Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Bellringer Belief in harmony with How Shinto, nature and are its spirits animism and Daoism similar? Scientific Galilee investigations Galileo and in the Scientific Sir Isaac Newton are Revolution best known for -Heliocentric models -Gravitywhat? What geographic Steep mountainous terrain and archipelagos feature influenced the development of Greek City States? A government controlled by a strong central What is an absolute authority with total Monarchy? control Bellringer Nationalism caused high Why were theethnic Balkans tensions between groups known as the Powder Keg of Europe? Anti Jewish feelings What does AntiSemitism mean? Name Christianity, two cultural Orthodox Absolute rulers, onionfrom pieces that passed domes the Byzantine Empire to Russia Johann Gutenberg What man is credited with printing the first book in Europe? Bellringer Cape of Good Hope What is the name of the sea passage south of Africa? Gunpowder, moveable type, paper, silk, What are some compass from China? inventions Capital, surplus population, natural What are two causes resources US policy during WWII to supply the What wasallies thewith Lend military equipment Lease Act? without getting involved of industrialization? Byzantine Empire When the Roman empire split, the Eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire. Located at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, the Byzantine capitol of Constantinople became rich with trade and culture. The Byzantine empire is credited with preserving Greek and Roman traditions, including the Twelve Tables of Rome (law code). Byzantine accomplishments The Byzantine Empire reached its greatest The He creation of Greek Orthodox extent under Justinian. is also credited with creating Justinian’s Law Code, based onis thea schism, or a Christianity Twelve Tables of Rome. permanent split in religion. This The Byzantines separated from the Roman Sect of Christianity still believes in Catholic Church and founded the Greek Orthodox religion. Though10 still commandments Christian, the Jesus, and the Greek Orthodox allow priests to marry, one God, but they worship in celebrate primarily Easter and speak Greek during mass. different ways. Congress of Vienna After Napoleon took over much of Europe, Nationalism developed. Nationalism affected all areas of Europe, but the Congress of Vienna, in an effort to stop the spread of revolutionary ideas, restored the old empires and Monarchs. The Austrian and Ottoman empires were especially difficult to rule. With many ethnic groups in each empire tensions rose quickly throughout the 1800s, leading into World War I. Nationalism Extreme pride and devotion in one’s nation or ethnic group After the Congress of Vienna reestablished the old monarchs (legitimacy) the old empires began experiencing nationalism. In some cases nationalism helped unify nations, like Germany with Otto Von Bismarck’s help. Others, like the Austria-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were destroyed by nationalism. This area became known as the Balkans, or the Powder Keg of Europe leading into World War I Austria-Hungary The Austrian empire had 4 major ethnic groups: -German Speaking- 25% -Slavic- 50% -Italian and Hungarian-25% Despite being the smallest group, the German Speaking Austrians ruled the Empire. As the ethnic groups began demanding changes in the early 1800s, the Austrian rulers shut down all attempts at reform. They clung to the traditional way of life and government. Austria- Hungary The Ruler Franz Josef attempted reforms, but they only pleased the German Speaking minority. The Slavic people were still unrepresented in government, fueling more discontent. In 1914 a Serbian Slav assassinated the archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, felt that Franz Ferdinand represented the oppressive government. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand began World War I. The Austria-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I. Ottoman Decline Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman empire was vast and contained many different ethnic groups. These ethnic groups clashed and demanded independence. The Ottomans tried to put down demands for reform by sticking to traditional ways of life and government. It was unsuccessful and by the end of WWI the Ottoman empire had been dissolved into other empires Armenian Massacre In the late 1890s nationalistic pressures grew with in the Ottoman Empire. Islamic Turks and Christian Armenians had lived in peace for generations, but nationalistic tensions caused the Islamic Turks to attack Armenians. Over the course of 25 years, over 1 million Armenians were killed, with millions more fleeing to the United States The Armenian massacre occurred in what is now known as Turkey. Recently the Armenian Genocide has received renewed attention as the 100 year anniversary occurred. The Pope, President Obama and even Kim Kardashian paid their respects. WWII- Appeasement Much of Eastern Europe was allowed to be seized by Hitler as Western Europe followed a policy of appeasement. The appeasers hoped by giving in to Hitler on his claims to the Rhineland, Austria, Czechoslovakia. It