* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download GMOs: Genetically Modified Organisms
Survey
Document related concepts
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy of the human retina wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified organism wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Biotechnology of GMOs: Genetically Modified Organisms • How can we use our understanding of DNA, genomes, and gene expression to help solve issues in the world? • To what extent SHOULD we apply this knowledge into action? Universality of the Genetic Code • http://education.seattlepi.com/humans-bacteriashare-common-genetic-codes-4511.html Same Gene, Different Organism • https://vimeo.com/179820030 Are GMOs “good” or “bad”? Basic Steps of Gene Transfer • 1) Isolate gene and vector – A vector is a DNA molecule that can be used to carry the gene of interest to foreign cell – Plasmids are commonly used as vectors (viruses are also used) • 2) Digestion of gene and vector by restriction enzymes – Restriction enzymes (also called restriction nucleases) cut out genes of interest, and also cleave vectors to accept foreign genes • 3) Ligation of gene and vector – DNA ligase splices gene and vector to form recombinant plasmid • 4) Selection and expression of transgenic construct – Recombinant plasmid with newly inserted DNA is inserted into host genome – host will now express inserted gene(s). 1a) 1b) 2a) 2b) 3) 4) Restriction Enzymes (Nucleases) Make Genetic Engineering Possible – discovered late 1960s • “Sticky ends” are complimentary, so can be “resealed” by ligase • Nature Link: http://www.nature.com/scitable/spotlight/restriction-enzymes18458113 Gene Transfer through direct uptake of DNA How are bacterial genes transferred to plant genomes? How are viruses used for gene therapy? Bacterial Transformation: inserting nonbacterial genes into bacteria Extra Links: • Do Humans and Bacteria Share Common Genetic Material: http://education.seattlepi.com/humansbacteria-share-common-genetic-codes-4511.html • Wings on a Human? http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask357 • Is it possible to create a designer baby? http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask140 What are the potential risks and benefits of GMOs? • • • • Benefits Higher crop yields and more food Less land needed for crop rotation and could be used for conservation efforts Less use of insecticide sprays; health and financial benefits Increased vitamin content, decreased allergen or toxin content, resistance to virus diseases, drought tolerance, etc. Risks • Non-pest insects could be killed • Consequences of GMO pollen transferring to other crops and organisms that feed on those crops • Toxins from litter could harm decomposers • Cross pollination with other plants in the wild could transfer genes • Pests may develop resistance to genetically modified toxin What are the potential benefits and risks of GMOs? GMO Salmon • 7 Questions to Ask: http://time.com/4120648/fdaapproved-aquabounty-gmosalmon/ • GMO Salmon Approved: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/1 1/20/business/geneticallyengineered-salmon-approved-forconsumption.html?_r=0 • GMO Salmon Banned: https://www.washingtonpost.com /news/to-yourhealth/wp/2016/01/29/fda-bansimports-of-geneticallyengineered-salmon-for-now/ Clones & Cloning • Clones: groups of genetically identical organisms OR a group of cells derived from a single original parent cell • Cloning multicellular organisms requires the production of stem cells (differentiated cells cannot form other types of cells) • Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can continuously reproduce AND have the capacity to differentiate • Natural cloning occurs in asexual organisms (Ex: Bacteria), twins, and some plant species • Artificial cloning is done through the artificial production of stem cells from already differentiated cells Somatic-Cell Nuclear Transfer: Cloning Adult Animals Using Differentiated Cells (Differentiated cells) Stem Cells Link: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/scintro/ Cloning Via Embryonic Division