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Some Concepts in Biodiversity Presentation by: Dr. Gazala Habib Department of Civil Engineering IIT Delhi Biodiversity Bio: Life Diversity: Variety Biodiversity: Variety of life forms • From an ocean to a drop of ocean water has biodiversity of all sizes and forms. • Biological diversity (abbreviated as biodiversity) represent the sum total of various life forms such as unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and multi cellular organisms such as plants, fishes, and mammals at various biological levels including gens, habitats, and ecosystem . INTRODUCTION • The term Biodiversity was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in 1986. • The biosphere comprises of a complex collections of innumerable organisms, known as the Biodiversity, which constitute the vital life support for survival of human race. • Definitions: As defined in convention on Biological diversity singed at Rio De Jenerio (Brazil) in 1992 by 154 countries, the Biodiversity defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic eco-systems and the ecological complexes of which the area part- this include diversity with in species, between species and of ecosystem.” According to IUCN in 1998, “the variety and variability of species of their population, the variety of species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with their interaction and their ecological process which influences perform.” Three types of biodiversity Diversity of Species Diversity of Ecosystem Diversity of Genes Types of Biodiversity 1. Genetic diversity - Genetic variability or diversity within a species, i.e. between the individuals of a species Example: 5,000 recorded varieties of mango 88,000 recorded varieties of Oryza sativa 2. Species diversity - Diversity between different species Example ; Felis tigris Felis domestica 3. Ecosystem diversity: Diversity within a region Grassland forest DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY Flora and fauna diversity depends on Climate Altitude Soils Presence of other species Most of the biodiversity concentrated in Tropical region. Values of Biodiversity 1. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES • • • • • • • • • Protection of Water Resources & species. Soil formation and Protection Nutrient Storage and Cycling Degradation of waste, Pollution breakdown and Absorption Biological productivity Carbon sequestration and Regulation of global climate Control of potential pest and disease causing species Detoxification of soil and sediments, Stabilization of land against erosion Maintenance of Soil fertility 2. ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY IN REGULATING CLIMATE 3. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES • Food/drink • Medicinal Resources • Wood Products • Fuel 4. SOCIAL BENEFITS • Recreation • Traditional values • Research & Education ENDANGERED SPECIES OF INDIA • VULNERABLE: Species whose population has still not reduced but face the threat of extinction as the causal factors like reduction in habitat can be easily observed. E.g. Black Buck, Spotted deer, Golden langur, Asiatic wild ass. • RARE: Species which have small populations in the world and are confined to limited areas or are thinly distributed over a more wide area. E.g. Asiatic Pheasants, Satyr Tragopan, Temminick Tragopan. • • THREATENED: Species which are under the threat of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors like habitation loss continue operating. E.g. vultures. EXTINCT: A particular species is considered extinct when its last surviving member dies and has not been seen in wild for the last 50 years. E.g. dodo, passenger pigeon. Baseline data on Biodiversity • Red Data Book: The IUCN published a Red Data Book in 2000 where categorization of various species into extinct, endangered, vulnerable and rare was done. It is updated frequently. • Green Book: The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) published a Green Book which enlists rare plants growing in Protected areas like botanical gardens. • Blue Book: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has compiled data on endangered species of the world in the Blue Book. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY • In situ conservation • Ex situ conservation zoo Gene Bank Bandhavgarh National Park IN-SITU CONSERVATION • The conservation of species done in their own ecosystem or habitat where they survive is called In-Situ conservation. • This is done by declaring certain areas as Protected to save the whole area or certain endangered species. • This could be forests i.e. natural environment or man made i.e. national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves etc. as discussed below: National Park (103): It is a land strictly and legally reserved for conservation of wildlife. It is funded and maintained by Central Government. Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Bharatpur, Rahasthan), Kaziranga National Park (Assam), etc. Wildlife Sanctuaries (536): It is an area of land strictly and legally reserved for conservation of wildlife. It is funded and maintained by State Government with aid from Central Government. Gir Wildlife Sanctuary (Gujarat), Bamboo Island (Andaman) etc. Biosphere Reserves (18): It is an area where multiple use of land is permitted. E.g. Gulf of Mannar, Great Nicobar, Nanda Devi, etc. ZONES OF BIOSPHERE RESERVE EX-SITU CONSERVATION The conservation of species outside their habitat in scientifically managed facilities is termed as Ex-Situ Conservation. The species are provided their natural habitat artificially. E.g. Zoos, botanical gardens, gene banks etc. Plant Seed Bank: Seeds can be dried to low moisture content and stored at low temperature (cryo-preservation) without losing their viability in seed banks which provide a controlled environment. Approximately 90% of all "ex situ" accessions are stored as seeds. Animal Seed Bank: The semen and eggs of stronger, better adaptable and more productive individuals of species are preserved and stored. These can be transported far and wide as well as in future. Field gene banks: Such as arboreta, plantations and botanical gardens are useful for species that are difficult or impossible to store as seed, including vegetatively propagated crops and tree species. In-vitro methods: They conserve species that do not readily produce seeds. The cells or tissues in a culture media or where the seeds cannot be dried without damaging them. Gene Banks: This process involves the selection of useful genes and cross breeding them to produce better varieties of plants and animals. Biodiversity Conservation In situ Sacred groves and lakes Terrestrial Biosphere Reserves Ex situ National parks, wildlife sanctuaries Sacred plant home garden Seed Bank, Gene bank, Cryopreservation Marine Botanical garden, Zoological garden, Aquaria THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Natural causes: Narrow geographical area Low population Low breeding rate Natural disasters Anthropogenic causes: Habitat modification Overexploitation & Hunting of selected species Innovation by exotic species Pollution Global warming and climate change Facts related to Biodiversity Total Land Area of Earth: 510,065,284 sq.km Forest Cover: 38.7 m. sq.km (26%) 40% of Global Forest Land is in South America, Africa, and South Asia. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. There are estimated 5 million to 100 million species on earth (most yet to be discovered). Only about 1.9 million species have been catalogued so far. There are 35 recognised “Hotspots” in the world. 44.4% of Global Plant species and 35.3% of Vertebrate species are present in Hotspots. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. Total land area of India - 143 million ha India occupies 2.47% of the World’s geographical area and has only 1% of the forest India has 16.1% of world human population and 15.1% of cattle population Forest Cover in India – 23.57 % (As per laws it should be >33%) Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. •India hosts 12.53 % of world’s biodiversity •India has 3.9 % of grasslands, 2.0 % of hot deserts, 4.1 m.ha of wetland ecosystems. •India is the 7th largest country in the world and one among the 17 mega diversity centers. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. India: 45,000 + species of wild plants 89,000 + species of wild animals At least 320 species of wild relatives of crops have been originated here. Facts related to Biodiversity contd.. In India: 1,39,000 species of plants, animals and microbes are recorded More than 4 lakh species are yet to be identified There are three mega centers of endemism and 26 micro centers of endemism PLANT SPECIES IN INDIA AND WORLD Taxa Species India World Bacteria 850 Viruses unknown Algae 6500 40,000 Fungi 14,500 72,000 2000 17,000 Lichens 4000 4000 Bryophyta 2850 16,000 Pteridophyta 1100 13000 Gymnosperms 64 750 Angiosperms 17,500 250,000 ANIMAL SPECIES IN INDIA AND WORLD Taxa Species India World 60,000 8,00000 Mollusca 5000 100000 Fishes 2,500 23,000 Amphibians 190 4,520 Reptiles 400 6,550 Birds 1,175 8,400 Insects Mammals 872 4,231 Value of a Tree A tree that lives for 50 years generates: • Rs. 5.3 lakhs worth of oxygen • Facilitates Rs. 6.4 lakhs worth of soil erosion control • Creates Rs. 10.5 lakhs worth of air pollution control • Provides Rs. 5.3 lakhs worth of shelter for birds and animals • Recycles Rs. 6.4 lakhs worth of fertility • Besides provide flower, fruits and timber • When a tree is fell it is something worth more than Rs. 33. 9 lakhs. Important Terms • Vascular Plants: A plant that is characterized by the presence of conducting tissue (like xylem, Phloem, etc.) • Endemic Species: A species unique to a particular bio-geographic location and not found elsewhere in the world. Ex. Habenaria panigrahiana, Lasiococca comberi, Sapria Himalayana, Ovaria Lurida are endemic to India. Criteria To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria: 1. It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics (i.e. 0.5% of the world’s total of 3,00,000). 2. It must have ≤30% of its original natural vegetation left. Important Statistics • Worldwide 35 areas qualify as hotspots. • They represent just 2.3% of Earth’s land surface. • They support >50% of the world’s plant species and ~ 43% of bird, mammal, reptile and amphibian species as endemics. • India has 2 hot spots of biodiversity: Western Ghats. Eastern Himalayas. Important Statistics • The Hot Spots host about 1, 50,000 plant species as endemics which is about 50 % of the world’s total. • > 50% of the planet’s species are endemics to only 16 % of its land area. • About 11,980 terrestrial vertebrates i.e. 42 % of all terrestrial vertebrate species are endemic to Hot Spots. List of Hotspots of Biodiversity: World North and Central America: (California Floristic Province, Madrean pine-oak woodlands, Mesoamerica ) The Caribbean: (Caribbean Islands) South America: (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests, Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena, Tropical Andes ) Europe: (Mediterranean Basin ) Africa: (Cape Floristic Region, Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa, Eastern Afromontane, Guinean Forests of West Africa; Horn of Africa; Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands; Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany; Succulent Karoo) Central Asia: (Mountains of Central Asia) South Asia: (Eastern Himalaya, Nepal; Indo-Burma, India and Myanmar; Western Ghats, India; Sri Lanka ) South East Asia and Asia-Pacific: (East Melanesian Islands; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Philippines; Polynesia-Micronesia; Southwest Australia; Sundaland; Wallacea;) East Asia: ( Japan; Mountains of Southwest China ) West Asia: ( Caucasus; Irano-Anatolian) Hotspots of Biodiversity: World Hotspots of Biodiversity: India References • Jyoti Sinha and Avdesh Bhardwaj (2011). Environmental Science. Galgotia Publications. • Myers, Norman, et al. "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities."Nature 403.6772 (2000): 853-858. • http://www.conservation.org/How/Pages/Hotspots.aspx • Roy Sovan, Environmental Science, Publishing Syndicate , 2003, Kolkata. • Dara.S.S., Environmental chemistry and Pollution Control, S.chand & company Ltd., New Delhi • Schulze Ernst- Detlef, Mooney Harold, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, Springer- Verlag, London • www.eolss.net • www.ibc2010.com