wasn’t until he invaded Poland that the Allies declared war WWII World War II featured the allies against the Axis powers. England, France and Russia fought against Germany, Italy and Japan. Germany followed a policy of blitzkrieg and quickly controlled France. The axis powers relied on heavy aerial bombing and submarine warfare to maintain control. The Allies blockaded materials and supplies from Germany. The War takes a turn in the allies favor on D-Day, the invasion of Normandy beaches. Yalta Conference As the allies discussed the ending of the war, they made a plan for Germany and its former holdings in Eastern Europe. Germany would be split into several zones of occupation between the Americans, British, French and Soviets. The Soviets were also given control of Eastern Europe to oversee the creation of new governments there. Cold War Even though the allies successfully won World War II, there were tensions growing between the Democratic Americans and Communist Soviets. These tensions became the Cold war, a period of hostility without open fighting. The Cold War was a fight between the political ideologies of Democracy and Communism. Europe was split at the imaginary Iron Curtain, with Eastern Europe influenced by Communist Soviet Union Cold War events Berlin air lift- airplanes take supplies into West Berlin to support democracy Cuban Missile Crisis- The United States blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet Missiles reaching Cuba Korean War- NATO forces led by the US help the South fight the North communists. The war ends in an armistice at the 38th parallel Vietnam War- Communist North wants to unite Vietnam after the French leave. The US worries it will spread communism and helps the South resist. The Viet Cong win Bosnia/ Serbia Genocide Ethnic tensions between the Slavic people in the former Austria-Hungary empire boiled over in the early 1990s. The Serbs, Slavs and Croats fought each other for control. The West takes a long time to intervene and hundreds of thousands die. In the end the nations of Serbia, Yugoslavia, Kosovo and Montenegro are established as independent nation states. Byzantine influence The Early Russians lived in small villages, farmed and traded along the rivers connecting the Baltic and Black Seas. The the map first major cityUsing was the trading city of and Kiev. your knowledge, explain why Kiev Kiev maintained a strong trading connection with the would major trading partner Byzantine Empirebe and a Constantinople, thus cultural diffusion occurred. Some of the most important influences with Constantinople. were: -Orthodox Christianity -Byzantine domes influenced the onion domes of Russia -Powerful secular ruler Mongols In the 1200s the Mongols swept out of Mongolia and quickly took over most of Russia, China and the Middle East. The Mongols who took over Russia were known as the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde influenced Russia by allowing them religious freedom and promoting trade with Eastern Europe. They also solidified the absolute power model of princes. The Mongols also cut Russia off from Western Europe at a time when the Western Europeans were making rapid advancements in the arts and sciences 2:38- Absolute Czars The Mongols established a system of absolute rule that continued throughout Russian history until the Russian Communist Revolution. The Czars of Russia mostly used oppression and fear to rule with total control. The Romanov family was the last of the Czars. Czars like Ivan the Terrible further centralized the power of the Russian Monarchy. Enlightened Despots Russia was a backwards state, lacking industrialization, modernization and controlled by absolute monarchs However, several Czars and Czarinas did the reigns trySome to bringrefer reformto into Russia. of Catherine and Peter as Catharine the Greatabsolutism, introduced some enlightened government reforms based on becauseideas. they incorporate Enlightened enlightened and western Peter the Great ideas, but introduced they holdEuropean onto style clothing and goods, but could not power tightly establish long lasting industrialization. Anti-Semitismanti Jewish Pogroms Absolute Czars pushed for Russification, or creating a Russian culture. Unfortunately, the Jewish population did not fit into Russia, and were persecuted. Many were killed, others were beaten and forced from their homes. Still others were robbed and terrorized. Many Russian Jews fled to Eastern Europe and areas like Poland. The Pogroms, however, would not end until the end of WWII Non-modernized The Tran Siberian railway was not Until 1919 Russia was primarily an agricultural finished until 1916 nation. They had few factories and barely any methods of transportation. Russia’s backwardness would negatively impact them in the Russo-Japanese war, World War I, and World War II. With few infrastructure transportation systems, troops and supplies took a long time to move. WWI- Nationalism The Russians joined World War I with France and Great Britain. For the Russians, the Slavic people trapped in the Austria-Hungary empire needed their protection. For the British and the French, it was a chance at glory against the tyrants of Germany