Download part two - the meridian of time , the universal apostasy

A Synopsis of World History
PART TWO - THE MERIDIAN OF TIME , THE UNIVERSAL
APOSTASY, AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT
AD 0030
SIXTH DISPENSATION BEGINS (Dispensation of the Meridian of Time)>
Christ's ministry begins
AD 0031
John the Baptist killed by Herod Antipas the son of Herod the Great
AD 0030-0033
Apostles called; The Church of Jesus Christ begins to be organized
AD 0032
Mount of Transfiguration: Keys of the Priesthood given to Peter, James and John
(and later all of the Twelve) by the ministration of Christ, Moses and Elias (Elijah)
AD 0033
(3 Apr) Atonement and Death of Christ; nature suffers across the world
(6 Apr) Resurrection of Christ; Law of Moses fulfilled;* the First Resurrection
begins; the Forty Days ministry; the Ascension
Righteous saints in both the Old and New Worlds were resurrected at and from the time of Christ's
Resurrection (he being the first fruits of them that slept; i.e. the first to ever be resurrected in the earth's
history). The 'First Resurrection' to us today has reference to the beginning of the Millennium when, in
'the morning of the First Resurrection', the most righteous shall come forth from their graves. However,
strictly speaking, the First Resurrection began at the Resurrection of the Saviour and continues to this day
(when expedient). The faithful that lived before the time of Christ would have looked upon the First
Resurrection in the meridian of time much the same way that the saints** today look forward to the
Millenial restoration of their bodies.
Christ visits Nephites in America after1 Ascension; the Nephites thereafter begin to
live as a Zion society
Christ visits other lost sheep (i.e. the Ten Lost Tribes)
"The Lost Tribes are not lost unto the Lord. In their northward journeyings they were led by prophets and
inspired leaders. They had their Moses and their Lehi, were guided by the spirit of revelation, kept the law
of Moses, and carried with them the statutes and judgments which the Lord had given them in ages past.
They were still a distinct people many hundreds of years later, for the resurrected Lord visited and
ministered among them...obviously they recorded his teachings, thus creating volumes of scripture...[see 2
Nephi 29:12 and also 3 Nephi 17:4]"2 Some have speculated that Christ appeared to other3 'colonies' of
Israelites after his resurrection. Among these places is England of which Gildas, the seventh-century
British historian, wrote: "We know that Christ, the true son, afforded his light to our island in the last year
of the reign of Tiberius Caesar [c. AD 37]."
AD 0034
Conversion of Saul of Tarsus
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
*
The necessity of being a Levite to receive the Aaronic Priesthood was lifted at this time, and the 'Lord's Day' (when the
sacrament was to be taken) became the first day of the week (Sunday). See also text on 'Law of the Covenant' under 1517 BC.

**
Id est, members of the primitive and latter-day Church, Christians. Although it was common for the members of the Church
to be called 'saints' in the Apostolic era the word subsequently lost its original meaning and became a term of veneration for
deceased individuals who were considered particularly special by reason of some prominent act of faith or work, etc.

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A Synopsis of World History
Saints practise Law of Consecration4
The Law of Consecration and Stewardship, the United Order, the Order of Enoch, etc. (actually these
terms refer to slightly different things but that is not discussed in this work), has been and continues to be
one of the most misunderstood* doctrines of the Kingdom of God. This lack of understanding has given
the devil great advantage in deceiving men, both now and in the past, into entering into systems of
government, economy, etc. that have caused no end of suffering. A modern-day Apostle has stated: "The
United Order is not a communal system; it is not one under which all things are held in common." (Bruce
R. McConkie). One lawyer who understood the United Order accurately described it best when he defined
it as "a sort of religiously oriented capitalism".5
AD 0037
Caligula becomes Roman Emperor
[Joseph of Arimathaea and Mary, the mother of Jesus, arrive in England]
Legends and traditions linking Britain with the family of Jesus are so prevalent that one must lend
credence to at least some of them. It is said that Joseph of Arimathaea had quite some success teaching the
gospel in Britain and that the gospel was accepted by the British readily and also by its then king,
Arviragus, of the House of Siluria (the oldest royal house in England).6
AD 0040
Gospel begins to go forth to the Gentiles
Caractacus (or Caratacus/Caradoc) of the Catuvellaun becomes king in Britain
AD 00??
[Some or all of the Apostles come to the British Isles]
The historicity of this English tradition was confirmed by Joseph Smith in response to some of the early
brethren who served in England and had felt they were following in the footsteps of more ancient
prophets, seers and revelators.7 A document found in the Archives of Constantinople, known as The
Sonnini Manuscript, was printed in English in AD 1801; it purports to be a "long-lost chapter of the Acts
of the Apostles" and tells of Paul's visit to western Europe as well as Britain and Ireland. In addition to
this and strong local tradition, Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea in the early Fourth Century, wrote: "...some
of the Apostles passed over to the British Isles."
AD 0041
Claudius becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0042
Claudius issues decree to destroy Christians in Britain
AD 0043
Romans invade England again and establish the province of Britannia (part of
southern England)
The brothers Caractacus (see AD 40) and Togodomnus, two princes of Wales (or Cymru), offered the
greatest resistance but the latter fell in the first year and after nine years Caractacus was betrayed and
taken captive and Wales lay open to the legions. The Romans were never able to penetrate Scotland
(except the lowlands for a while) or Cornwall (including the Glastonbury area). Despite plans to the
contrary no attempt to actually invade Ireland ever got underway.
AD 0044-0068
Martyrdom of Apostles; the Apostasy begins
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
*
For an excellent comparison of the divine principles of God's perfect economic system with the ideas of men see Socialism
and the United Order Compared, a talk originally given by Marion G. Romney at the Brigham Young University, Utah, 1966
and repeated in the following General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 0046
Plutarch born
AD 0047-0048
Caractacus invades Britannia
AD 0049
Council of Jerusalem
Jewish Christians banished from Rome by Claudius
AD 0050
Avesta (Zoroastrian writings) collected around this time
Caractacus defeated by Romans
AD 0051
Caractacus, betrayed, is taken to Rome but Claudius allows him to live
AD 0053
Romans eventually establish themselves in Britannia
AD 0053-0058
[Paul visits England]
AD 0054
Nero becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0061
Boadicean War (Britain vs. Rome)
Rome treated the Iceni leaders (who dwelt northeast of the Thames) very badly. As a result Boadicea, the
Iceni queen, was supported by the revolting tribes and led her army to the Roman cities of London,
Colchester and Verulamium (St Albans), destroying all of them and slaughtering Roman citizens. She was
soon after defeated in a battle in the middle of England and said to have thereafter committed suicide.
AD 0062
Pliny the Younger born
AD 0064
Temple of Herod completed
Fire of Rome: Nero blames Christians; persecution and martyrdom of Christians by
Rome lasts about 4 years
AD 0066-0070
First Jewish revolt against Rome
AD 0068
History of the Jewish People written by Flavius Josephus
AD 0068-0073
Qumran Community disappears
This society was probably destroyed by the Romans soon after hiding their sacred records. The
persecutions by Vespasian around this time were said to have resulted in the death of at least a million
Jews.
AD 0069
Vespasian becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0070
Vespasian comes to power in Rome and founds a new dynasty
Jerusalem and Temple destroyeda by Romans; first westward movementb of Jews
begins
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A Synopsis of World History
(a) Although there may be additional meanings it is accepted that this event was the first fulfilment of the
'abomination of desolation' prophecy by Daniel8 concerning the destruction of Jerusalem. The second
or final fulfilment of this prophecy has yet to occur.
(b) A term used by some though this was not the first time Jews or other Israelite tribes had been
displaced. This scattering of the Jews to other nations is usually referred to as the Diaspora
('dispersion'); a name applied to the dispersed Jews themselves sometimes, as contrasted with Eretz
(meaning 'land' or 'earth') who are those Jews living in the Holy Land.
AD 0074
Galatian culture swallowed up by Romans and becomes part of Cappadocia
Fall of Masada (last refuge of the Jewish Zealots) to Romans
AD 0079
Vesuvius erupts; Pompeii (South Italy) destroyed
Titus becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0081
Domitian becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0090
Council of Jamnia
Jamnia, also called Yavneh or Javneh, is near Joppa (on the coast west of Jerusalem). It was here that a
group or council of rabbis declared the canon of the Hebrew Old Testament to be complete (although the
compilation was thought to have lasted into the Fourteenth Century). It has been suggested that the
measure was a defensive one made as a reaction to the additional scriptural works being written by the
Apostles. According to tradition it was the text decided upon at this meeting that became the masora
(Hebrew 'traditional') or, as we know it today, the Masoretic Text. The Old Testament of the King James
Version uses the Masoretic Text. This version did not include what we know today as the Apocrypha,
although the King James Version of 1611 did originally contain the Apocryphal books.
AD 0095
John records Revelation on the isle of Patmos and is subsequently translated
Christians again persecuted by Rome under Domitian
Apostasy of The Church of Jesus Christ prevails
AD 0098
Trajan becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0100
Paper-making develops in China
AD 0106
Romans conquer Dacia (modern-day Romania)
Romans capture Petra
AD 0117
Trajan killed as a result of trouble stirred up by Jews in Cyrenaica; Hadrian
becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0122
AD 0130-0135
Romans build Hadrian's Wall
Second Jewish revolt against Rome: led by Simon bar Kochebar; Jews massacred
and barred from Jerusalem and scatter
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 0138
Antoninus Pius becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0156
[Good King Lucius of Britain establishes Christianity as national faith]
King Lucius was the great grandson of Caractacus. A brass tablet was found at a site in London and
makes reference to the original church in that location being built in AD 179 by "Lucius, the first
Christian king of this land".9
AD 0161
Marcus Aurelius becomes Roman Emperor but shares his rule with Lucius Verus
and then Commodus
AD 0167-0169
Marcomannic War
AD 0177
Rome persecutes Christians in Rome
AD 0180
Decline of Roman Empire begins; Commodus becomes Roman Emperor
Commodus failed to take action to save the Empire. Some years before, the German tribes had started to
break through Rome's defences and Roman armies had brought back a terrible plague from their wars in
the east with Parthia; this plague greatly thinned the population. From this time the Emperor became more
absolute in his power, government more bureaucratic, tax more burdensome, the middle class less
numerous.
AD 0198
Roman Empire ruled between two Emperors
AD 0200
About this time the Talmud begins to be put together
The Talmud (comes from a Hebrew word meaning 'learning') was put together over a period of about
three centuries (until about AD 500) by Jewish scholars. It is viewed as the Oral Law in addition to the
Law of Moses. The Jewish Encyclopedia admits that the Talmud is the "the product of the Palestinian and
Babylonian schools". Consequently the record exists as two collections: (1) The Palestinian Talmud, or
Talmud of the Land of Israel, or Talmud of the West, or (most popularly) the Jerusalem Talmud, and (2)
the Babylonian Talmud.
AD 0201
Zion society among Nephites comes to an end
AD 0218
Roman Empire restored to one Emperor under Antoninus but shared power still
occurs with some Emperors
AD 0220
Han Dynasty of China ends as Empire divides into The Three Kingdoms
AD 0224
Sassanians of Persis defeat Parthian king
AD 0226
Persia comes under rule of the Sassanid* line of emperors with their capital at
Ctesiphon; Zoroastrianism becomes state religion
Gunpowder develops in China
AD 0250
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
*
The first of this line, Ardashir, called himself Shapur, meaning 'King of kings'; in later times this was to be abbreviated to
Shah.

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A Synopsis of World History
AD 0260
Battle of Edessa: Persia defeats Romans and capture Emperor Valerian
AD 0262
Goths destroy Temple of Diana
The Goths were of Scythian origin and sometimes called Gatei. They divided into two branches: the
Visigoths ('west Goths') who went on to rule Spain and southern Gaul, and the Ostrogoths ('east Goths');
the Goths were pushed westward by the invading Huns. Their name may have come from the biblical
name Gad (pron. Gath), one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.
AD 0284
Diocletian becomes Roman Emperor
AD 0288
Constantine the Great born
AD 0290
Diocletian Edict: Rome severely persecutes Christians
AD 0300
Diocletian persecution reaches Britain
So great was this that the number of British martyrs exceeded that of all previous persecutions. It is
believed by some10 that during this time Rome destroyed the true history of the British and replaced it with
its own view. It has become increasingly clear from documented evidence that survived the Roman
destruction of the British libraries and records that the Ancient Britons were a highly-civilised and literate
race that, according to some sources, were said to have even surpassed the Greeks.
