Innocent Wanyonyi
WIOMSA
Sam WeruUSAID
Dr. Jacqueline Uku
KMFRI
Jacob OchiewoKMFRI
Eng. WainainaCDA
Nassir AmiyoEAWLS
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
42
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
43
Coral Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems Conservation Strategy
44