and Austria Hungary. The Russians joined the war for two MAIN reasons: -Alliance system- the Russians had signed an alliance agreement to protect the Serbians -Nationalism- The Russians felt close to the Slavic peoples, who shared a common ethnic identity World War I Disaster World War I proved how backwards Russia truly was. They were unable to produce enough military supplies for their troops (guns, blankets, weapons, food). Russia’s infrastructure was nearly non-existent, and the supplies could not quickly reach troops. Nor could fresh troops be brought in to the front lines. At home average citizens were starving and oppressed. Soon the people were demanding CHANGE Russian Revolution Angry at the war, lack of food, and weak government, the people began to revolt. In March 1917 protesters marches on the Czar’s Palace in St. Petersburg shouting for Bread! Bread! Bread! Soon a Vladimir Lenin gained a following of loyal Bolsheviks, or communists. He gained support among the peasantry by promising Land, Peace and Bread After the Communist Revolution we begin referring to Russia as the Peace, Land, Bread Soviet Union Get out of WWI Treaty of Brest Litovsk End serfdom and give peasants small plots of private land Guarantee basic daily needs Lenin Led the communist Revolution but depended on the support of the peasants to overthrow the government. Lenin got the Soviet Union out of World War I by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Lenin instituted a strict communist government, but made some economic reforms to encourage farmers and business owners to continue producing for the nation (NEP) Stalin Followed Lenin to control the Soviet Union. He instituted the 5 year programs which were meant to modernize the nation and increase production. Unfortunately the 5 year plans focused on quantity over quality and most nations around the world were not interested in buying Soviet made goods. Farmers were grouped onto huge collectives to work together, but most resisted the government taking their land, machines and homes. WWII The Soviet Union joined World War II after Germany invaded despite a secret NonAggression Pact between the two. According to the agreement, neither the Soviet Union nor Germany would invade one another. After months of siege on Leningrad and Stalingrad, a turning point occurred. At the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 the Soviets began pushing the Germans out of Russian territories Cold War The Cold War was a period of Hostility without open fighting between the Soviet Union and United States, or communism vs democracy. During the Cold war the Soviets maintained control over Eastern Europe, calling them buffer states against invasion from the Democratic West. The Soviets quickly developed a nuclear bomb, then atomic bomb. They also put the first satellite into space, named Sputnik. Sputnik terrified Americans who were concerned about Soviets spying on Americans from Space Cold War Events While the Americans focused on containing communism behind the Iron Curtain, the Soviets focused on spreading Communism. Their occupied nations in Eastern Europe were all converted to communism. The Soviets even sent communist advisors to China, Cuba, Vietnam, and North Korea. The cold war had periods of escalating tensions such as the Berlin Air lift, Cuban Missile Crisis and the Korean and Vietnam wars. Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991. He instituted two reform programs: -Perestroika- Economic reform attempted by bringing in some free enterprise (capitalism) -Glasnost- openness with the nations of the West and an easing on restrictions on the Russian people Both reforms failed and led to the downfall of the Soviet Communist Model. Putin After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia became a democratic nation. Putin was first elected in 1999 and re-elected for a second term. He still played a pivotal role in the government after his terms were finished, as prime minister. Then in 2012 Putin ran again and was elected president. Putin is criticized as being oppressive and acting like a dictator to maintain power. Ukraine and Crimea current event Putin has recently ordered the Russian army to occupy both the Ukraine and Crimea. He says he is ensuring political stability amid recent protests in Ukraine and assimilating the ethnic Russians of Crimea back into the Russian Motherland. Despite repeated warnings and sanctions from the international community Putin continues to maintain control of these areas. Some compare the inaction to the appeasement of the pre-WWII era. Unfortunately the UN has no real power as Russia holds a seat on the Security Council, instead, the United States is dealing with NATO for a resolution Czar Putin? As President Putin continues to use military aggression to gain territory and silence political dissenters, the world is growing concerned. The United Nations and United States are watching Putin. Read “Czar Putin” to learn more about Russia’s threat over the Ukraine. Best political relations create criteria that you think political relations should achieve, and determine what is the best way to accomplish… war, diplomacy, sanctions, neutrality, isolation