AD 0303
Christians in Rome are persecuted again
[Martyrdom of 'Saint George' in Palestine; later to become patron saint of England]
AD 0313
Constantine accepts Christianity
AD 0319
Rise of Gupta Empire in India
This Empire was of the Hindu religion and held power only in the north of India, although had some
control of areas in the south for short periods.
AD 0324
Constantine I (the Great) becomes sole Roman Emperor
Christianity becomes official religion of Roman Empire
AD 0325
(First) Council of Nicæa
The subsequent Nicene Creed established the Trinity doctrine in the Roman Church. It was opposed by
Arius (who was denounced by the Council), a Libyan theologian, who taught that the Father and Christ
were not the same person. The Athanasian Creed was a confirmation of the Trinity doctrine by
Athanasius, an Egyptian and patriarch of Alexandria, made in opposition to Arianism. Arius's teaching
remained strong in North Africa and Spain until about the Sixth Century. There was much contention
between the proponents of the two doctrines until the Athanasian became dominant.
AD 0330
Constantine I builds up old Greek city of Byzantium on the Thracian Bosphorus; it
is renamed Constantinople and becomes the new imperial headquarters
AD 0333
Roman troops begin to leave Britain
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 0337
Emperor Constantine dies
AD 0360
Huns (Mongols and probably descendants of the Hsiung-nu) begin to invade
Europe from Asia
AD 0361
Julian becomes Roman Emperor
Julian reintroduced paganism but gave it a Christian form - the organisation and alms-giving were to
remain the same as the Christian churches. Christians, however, were excluded from education and often
given over to be killed by mobs.
AD 0372
Rise of the Hun Empire
AD 0378
Battle of Adrianople: Roman army destroyed by Goths; Huns move into the
Balkans behind Goths
Theodosius becomes Roman Emperor; he later establishes Orthodox Christianity
AD 0385
Nephite race destroyed by Lamanites
AD 0391
Statue of Zeus transported to Constantinople
AD 0395
Roman Empire splits into East (at Constantinople) and West (at Rome)
AD 0406
Huns enter Hungary
AD 0407
Romans withdraw from Britain back to Rome
AD 0409
Vandals (Scythians) settle Spain
AD 0410
Sacking of Rome by Visigoths
AD 0421
Moroni buries the Nephite scriptural record in America
AD 0438
Theodosian Code (based on Civil Law, opposite of Common Law) becomes law in
the East and West Roman Empire
Theodosius II, Emperor of the East, and Valentinian III, Emperor in the West, appointed a group of Jurists
to compile this code of Roman law in AD 426. It was passed through the Senate and became law in AD
438; the Senate acting obsequiously as a rubber stamp. J. Reuben Clark commented:
"Briefly, and stated in general terms, the basic concept of these two systems was as opposite as the poles - in the Civil Law the source of all law is the personal ruler; whether prince, king, or emperor -- he is
sovereign. In the Common law, certainly as finally developed in America, the source of all law is the
people; they, as a whole, are sovereign. During the centuries, these two systems have had an almost
deadly rivalry for the control of society, the Civil Law, and its fundamental concepts, being the instrument
through which ambitious men of genius and selfishness have set up and maintained despotisms; the
Common Law, with its basic principles, being the instrument through which men of equal genius, but
with love of mankind burning in their souls, have established and preserved liberty and free institutions."11
AD 0439
Vandals make Carthage their capital
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 0441
Anglo-Saxons begin to settle in England
According to some versions of history the King of Kent had invited the Engles, Saxons and Jutes over
under the leadership of Hengist and Horsa to help fight the various Celtic tribes that were threatening the
southern Celts of England; the Anglo-Saxons were successful in helping the King of Kent but afterward
did not leave but settled - the Engles giving their name to East Anglia, and the Saxons to Essex, Wessex,
Sussex, etc. (means 'East Saxonland', ‘West Saxonland’, and ‘South Saxonland’ respectively); the Jutes
settled Kent itself. From that time onward these tribes pushed back the Celtic tribes into Ireland, Scotland,
Wales, and Cornwall.
AD 0451
Huns defeated near Troyes (eastern France) by Roman-Visigoth effort
AD 0453
Attila dies; fall of Hun Empire
It was around this time that the Khazars, previously subject to the Huns, started to rise to prominence.
The origin of this people, like all the Turkic peoples, is unknown. They seem to be an offshoot of the
Huns. As with all the Turkish tribes the traditional lineage is from Togarmah, grandson of Japheth
through Gomer. Interestingly Ezekiel 27:14 mentions the house of Togarmah as being a dealer in horses
and horsemen. Such a description fits these ancient tribes and hordes of warrior horsemen.
In a letter the King of the Khazars (called the Kagan) lists the tribal names of the ten sons of Togarmah,
claiming his people descended from the son called Khazar. Another two of the sons were named Hun and
Bulgar, from whence the Huns and Bulgars (later Bulgarians) originated.12
Another tradition13 says they once dwelt near the Seir Mountains (this is the location of Edom-Idumaea,
"Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir..."14) It is possible through the mixing of the various races that both these
traditions could be correct. Many Jews seemed to have become mixed into other races during the
Babylonian Captivity, becoming Babylonian Jews (and following the Babylonian Talmud). It is suggested
that one of the offshoots of these hybridized people were the Khazars.
Interestingly it was Edom that was associated with the colour red, as of course were the 'Red Jews' (see
AD 965) of Khazar and the Eastern European revolutionary Jews (whose flag was red); some believe the
red shield of the Rothschild family (German Jews who founded a powerful and internationally profitable
banking practice around the end of the 18th Century) originated from this same history (see text under AD
1760). Later later the Red Army and the red of Communism-Socialism is said to have its roots in this
same history. The Jewish Encyclopedia15 admits that the blood of Edom is in modern Jewry.
AD 0454
Battle of Nedao (Hungary): Huns decisively defeated by previously subject
barbarian tribes and begin moving back into Asia; Avars start moving into the
Ukraine and rise in power
AD 0455
Vandals sack Rome
AD 0456
Saint Patrick begins his missionary work in Ireland
AD 0462
Statue of Zeus destroyed by fire
AD 0476
Formally the end of the Roman Empire in the West; Dark Ages commence
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A Synopsis of World History
Although the Roman Republic was originally based on the family, and even held that sovereignty rested
in the people, it became, especially as it transformed into an Empire, completely immoral, corrupt and
dictatorial. Divorce was very high, certain 'women's rights' movements drove husbands and wives apart,
the schools did not promote morality and illiteracy increased, the people became apathetic as they became
satiated with the immorality and violence of their entertainment industry (the theatres and arenas); the
government became very totalitarian; J. Reuben Clark said: "It is interesting to note that these laws
[Roman laws], proclaimed over 1500 years ago, had provisions covering such so-called modern concepts
... as price fixing, black markets, excessive taxation, socialized medicine [i.e. a government national
health service], conscription of labor, anti-Semitism, inflation, corruption in government bureaus, the
relationship between Church and State -- all phrases familiar to our ears. Under these laws the entire
population was organized as in one vast army. All, including the highest officials, were strictly classified,
and even the least had a station. In substance this meant that everyone did what he was told, and did not
act without permission.' There was a great body of secret police to report disobedience; there was a
'special' secret police appointed to watch the ordinary secret police. These laws were framed to provide
security. We of today have heard that same kind of security talk. But, in fact, all this bred not security, but
scarcity of grain, of materials, of men. The mere making of laws, even in an absolute despotism, does not
change the great laws of nature and economics -- neither then nor now, for there can be no permanent
stability where men are not free. In fewer than forty years from the issuance of the Theodosian Code (i.e.
476 AD) the Empire of the West fell, notwithstanding the operation, under complete autocratic powers, of
economic devices enacted to promote the welfare of the people and to preserve the empire; some of these
devices were the same ones that we have been told will rebuild our economic structure and preserve our
free institutions. These devices failed with Rome; they will ultimately fail with us."16
Here is what one historian said about Rome: "[Welfarism was a] leading fact of Roman life. The evils that
resulted from this misdirected state charity can hardly be overstated. Idleness and all its accompanying
vices were fostered to such a degree that we shall probably not be wrong in enumerating the practice as
one of the chief causes of the demoralization of society."17
"The sap was running in the plant too feebly; there was a lack of keen industrial energy and of the instinct
of self-help. As time went on, the central government grew too paternal, interfered too much in the life of
these towns, and so encouraged the tendency to 'slackness'...some of the most imposing of these fabrics
[buildings and businesses] were...entirely devoted to amusement of a kind neither educative nor
humane...their effect was beyond doubt pernicious, for they encouraged not only inhumanity, but idleness.
Day after day the greater part of the population of a city might sit and watch lazily these bloody
entertainments..." said another writer.18
Formally the beginning of the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire comprised the eastern provinces of Rome where the language and culture were
predominantly Greek rather than Latin. From the Fifth to the Seventh Century the Empire included Asia
Minor, Egypt, the Balkans, Palestine, Cyrene and parts of the Crimea, the Caucasus, and north
Mesopotamia. All of North Africa was conquered during the Sixth Century as was Sicily, southeast Spain,
and even southern Italy.
AD 0480
Saint Benedict born
AD 0488
Ostrogoths seize Italy
AD 0500
Decline of Gupta Empire of India due to invasion of White Huns
[Reign of King Arthur]
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A Synopsis of World History
It was the legendary King Arthur that led the last struggle of the Celts in the west against the Saxons
though quite when this was is not easy to ascertain, dates ranging from about AD 450 to 800.
Traditionally Arthur was a descendant of Joseph of Arimathaea and some have suggested his realm
(which, it will be noted, centres around Avalon as did Joseph of Arimathaea's life) was the last enclave of
a more pure and unadulterated form of Christianity than was then rising in the world.
AD 0501
[Posterity of Zarah-Judah migrate to western Scotland]
AD 0513
Mount Vesuvius erupts again
AD 0527
Persecution of Jews in Byzantium; many go to Khazaria
AD 0529
Justinian Code (Civil Law) becomes law in Byzantine Empire
"The accumulations of laws were said to be so voluminous as to fill 2,000 books and some 3 million
verses, estimated to equal 580 volumes of 400 pages to a volume. [The] compilations were in four parts:
(1) The Code, containing all the imperial statutes thought worthy of preserving from Hadrian (117-138
AD) to Justinian. (2) The Institutes, which contained the great elements of the Civil Law, but none of
them embodying the principles of a free government. (3) The Pandects, declared to be `the greatest
repository of sound legal principles, applied to the private rights and business of mankind, that has ever
appeared in any age or nation.' (Justinian called it "the temple of human justice"). (4) The Novels, a
collection of new laws passed subsequent to the compilation of the Code, to correct errors and supply
omissions in the Code.
"While the absolute power of the Emperor was implicit in the Theodosian Code, it was boldly announced
in the Justinian compilations. The Emperor had all legislative, judicial, and executive power in himself.
Some affirm this principle had its origin during the reign of Augustus Caesar, some trace it back [to]
Romulus and the founding of Rome in 753 BC...
"Thus it was inevitable that this principle of the autocratic power of the Emperor, the executive, which
was basic in the laws of Western and Southern Europe and portions of the Near East for over 2,000 years
... should be a vital portion of the warp and woof of the law of [modern] continental Europe..."19
AD 0534
Byzantine Empire defeats Vandals in Africa
AD 0536-0552
AD 0550
Gothic War: Byzantium retakes Italy from Ostrogoths
Rise of West Turkish Empire
The West Turkish Empire was also called the Turkut Kingdom. It was a confederation of tribes and one of
the peoples it had power over were the Khazars. This was the first time the word 'Turkish' was applied to
a distinct nation. The word itself, along with the word 'Turkic', has more of a reference to a language
group than a race and is thus used when referring to Khazars, Huns and other tribes that had come
westward from the Asia/Near East area.
AD 0568
Avars move into Western Europe
AD 0569
Mohammed born
AD 0590
Arabia considered to be a nominal Persian province by this time
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 0597
Catholic (Rome) missionaries start converting Anglo-Saxons
AD 0600
Roman Catholic Church begins to be established in Britain
Rome comes under firm control of the barbarian Lombards
AD 0611-0615
Sassanian Persian Empire occupies Syria and Egypt, ravages Asia Minor and
threatens Constantinople
AD 0615
Persians sack Jerusalem
About this time Arabs persecute adherents of new Moslem religion
AD 0618-0907
T'ang Dynasty rules China
AD 0622
Rise of Arab Moslem Empire (Islamic); the Hegira (Mohammed's flight from
Mecca to Medina); Arab calendar begins
Mohammed was invited to go to Yathrib, an oasis town on the spice road about 300 miles to the north of
Mecca. Yathrib's name changed to Madinat al-Nabi ('The City of the Prophet') after Mohammed's arrival
and success there. It was later shortened to its present form - Medina. Mohammed's influence grew
although the Jews (there were many living in the north part of Arabia) eventually rejected Islam as
heretical. As Arab influence took control of Islam their prayers later turned from Jerusalem toward Mecca
instead. Mohammed himself professed Islam to be based upon the teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses,
and Jesus (which Islam hold to be great prophets). While accepting the Bible to be sacred Islam also came
to have its own sacred history, the Koran (see text under AD 652). The dates of the Islamic calendar were
suffixed with A.H., acronymous for 'After Hegira'.
AD 0624
Islamic forces gain their first small victory over northern Arabs
AD 0625
Northern Arabs defeat an Islamic army
AD 0627
Khazars lend 40,000 horsemen to Byzantine Emperor in order to defeat Persians;
Persians subsequently crushed by this alliance
Meccan army marches on Medina but are unable to attack
AD 0629
Byzantine Empire drives Persians from Egypt and Syria
AD 0630
Mohammed attacks and captures Mecca; the Ka'ba becomes the chief shrine of
Islam
The Ka'ba or Kaaba is the name given to the shrine at the Great Mosque in Mecca. Located there is the
Black Stone (or Ka'ba Stone) which was said to have been received by Abraham from the Archangel
Gabriel. It became a place of pilgrimage and followers of Islam face toward it when they pray to this day.
AD 0632
Mohammed dies; Abu Bakr becomes the first Caliph (from the Arabic khalifa,
meaning 'deputy')
AD 0634
Damascus falls to Moslem forces
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 0635-0737
Arab-Khazar War: Khazar buffers Europe from Moslem forces*
AD 0636
Byzantine Empire marches on Damascus but is defeated; decline of Byzantine rule
in Syria
AD 0637
Moslems take Iraq from Persians; Ctesiphon seized
AD 0638
Jerusalem falls to Islamic forces
AD 0641
Khazars defeat Bulgars
The Bulgars, after their defeat, split into two groups. Those that went northeast settled in the middle
Volga and remained under the power of the Khazars. The group that went west were eventually to settle
what we now call Bulgaria.
Moslems occupy Egypt and lay siege to Alexandria
Caliph Omar of Arabia overthrows the Sassanids of Persia; fall of Persia
AD 0642
Moslems capture Alexandria and thus Egypt
AD 0644
Umayyad dynasty begins in Arab-Moslem Empire
AD 0650
Fall of West Turkish Empire; Rise of Khazar Empire
The Khazars came to rule all of 'The Kingdom of the North' and at the height of their power controlled or
had tribute from thirty nations and tribes between the Caucasus, Aral Sea, Ural Mountains, Kiev, and the
Ukrainian Steppes. M.I. Artamonov, a Soviet archaeologist, wrote in his book Istroria Khazar: "Until the
ninth century, the Khazars had no rivals to their supremacy in the regions north of the Black Sea and the
adjoining steppe and forest regions of the Dnieper. The Khazars were the supreme masters of the southern
half of Eastern Europe for a century and a half, and presented a mighty bulwark, blocking the UralCaspian gateway from Asia into Europe. During this whole period, they held back the onslaught of the
nomadic tribes from the East."20
To emphasise the importance placed upon the Khazar Empire by the great power of Constantinople it is
interesting to note that Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine Emperor and a historian, said in the Tenth
Century that whereas the Pope of Rome and the Emperor of the West received communications from
Constantinople sealed with a 2-solidi-worth gold seal, the Kagan (the Khazar King) received his letters
sealed with a 3-solidi-worth gold seal.21
AD 0652
Canonical version of Koran established
The Koran (from Arabic quran, meaning 'recitation') is the sacred book of Islam and is said to contain the
words revealed to Mohammed by the Archangel Gabriel; it bears some similarity to the Bible.
AD 0654
Remnants of Colossus of Rhodes removed by Arabs
AD 0656
Revolt in Moslem Empire: Umayyad Caliph assassinated; 'Ali (son-in-law of
Mohammed) proclaimed Caliph in Medina but Umayyads oppose it


*
To this day Moslems refer to the Caspian Sea as Bahr-ul-Khazar, meaning 'the Khazar Sea'.

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This opposition was to be long-lived. 'The Party of Ali', known in Arabic as Shi'at'Ali, later developed
into a religious division of Islam that believed that the head of the Moslem world should be a descendant
of Ali; today this division is called Shi'a, the other more numerous division being called Sunnis.
AD 0661
'Ali assassinated and Umayyads returned to power; Umayyad Caliphate begins
proper; Damascus becomes the new seat of power
AD 0670
Moslems conquer much of North Africa at this time
AD 0673
Moslems besiege Constantinople but are defeated and driven from Asia Minor
AD 0681
Bulgars settle and found Bulgaria
AD 0691
Dome of the Rock completed
The Dome of the Rock occupies Mount Moriah. It was here that Abraham had ascended to offer up his
son Isaac in sacrifice to the Lord. According to the Moslems, however, it was Ishmael, their progenitor,
who was the promised sacrifice and the recipient of the blessing that his descendants would become a
great people; this latter point was certainly to be realised and is referred to in Genesis 21:18. Mohammed's
vision centred on Jerusalem and Mount Moriah and hence that place is considered holy to both Israelites
and Ishmaelites today.
AD 0698
Arabs destroy Carthage
AD 0700
Franks convert to Catholic Church; rise of Frankish power
AD 0711
Moslem Arabs and Berbers conquer Visigoths in Spain
The descendants of this Arab-Berber mix became known as Moors. The Berbers had been recruited when
Moslem control had come to North Africa where this nomadic Hamitic tribe originated. They were
tolerant of their Christian subjects and did not attempt to take the northern Christian strongholds which
survived.
AD 0717
Constantinople besieged by Moslems and almost falls; Isaurian Dynasty ('The
Iconoclasts') begins in Byzantine Empire
The Iconoclasts were 'image destroyers'; they were opposed by the 'image worshippers' or Iconodules;
both having reference to the style and appropriateness of religious artistic imagery.
AD 0732
Battle of Tours: Charles Martel defeats Moors in France
Byzantine Emperor, Constantine V, marries Khazar princess
AD 0740
Around this time the Khazars make Judaism their state religion
The Khazars had Jews (mainly Karaites, a strict sect) living among them and so were familiar with the
religion. Not only this but the Jews evidently exercised quite some influence in the Kagan's court. The
move to Judaism was thought to be a political move on the part of the Khazars, as converting to the
Christian or Moslem religion would have meant being subordinated to the Eastern Roman Emperor or
Caliph respectively. This way Khazaria retained its independence as a separate power in the world. The
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Jews considered Khazar a haven before AD 740 but afterwards came to think of it more as a national
home. Khazar, in its written language and crafts etc., gradually became Judaized.
AD 0750
'Abbasid Revolution: Umayyad Caliphate comes to an end and 'Abbasid Caliphate
commences with Iraq as their seat of power
AD 0751
Pepin the Short becomes first Carolingian king of the Franks
AD 0756
Beginnings of Western Caliphate in Spain by escaped Umayyad prince
AD 0762
Baghdad founded as new Moslem capital
AD 0771
Charlemagne (Charles I), son of Pepin the Short, becomes King of all Franks
The Franks were of Scythian origin. They gave their name to France although in addition to most of that
area they also ruled Switzerland, Austria, West Germany, and even parts of Italy.
AD 0772
Franks war with Saxons in northern Europe
AD 0775
Leo IV (son of Constantine V by Khazar wife) rules as Byzantine Emperor (also
known as 'Leo the Khazar')
AD 0777
Franks war with Moors in Spain
AD 0782
Franks take Saxony
AD 0786
Harun al-Rashid begins his reign in the 'Abbasid Dynasty (immortalised in The
Arabian Nights)
AD 0787
Viking (Anglo-Saxons) raids on Britain begin
Also called Norsemen (and later Danes, from Denmark) in the West. In the East they were usually
referred to as Rhous, Rus, or Rhos (these latter were also called 'Varangians' by the Arabs). The word
Rhos (and its variations above) may have come from the Swedish rodher meaning 'rowers'.
The enormous influence the Vikings had on the world cannot be overestimated. Here is a brief list of what
they achieved: (1) they conquered and re-conquered England until the blood-lines of the population were
predominantly Anglo-Saxon or of closely related Scandinavian descent; (2) they conquered all of Ireland;
(3) they conquered Scotland; (4) they discovered Iceland; (5) they discovered Greenland; (6) they
discovered North America and settled at Vinland (Newfoundland); (7) they settled Novgorod in Russia
and were the progenitors of the royal house known as the Tsars, and they gave their name to Russia (from
the word 'Rus'); (8) they succeeded in raiding Spain, Italy, and Constantinople; (9) they were hired as
mercenaries and members of the elite guard of the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople; (10) Canute, a
Viking, was the king of England, Denmark, and Norway at the same time; (11) and, perhaps most
influentially, by intermingling with the earlier Celtic and Scythian tribes, the Anglo-Saxon blood spread
all across Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Normandy, and of course all Scandinavia. They no doubt
spread to other regions of Europe also.
AD 0791
Franks defeat the remnants of the Avars
AD 0795
Viking raids on Ireland begin
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AD 0796
Offa, King of Mercia, dies and the rise of Wessex begins
AD 0800
Charlemagne crowned head of the Holy Roman Empire (a revival by Charlemagne
of the Western Roman Empire) taking upon himself the mantle of the Caesars; the
Pope recognises him as Emperor in Rome but the Eastern Roman Empire refuses to
acknowledge Charlemagne and there is division between the two
AD 0814
Charlemagne dies
AD 0843
Treaty of Verdun: Holy Roman Empire partitioned between Charlemagne's three
grandsons into France, Germany, and a 'middle kingdom'
AD 0849
Alfred the Great is born in England
AD 0850
Rise of Turkish dominance in Moslem Empire
AD 0851
Wessex repels sacking Vikings
AD 0853
War begins between West Franks (France) and East Franks (Germany)
AD 0855
Alfred visits Rome
AD 0860
Vikings come to Iceland for the first time
Constantinople besieged by the Rus (Vikings)
AD 0861
Vikings sack major parts of France
AD 0862
Rus settle parts of western Russia; Novgorod founded; Kiev passes from Khazar to
Russian control and begins to become central city of Russian federation; Russia
begins its history as a nation under Prince Rurik
AD 0865
Rus sack Constantinople
AD 0867
Byzantine Empire refuses to acknowledge Papacy of Rome
AD 0871
Alfred the Great becomes King of Wessex
AD 0874
Vikings assume control of Mercia
AD 0877
Over a hundred Danish ships bringing reinforcements to England are destroyed on
the sea by a great storm
AD 0878
Danes surprise Alfred and he flees into marshes to hide
Battle of Eddington: Alfred defeats the Danes
AD 0879
Treaty of Wedmore between Wessex and Danes
AD 0885
Alfred captures London from Danes
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700 Viking ships plunder Burgundy from Seine
AD 0890
Alfred develops power of the king's courts and founds a regular army and navy
AD 0891
Vikings driven out of Germany
AD 0892-0894
Viking fleet of 330 ships invades England to settle but are defeated and eventually
withdraw to Essex
AD 0896
Alfred and his son end the Danish threat to England
Magyars conquer and settle Hungary
The Magyars were a people related in their language group to the Finns, although they lived in the region
of the Slavonic tribes. They were long-term allies of Khazaria and when they settled Hungary it is thought
their ruling horde were Kabars (a tribe of the Khazars). The Hungarian language (Magyar) shows many
loan words from a Turkic tongue.
AD 0899
King Alfred the Great of Wessex dies
AD 0900
Norsemen discover Greenland
Golden Age of Spanish (Sephardic) Jews begins
The Hebrew word for Spain was Sepharad. Sephardic Jews were Jewish both in their religion and in their
lineage (i.e. they were descendants of Judah). It was from these Jews that the modern Jewry of England,
France and Holland came.
AD 0908
Fatimid (named after Fatima the daughter of Mohammed and the wife of 'Ali)
dynasty begins its rule in North Africa
AD 0911
Treaty of St Clair-sur-Epte sets up Dukedom of Normandy (given to Norsemen);
Viking dominance among West Franks increases
Rus power increases after commercial treaty with Byzantium
AD 0939
Saxons gain dominance over the Franks in Germany
AD 0940
Irish-Norse Vikings seize kingdom of York
AD 0941
Rus fleet defeated by Byzantine Fleet
The Byzantine Fleet was most famed for its Greek Fire. This was a chemical of unknown composition
which spontaneously ignited on contact with water, and was not able to be put out with water. It was
spewed from tubes fixed to the prows of the Byzantine ships and the Rus called it 'lightning from heaven'.
AD 0945
Igor of Kiev killed; Olga becomes Regent of Kiev
AD 0954
England takes York from the Vikings and all England is governed by one king
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AD 0955
Otto I (Saxon) of Germany defeats Magyars and refounds the East Mark (Austria)
as a buffer
AD 0957
Olga of Kiev baptised at Constantinople; beginnings of Christianity in Russia
AD 0960-1280
Sung Dynasty rules China
The Sung Dynasty was eventually rivalled by the Ch'in Dynasty (from Manchuria); the former ruled from
Nanking in the south, the latter from Peking in the north. It was the Ch'in name for China, 'Cathay', which
Marco Polo used. When the Mongols later conquered China they united it again.
AD 0962
Holy Roman Empire renewed with coronation of Otto I
This is often referred to as the German Empire. It included Germany, the old 'middle kingdom' inherited
by one of Charlemagne's grandsons, and North Italy.
Alliance of Slavonic tribes under the Polans tribe creates beginning of Polish
peoples
AD 0965
The Rus defeat a Khazar army
Khazar (or Khazaria) at this point in time had lost much of its former power but was still strong in its
heartland. Subsequent and vague events indicate that Khazaria was raided several times but may have
survived as a state until AD 1150 or maybe even into the middle of the Thirteenth Century. Its influence,
by blood and by its Jewish religion, spread into the nations around it though. Turkey, Hungary, Russia and
Constantinople all received an infusion of Khazar blood, and Russia received many of the Khazar Jews. In
Russian folklore Khazar is called the 'Land of the Jews', and in the West the Sephardic Jews referred to
the Khazar Jews as 'Red Jews' (possibly a reference to the slight reddish colour of the skin compared with
the West or perhaps because of their alleged Edomite blood). During the time after the decline of the
Mongols in the West, Poland-Lithuania was well-known for its strong Jewish population and its many
synagogues. The last of the Khazar migrations over to the Poland-Lithuania area (beginning around AD
962) occurred in the 15th-16th Century.
This evidence presents a strong, if somewhat controversial, case for Eastern European Jewry being of
Turkic (Khazar) blood descent and not true Judahites. The Polish historian, Adam Vetulani, says on this
matter: "Polish scholars agree that these oldest settlements were founded by Jewish emigres from the
Khazar state and Russia, while the Jews from Southern and Western Europe began to arrive and settle
only later...and that a certain proportion of the Jewish population (in earlier times, the main bulk)
originated from the east, from the Khazar country, and later from Kievian Russia."22
AD 0969
Fatimids conquer Egypt and Cairo is founded and becomes their new seat of power
'Cairo' is from the Arabic al-Qahira, meaning 'the Victorious'. The Fatimids were later to take Syria,
Sicily and western Arabia. It was a break-away group of Fatimid soldiery, headed by a Persian, that
formed the al-Hashshashum, a word more commonly known to us today as 'Assassins'. They were said to
be murderers and terrorists and users of the drug hashish (from which their name derived).
AD 0981
Eric the Red leads expedition of Norse Icelanders to Greenland
AD 0987
Russians take Crimea from Khazars
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Byzantium did nothing to help their old allies, the Khazars, as Russia was becoming a powerful and more
friendly nation (despite intermittent clashes with the Eastern Empire); the Khazars were beginning to
decline in their importance as far as Constantinople was concerned.
AD 0988
Russia allies with Byzantine Empire as ruling dynasty accept faith of Greek
Orthodox Church; Poles, Hungarians, Scandinavians, and Icelanders accept faith of
the Latin Church of Rome about this time also
AD 0991
Battle of Maldon; Norsemen overcome heroic defence by English and penetrate
deep into England
AD 1013
Danes conquer England and Ethelred II, King of England, flees to Normandy
AD 1014
Ethelred II returns and takes England
AD 1015
Canute, King of the Danes, returns to England and is made King of Wessex
AD 1016
A Byzantine-Russian army subdues Khazaria; Khazar migrations into Eastern
Europe begin in earnest about this time
AD 1016-1017
Ethelred II dies and Edmund Ironside chosen King in London; Canute chosen to
succeed; Battle of Ashingdon sees Edmund's forces routed by Canute; Edmund
reigns in the south but dies the same year; Canute rules all England
AD 1022
Harold II born
AD 1027
William the Conqueror born
AD 1030
Western Caliphate dissolves into states ruled by the Party Kings after Umayyad
Caliph deposed
At this time in Spain there were, in addition to the Arabs, the Berbers of North Africa (who had largely
remained distinct from the Arabs), Central and Eastern European slaves (called 'Slavs'), the original
inhabitants of the land, and a small but wealthy and cultured population of Jews.
AD 1033
Switzerland area becomes part of Holy Roman Empire
AD 1035
Canute dies; Harold I King of England
AD 1037
Russian Church begins to be governed by Patriarch of Constantinople
AD 1040
Harold I dies; Harthacnut (Cnut II) becomes King of England
Macbeth becomes King of Scotland
AD 1042
Harthacnut dies; Edward the Confessor succeeds him
AD 1050
Saint Stephen founds Hungary around this time
AD 1054
Pope excommunicates Constantinople causing a schism between the Roman or
Latin Church (in the West) and the (Eastern) Orthodox Church
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The Eastern Orthodox Church originally consisted of four patriarchates: Constantinople, Alexandria,
Antioch, and Jerusalem. The Russian and Greek Orthodox Churches as well as the Church in Romania
originated from the Eastern Orthodox Church.
