Download Insight therapies

Psychoanalysis Therapies
“Unearths the past in hope of unmasking the present”

Freud: usually lie on the couch
 Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts
 Imbalance in id, ego, and superego
 Conscious insight can resolve conflicts
○ Free association
 Resistance: when you hesitate, you are filtering; that’s a clue
that anxiety lurks, covering sensitive material
○ Interpretation of resistance
 Psychologist points out these hesitations and gives insight
○ Dream interpretation
 Latent content of the manifest content
 Transference
 Transferring feelings (+/-) to your therapist
Humanistic Therapies
Help clients reach self-actualization!
 People
have free will to determine their own
destiny
 Issue arises when there’s an interference;
 low self-esteem, low confidence
 How does therapy help?
 recognizing patients own freedom,
enhancing their self-esteem & realizing their
fullest potential
Humanistic Therapies
Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers used client centered therapy
 Patient brings up topics, not therapist (nondirective)
 Therapist says very little, but does actively listen
○ Reflection of feelings: reflective listening, therapist
paraphrases the clients words, capturing the emotional tone
so they can see and hear themselves
 Therapist provides unconditioned positive regard
○ Complete acceptance of a person regardless of actions or
opinions
 Goal of therapy?
○ Help patient to accept and take responsibility
Cognitive Therapies
Promotes rational thinking

Aaron Beck
 Gentle questioning reveals irrational thinking, then
persuades people to view life through a clearer lens
 We think in words; change what we say to ourselves
○ Stress Inoculation Training: teaching people to
restructure their thinking in stressful situations
Psychological problems arise from unhealthy
thinking
 REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

 Albert Ellis, taught the reality of the situation
 Failure is unlikely, but if it did occur, it wouldn’t be
that big of a deal
Behavioral Therapies
undesirable behaviors have been learned, and therefore, can be unlearned
 Focus
on the problem behaviors rather than
inner thoughts, motives or emotions
 Counterconditioning: pairs the triggered
stimulus with a calming response instead of
an anxious one
 Think Little Albert…he should have been
counter conditioned but never was :(
 They should have paired the stimulus (white
fuzzy rabbit) with a calming response
How to countercondition?
Use exposure therapy!

Systematic desensitization: (Joseph Wolpe)
can’t be relaxed and anxious at the same
time so replace feelings of anxiety with
 Progressive relaxation: imagine the fear, one muscle group at a
time relax until the anxiety goes away

Exposure therapy: slowly expose people to their
fears and with time they become less anxious
 Anxiety Hierarchy; Being scared of spiders

THIS METHOD IS ONLY USED FOR HARMLESS STIMULI
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
A combo of the two

Aaron Beck (used mainly for depression)
 Since thinking colors our feelings; think more positive and
it will lift your mood

Combines a cognitive emphasis on thoughts &
attitudes with behavioral strategies.

Modify irrational self-talk, set attainable behavioral
goals and develop realistic strategies for attaining
them

Develop new skills and a sense of self-efficacy
(measure of one’s ability to reach goals)
Group Therapy
AA Groups, Self-help (don’t even need a
therapist!)
 Important to know you are not alone!
 Family therapy: treat the family as a unit

 Each member discovers their role
 Improves communication
Somatic Therapies
Biomedical; therapy that produces bodily change

Physically changing brain function by altering its
chemistry

Psychopharmacology: (1950’s) study of drug
effects on mind and behavior
 In studies, must be a double blind procedure
 Accounts for placebo effect & expectations of
patients/doctors
Somatic Therapies
Disclaimer
Do not self diagnose
 This is a classroom; objective, gain knowledge
 Do not take any of these drugs without the
consultation of a medical doctor
 Remember one person’s appropriate dose is
another’s overdose
 Each drug has numerous debilitating side
effects including, suicidal thoughts, organ
failure….hence the medical doctor!

Somatic Therapies
Antipsychotic Drugs (Schizophrenia)
Clozapine: awakens the negative symptoms
 Haloperidol: calms the positive symptoms

 Occupy receptor sites and block dopamine activity

What happens when it blocks too much?
 Side effects resemble Parkinson’s disease (twitches,
tremors, sluggishness)
 Tardive dyskinesia: neurotoxic side effects;
involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue,
limbs
Somatic Therapies
Antidepressant Drugs (mood disorder)

Antianxiety calm you down, antidepressants lift
you up

Increases available norepinephrine & serotonin

SSRI’s: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
 Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
 Blocks reabsorption and removal from the synapse

Using a patch has less side effects (bypasses
the intestines and liver)
Somatic Therapies
Antidepressant Drugs
Suicide on antidepressants….why?
 Tend to increase suicide rates in the short run
but decrease them in the long run
 Most effective is combining medication with
cognitive therapy.

Placebos that mimic the side effects, were often proven
as effective as the real drug
Somatic Therapies
Antianxiety Drugs (Anxiety disorder)
 Xanax & Valium (Barbiturates)
 Depresses the central nervous system
(warning label always states to never mix
with alcohol)
 Tend to reduce symptoms without solving the
underlying problem
 can produce dependence
 may experience withdrawal symptoms
Somatic Therapies
Natural Remedies to antianxiety & antidepressants

Aerobic Exercise
 Calms people who have anxiety
 Energizes those with moderate depression
○ releases endorphins
Proper balance of magnesium (small piece of
chocolate)
 Green tea (increases GABA and dopamine)
 Omega-3 Fatty Acids (fish oil)

Somatic Therapies
Bipolar disorder
Lithium carbonate is powerful in stabilizing
bipolar disorder (salt)
 Can treat the manic episodes but not the
depressive
 Not sure how it works

ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)
First introduced in 1938
 Electric current sent through one or both brain
hemispheres

 Briefly lose memory, change blood flow
Rarely used today
 Only used for severe depression when drugs
didn’t work

 Like restarting a computer which solves the problem
 Maybe shock induced seizures calm neurons

Most people relapse after several months
Psychosurgery

USED AS A LAST RESORT!
Purposeful destruction of the brain to alter
behavior
 Egas Moniz (1930s) lobotomy:

 cut main neurons to frontal lobe to calm patient
 Concept was to disconnect emotion from thought,
but left people permanently lethargic, uncreative
person
 Moniz was honored with a Nobel Peace Prize
 During 1950s 35,000 people were lobotomized in
USA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk