Download Lab 1 Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Defination Language

Introduction to Database Systems
Lab-01
Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language (DDL)
Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
3
2.
Activity Time boxing
3
3.
Objective of the experiment
3
4.
Concept Map
3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Relational Data Model:
Database Management System (DBMS):
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS):
SQL (Structured Query Language):
4.4.1 Data Manipulation Language
4.4.2 Data Definition Language
4.4.3 Data Control Language
MySQL:
PHP:
PHPMyAdmin:
XAMPP:
5.
Homework before Lab
5
6.
Procedure& Tools
5
6.1
6.2
6.3
7.
Tools
Installing and Setting Up XAMPP (MySQL, Apache)
6.2.1 Installation of XAMPP
6.2.2 Setting up XAMPP
Walkthrough Tasks
6.3.1 Structured Query Language (SQL) and PHPMyAdmin
6.3.2 Data Definition Language (DDL)
6.3.3 Creating a database
6.3.4 Selecting a database
6.3.5 Creating a table in selected database
6.3.6 DataTypes
6.3.7 Constraints
6.3.8 Primary Key, Foreign Key
6.3.8.1. Primary Key
6.3.8.2. Foreign Key
6.3.9 ALTER TABLE and DROP
6.3.10 Viewing Database, Table and Field Information
Practice Tasks
7.1
Practice Task 1
5
5
5
8
15
16
16
16
17
17
19
19
20
20
20
21
23
24
[Expected time = 65mins]
24
8.
Evaluation Task (Unseen) [Expected time = 30mins for tasks]
25
9.
Evaluation criteria
25
10.
REFERENCES:
10.1
25
SQL-99 Complete, Really, by Peter Gulutzan & Trudy Pelzer.
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition
Language
1. Introduction
You are learning databases, database models, and database management systems particularly
relational data model and relational database management system (RDBMS). In this lab, you will
get familiar with the tools required for database management. You will use XAMPP application
stack that includes MySQL Database Server, Apache Web Server, PHP interpreter, and
PHPMyAdmin as a management system for MySQL Server.
Relevant Lecture Material
a) Revise Lecture No. 3 and 4
b) Text Book: Database Systems, A practical approach to design, implementation
and management by Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Addison Wesley , Fifth
Edition,
1. Read pages:
2. Read URL:
i. http://www.tomjewett.com/dbdesign/dbdesign.php?page=ddldml.p
hp
3. Revise the DDL
2. Activity Time boxing
Table 1: Activity Time Boxing
Task No.
6.2
6.3
7
8
Activity Name
Setting-up and Setting
XAMPP (MySQL, Apache)
Walkthrough Tasks
Practice tasks
Evaluation Task
Up
Activity time
5mins
Total Time
5mins
30mins
20 to 30mins for each task
60mins for all assigned task
60mins
50mins
60mins
3. Objective of the experiment
 To learn the installation, setup and usage of tools required for relational database
management.
 To learn to implement a database schema in a database management system.
4. Concept Map
Relational Data Model:
The relational model is cantered on this idea of organization of data into collections of twodimensional tables called “relations.” Each row of the table is called a Tuple or Record. And
each column is given a name and is called Attribute.
4.1
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Database Management System (DBMS):
A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with
the user, other applications, and the database itself to manage data in databases. A generalpurpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration
of databases.
4.2
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS):
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS)
that is based on the relational model.
4.3
SQL (Structured Query Language):
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language used for the retrieval and
management of data in relational databases (RDBMS). It also supports database schema
definition and modification. It is supported by all modern database management systems (e.g.
Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgresSQL, MySQL, etc.).
4.4
SQL is based on the relational model. The basis data structure in RDBMS is a table. SQL
provides you the features to define tables, define constraints on tables, query for data in table,
and change the data in table by adding, modifying, and removing data. SQL also supports
grouping of data in multiple rows, combining tables and other features.
SQL is high-level declarative language, quite easy to learn, allowing complex tasks on a database
to be specified simply. SQL has a defined syntax that specifies how standard keywords can be
combined to form valid SQL statements. SQL statements can be divided into three categories,
according to their function:
4.4.1 Data Manipulation Language
Statements that retrieve, insert, update, edit or delete data stored in database tables. These
statements begin with the keywords: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.
4.4.2 Data Definition Language
Statements that create, modify, or destroy database objects (such as tables). These statements
begin with the keywords: CREATE, ALTER or DROP.
4.4.3 Data Control Language
Statements that authorize certain users to view, change or delete data. These statements begin
with the keywords: GRANT or REVOKE. We do not consider data control in the lab exercises.
MySQL:
MySQL is a free, open-source, and the most popular relational database management system
(RDBMS).
4.5
PHP:
PHP is a server side scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive
4.6
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Web applications. PHP is a widely-used, free, and open source.
PHPMyAdmin:
PHPMyAdmin is a free and open source tool written in PHP intended to handle the
administration of MySQL with the use of a web browser.
4.7
XAMPP:
XAMPP is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package developed
by Apache Friends. It includes MySQL, PHP, and PHPMyAdmin.
4.8
5. Homework before Lab
Task1: You can study RDM & database?
6. Procedure& Tools
Tools
In this section tools installation and setup is defined.
6.1
6.2
Installing and Setting Up XAMPP (MySQL, Apache)
6.2.1 Installation of XAMPP
Download XAMPP from http://www.apachefriends.org/en/xampp.html
XAMPP for Windows exists in three different flavors. The “Installer” version is “probably the
most comfortable way to install XAMPP” according to the XAMPP website.
6.2.1.1 Start the XAMPP installation Note that Windows 7,8, and 10 will warn that installing to
the Program Files directory will keep XAMPP from being able to write to its directory due to
UAC. Disabling UAC is not recommended. XAMPP can be installed to C:\XAMPP to avoid this
issue or XAMPP can be given permission to run as Administrator. Figure 1 shows the dialogue
box that gets the permission from the owner before installing XAMPP. Press ‘OK’ and proceed
to next step.
Figure 1: XAMPP 1.7.7 win32
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
6.2.1.2 The XAMPP installation starts with a splash screen as shown in figure 2. Click “Next”.
Figure 2: XAMPP Setup Wizard
6.2.1.3 Figure 3 shows the next step of installation. Choose which directory to install XAMPP.
Installing in D:\XAMPP can make installation easier.
Figure 3: Xampp Startup
6.2.1.4 Installing Apache and MySQL as a service can give more options for running XAMPP
when desired. When installed as services, the “services.msc” snap-in can be used to set the
services to run “manually”. Running XAMPP services manually can help prevent opening
security holes accidentally. Select installation of Apache and MySQL from the dialogue box as
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
shown in figure 4.
Figure 4: XAMPP Options
6.2.1.5 Complete the installation. It may take a while. After the successful installation of
XAMPP following screens will appear (refer to figure 5 and figure 6).
Figure 5: Compleating the XAMPP Setup Wizard
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 6: Setup Complete Popup
6.2.2 Setting up XAMPP
6.2.2.1 After the installation is complete, open XAMPP control panel. The following window
will appear (refer to figure 7). Start Apache and MySql.
Figure 7: XAMP Control Panel
6.2.2.2 Before running Apache web server make sure
Port 80 and 443 are not in use by any other application.
If port 80 is being used it would display an error in XAMPP Control Panel.
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 8 : Xampp Startup
In 80 is in use then you will click on “Config” button infront of “Apache”, select “httpd.conf”
from the menu.
Httpd.conf file will be opened in NotePad, Find “Listen 80” and change the port 80 to someother
value of your choice. i.e. 8082.
Figure 9
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 10
In 443 is in use then you will click on “Config” button infront of “Apache”, select “httpdssl.conf” from the menu.
Httpd-ssl.conf file will be opened in NotePad, Find “Listen 443” and change the port 443 to
someother value of your choice. i.e. 444,
Figure 11
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 12
Figure 13
6.2.2.3 Start Apache and MySql.
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 14
6.2.2.4 Running PHPMyAdmin
6.2.2.4.1 Open any Browser i.e. Chrome, Firefox and Write the following URL in address bar.
http://Localhost:8082/phpmyadmin
Where 8082 is the port defined in Apache(httpd.conf) file in step 6.3.1.2.
Figure 15
6.2.2.5 Setup Environment Variable
Go to Control Panel > System and Security > System
The Following screen will appear (refer to figure 8) and Click Advanced system settings
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 16: Advance System Settings
Click Environment Variables. Figure 9 shows the window that will appear as the result of the
action.
Figure 17: System Properties
Variable name PATH is available (refer to figure 10) double click it, otherwise click NEW
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 18: Environment Variables
Copy the path of MySQL > BIN folder from your XAMPP installation folder as shown in figure
11.
Figure 19: Path of bin folder
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Paste the copied path in PATH variable opened from environment variables (refer to figure 10).
Figure 20 : Edit User Variable
Open Command prompt and Write command mysql or mysql -uroot then press enter
Figure 21 : Command Prompt for starting mysql
MySQL CLI is now running we can now start using it (refer to figure 13).
6.3
Walkthrough Tasks
These tasks are designed to guide you to use the tools, implement the basic concepts of DDL.
There are three basic statements within the DDL i.e. CREATE, DROP and ALTER. We will be
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
focusing on CREATE, USE and DROP statements in this lab.
6.3.1 Structured Query Language (SQL) and PHPMyAdmin
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language used for the retrieval and
management of data in relational databases (RDBMS). We will use MySQL RDBMS that
provides Console and GUI based tools to run or test our SQL Queries.
We will use MySQL CLI and an open source web based GUI tool called “PHPMyAdmin” to
execute our SQL queries.
6.3.2 Data Definition Language (DDL)
SQL Using the MySQL CLI (Command Line Client)
At the MySQL CLI, you can enter database commands followed by Enter.
Prompts:
At the MySQL prompt, you can enter database commands followed by Enter.
There is also a set of commands that MySQL itself interprets. For a list of these
commands, type help or \h at the mysql> prompt. Following Table shows some of
the prompts you will see.
Prompt
mysql>
->
'>
">
Meaning
Waiting for a command i.e ready for new command
Waiting for the next line of a multiple-line command
Waiting for the next line , waiting for completion of a string that
begins with a single quote( “ ‘ “ )
Waiting for the next line of a string that starts with a double quote
Note that:
1. Most MySQL commands end with a semicolon (;)
2. MySQL returns the total number of rows found, and the total time to execute the query.
3. Keywords may be entered in any letter case i.e uppercase or lowercase.
You first need to create a database in which you will store your tables. This can be considered
analogous to opening a blank database. To create a database we use the CREATE DATABASE
command:
6.3.3 Creating a database
CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] databaseName – Create a new database, IF NOT
EXISTS is optional.
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 22: Create Database
6.3.4 Selecting a database
Before starting to work (e.g. create tables, write queries etc.) with your database, you must select
the database you are going to use. To do this, we use the USE command:
USE databaseName
-- select a database
Figure 23: Show All Databases
6.3.5 Creating a table in selected database
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tableName (
columnName columnDataType columnConstraints, ...
PRIMARY KEY(columnName),
FOREIGN KEY (columnNmae) REFERENCES tableName (columnNmae)
)
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Now, all the operations will be implemented on the database with the name retailer_db.
There are no tables in this database yet. To create tables, we use the CREATE TABLE
command:
Figure 24: Create Table productlines
The structure of the table can be checked through ‘describe’ command.
Figure 25: Describe table
Let’s create another table in the database.
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 26: Create Table products
6.3.6 DataTypes
With the command above, we created a table with the name “productlines” which has 3 fields:
productLine, textDescription and htmlDescription. In MySQL, we must specify a data type for
each field. See Appendix A for complete list of MySQL datatypes, the most commonly used data
types in MySQL are given in the table below:
Data Type
Description
TINYINT, SMALLINT, MEDIUMINT, Integer values
INT, BIGINT
FLOAT, DOUBLE
Floating-point values
DECIMAL
Decimal values
CHAR
Fixed length strings up to 255 characters
VARCHAR
Variable length strings up to 255
characters
TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, Longer blocks of text data
LONGBLOB
DATE, TIME, YEAR
Date; time or duration; year values
DATETIME
Combined data and time values
TIMESTAMP
Timestamps
ENUM
One of a set of predefined values
SET
Zero or one
6.3.7 Constraints
In addition to the data type of the fields, we can also specify field modifiers/constraints and keys
when creating a table:


Is the field allowed to be empty? We can specify this using the modifiers NULL and
NOT NULL.
Using the DEFAULT modifier we can specify a default value for the field.
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language


AUTO_INCREMENT modifier enables us to create values for a field automatically.
If we want the values for a field to be unique, we can use the UNIQUE modifier.
6.3.8 Primary Key, Foreign Key
6.3.8.1.Primary Key
In the relational model, a table shall not contain duplicate rows, because that would create
ambiguity in retrieval. To ensure uniqueness, each table should have a column (or a set of
columns), called primary key,that uniquely identifies every record of the table. For example, a
unique
number customerID can
be
used
as
the
primary
key
for
the customers table; productCode for products table; isbn for books table. A primary key is
called a simple key if it is a single column; it is called a composite key if it is made up of several
columns. Most RDBMSs build an index on the primary key to facilitate fast search. The primary
key is often used to relate to other tables.
6.3.8.2.Foreign Key
A foreign key of a child table is used to reference the parent table. Foreign key constraint can be
imposed to ensure so-called referential integrity - values in the child table must be valid values
in the parent table.
We define the foreign key when defining the child table, which references a parent table, as
follows:
-- Child table definition
CREATE TABLE tableName (
......
......
CONSTRAINT constraintName FOREIGN KEY (columName)
parentTableName (columnName)
[ON DELETE RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION]
reference action
[ON UPDATE RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION]
reference action
)
REFERENCES
-- On DELETE
-- On UPDATE
The last line in the CREATE TABLE command,”TYPE=InnoDB” or ”ENGINE=InnoDB”,
selects a table type for the table movies. There are several table types in MySQL. By default the
table type is MyISAM. Some of the tables’ types and the features they support are given below:
Table Type
MyISAM
Features
Default table type. Optimized for speed
and reliability. Does not support foreign
key constraints. In the future, MySQL AB
is planning to implement foreign key
constraints for MyISAM type tables.
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
InnoDB
Successor to the MyISAM table type. The
most sophisticated table type in MySQL.
It supports foreign key constraints.
One of the advanced table types in
MySQL. Not easily portable between
different operating systems. Lacks many
optimization routines of the MyISAM
tables.
BDB (Berkeley DB)
Now, let’s create two other tables: persons and roles.
If you are using InnoDB tables, then you can define foreign keys using the FOREIGN KEY
command as shown in figure 18.
6.3.9 ALTER TABLE and DROP
We use the command ALTER TABLE to modify the design of the tables after we create them.
There are various types of altering operations in MySQL:
6.3.9.1 Renaming a table:
ALTER TABLE tableName RENAME TO newTableName
OR
RENAME TABLE tableName TO newTableName
mysql> ALTER TABLE movies RENAME TO movie;
or
Figure 27: Rename Table Name
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
6.3.9.2 Modifying a field:
ALTER TABLE tableName CHANGE columnName newColumnName newColumnDataType
newColumnConstraints, ...
Figure 28 : Alter Attribute
6.3.9.3 Adding a new field:
ALTER TABLE tableName ADD columnName columnDataType columnConstraints, ...
Figure 29 : Add New Attribute
6.3.9.4 Deleting a field:
ALTER TABLE tableName DROP columnName
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 30: Drop Attribute
6.3.9.5 Adding a primary key:
ALTER TABLE tableName ADD PRIMARY KEY (columnName)
6.3.9.6 Changing table types:
ALTER TABLE tableName ENGINE=engineName
6.3.9.7 Deleting a database:
DROP DATABASE databaseName
6.3.9.8 Deleting a table:
DROP TABLE tableName
6.3.10 Viewing Database, Table and Field Information
6.3.10.1 Viewing all available databases:
SHOW DATABASES
6.3.10.2 Viewing all available tables from a databases:
SHOW TABLES FROM tableName;
6.3.10.3 Viewing properties/schema of a table:
DESCRIBE tableName
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
7. Practice Tasks
This section will provide more practice exercises which you need to finish during the lab. You
need to finish the tasks in the required time. When you finish them, put these tasks in the
following folder:
\\dataserver\assignments$\Introduction to Database Management Systems\Lab1
Practice Task 1
[Expected time = 65mins]
We will follow the database schema known as “Classic Models”. Your task is to create all the
tables in database which are given in the figure 33.
 PRODUCTLINES (prorductLine, textDescription)
 PRODUCTS (productCode, productName, productLine, productVendor,
productDescription, quantityInStock,buyPrice, Manufacturers_suggested_retail_price )
 ORDERDETAILS (orderNumber,productCode, quantityOrdered, priceEach,
orderLineNumber)
 ORDERS (orderNumber, orderDate, requiredDate, shippedDate, status, comments,
customerNumber)
 CUSTOMERS (customerNumber, customerName, phone, addressLine1, city, state,
postalCode, country, salesRepEmployeeNumber, creditLimit)
 PAYMENTS (cusotmerNumber, checkNumber, payementDate, amount)
 EMPLOYEES (employeeNumber, emloyeename, extension, email, officeCode,
reportsTo, jobTitle, salary)
 OFFICES (officeCode, city, phone, addressLine1, country, postalCode)
7.1
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language
Figure 31: Database Design Diagram for "Classic Models" Schema
8. Evaluation Task (Unseen)
[Expected time = 30mins for tasks]
The lab instructor will give you unseen task depending upon the progress of the class.
9. Evaluation criteria
The evaluation criteria for this lab will be based on the completion of the following tasks. Each
task is assigned the marks percentage which will be evaluated by the instructor in the lab whether
the student has finished the complete/partial task(s).
Table 3: Evaluation of the Lab
Sr. No.
Task No
1
6
7
2
3
8
Description
Procedures and Tools
Practice tasks and Testing
Evaluation Tasks (Unseen)
Marks
05
15
80
10. REFERENCES:
10.1

SQL-99 Complete, Really, by Peter Gulutzan & Trudy Pelzer.
More examples for the SELECT command:
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Lab 01: Introduction to SQL Tools and Data Definition Language




http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/select.html
MySQL operators:
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/non-typed_operators.html
Built-in functions:
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/functions.html
Joining tables:
http://www.melonfire.com/community/columns/trog/article.php?id=148
Using subqeries:
http://www.melonfire.com/community/columns/trog/article.php?id=204
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