AD 1055
Rise of Persian leaders (Sultans, 'Powers') in Moslem Empire; first Sultan of
Baghdad reigns; Sultans rule eastern part of Moslem world and later extend their
rule to Syria and Anatolia (Asia Minor); their seat of power is in Persia
AD 1066
Halley's Comet appears in the skies
Edward the Confessor dies and is succeeded by Harold Godwinson (Harold II)
Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold II defeats Norsemen
Battle of Hastings: William the Conqueror of Normandy defeats and kills Harold II
and conquers England; he becomes King William I of England
The Normans were from Normandy and were of Frankish-Scandinavian descent. They also captured
South Italy, Sicily and Antioch.
AD 1069
William I suppresses Saxons and imposes feudal (Civil Law) system
Thomas Jefferson described how the Normans introduced feudalism (based on Civil Law) as follows:
"Our Saxon ancestors held their lands, as they did their personal property, in absolute dominion,
disencumbered.... William the Norman [Conqueror] first introduced that system [of feudalism]. The lands
which had belonged to those who fell in the battle of Hastings, and in the subsequent insurrections of his
reign, formed a considerable proportion of the lands of the whole kingdom. These he granted out, subject
to feudal duties, as he did also those of a great number of his new [English] subjects, who, by persuasions
or threats, were induced to surrender them for that purpose....A general principle was introduced, that 'all
lands in England were held either mediately or immediately by the Crown'."23
AD 1070
About this time William I invites Jews into England to use their capital and
services
AD 1071
Battle of Manzikert: Turks of Anatolia defeat Byzantine army; the decline of the
Byzantine Empire begins
AD 1072
The Spanish hero Ruy Diaz de Bivar (alius dictus El Cid) prominent at this time
AD 1075
Bayeux Tapestry made
AD 1075
Moslems occupy lands as near into Europe as the coast of Asia Minor but are later
pushed back into central and eastern Anatolia by Crusaders
AD 1084
Normans sack Rome
AD 1085
Christian northern Spain captures Toledo from Moslems
AD 1086
Battle of Zallaqa: After a Berber reinforcement from Africa the Moslems defeat the
intrusive Christians; beginning of Berber rule in Moslem Spain
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The Domesday Book (OR The Great Survey) completed
AD 1087
William I dies and is succeeded in England by William II
AD 1090
England and Normandy at war
AD 1091
Treaty of Caen between England and Normandy
AD 1096
The First Crusade
The First Crusade saw many Jews of the Rhineland killed. These Jews were of the Diaspora as were those
in France. Some historians feel that these German Jews must have fled into Poland to explain the large
numbers of Jews there, but there is no evidence that this was the case. As explained before, the 'Jews' of
Poland were most probably Khazars, and the Yiddish language probably came from a mix of the Khazar
Hebrew in the Alpine regions rather than from Germany; linguistic studies lend weight to this view.
AD 1099
Siege of Jerusalem: Crusaders take Jerusalem from the Moslems but many die; the
First Crusade comes to an end and most return home; Kingdom of Jerusalem
founded by the Norman knight Godfrey de Bouillon who becomes its king
AD 1100
King of Jerusalem dies
William II dies (or murdered) and is succeeded by Henry I
AD 1135
Henry I dies and throne of England is usurped by William I's grandson, Stephen;
Empress Matilda (daughter of Henry I) opposes him
AD 1139
Civil war in England between Stephen and Matilda
AD 1141
King Stephen is captured; Matilda reigns for only six months before Stephen is
ransomed
AD 1142-1147
Anarchy in England as Stephen and Matilda contend for throne
AD 1147
The Second Crusade begins
AD 11??
Portugal becomes independent
AD 1154
King Stephen dies; Henry Plantagenet (Henry II), son of Matilda, succeeds him;
House of Normandy comes to an end
AD 1159
War between France and England
AD 1167
Genghis Khan born
AD 1169
Norman-English rule in Ireland has its beginnings
AD 1170
Thomas Becket murdered by Henry II's knights
AD 1171
Henry II invades Ireland
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Saladin (the Saracen) becomes sovereign of all Egypt
Saladin (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi) became the hero of the Moslem world as he reconquered the lands that
had been lost. He was a Kurdish slave of the Moslems that ruled from Mosul (upper Mesopotamia) and
held Damascus. He came to suppress the Fatamids.
AD 1174
Bonnano Pisano builds the Leaning Tower of Pisa
AD 1175
Saladin becomes ruler of Egypt and most of Syria
AD 1176
Saladin launches campaign to drive Christians from Kingdom of Jerusalem
Byzantines attempt to take back Asia Minor but are defeated
AD 1183
Saladin takes Syria and becomes Sultan
AD 1185
Saladin begins his conquest of Mesopotamia
AD 1187
Saladin captures Jerusalem after a siege
AD 1189
Henry II dies and is succeeded by Richard I (Plantagenet)
AD 1189-90
Attacks on Jews in England increase
AD 1191
Richard I embarks on Third Crusade and has some victories but Jerusalem remains
in Moslem hands
AD 1192
Richard I captured by Austria on his way home
AD 1193
Austria hands Richard I over to Holy Roman Emperor and demands a ransom for
his release
Saladin, after having briefly united the Moslem world, dies
After his death the Moslem Empire was divided. The sultans of Egypt became the most prominent power.
The Ayyubid dynasty (of which Saladin had been the first) continued among these sultans.
['Robin Hood' may have lived at this time]
AD 1194
Richard I returns to England as a result of Hubert Walter's efforts in both raising a
part of the ransom and in suppressing a plot against Richard by Prince John his
brother
Richard I defeats the French and regains England's French possessions
The Elder Edda compiled (Norse mythology)
AD 1199
Richard I dies and is succeeded by John
AD 1200
Golden Age of Sephardic Jews comes to an end in Spain
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 1202
France takes English possessions back but England defeats France and regains them
Fourth Crusade begins
AD 1203
Crusaders take Constantinople and restore rightful Emperor who has been deposed
by his brother
AD 1204
Rightful Emperor of Constantinople again deposed; Crusaders take the city again
and Latin Emperors (elected) begin their rule of the city
The Crusaders were made up of French (Constantinople came to be occupied by Franks), Venetian,
Flemings and Germans. In the following few years they also captured Thrace, Thessalonica, Greece, and
the Aegean islands. The Byzantines managed to keep control of Epirus, Trebizond (on Black Sea) and
Nicæa (from where they now began to rule). It is from this date that enmity arose between the Eastern and
Western Christian nations.
Rightful Byzantine Emperors continue to rule from Nicæa; Fourth Crusade ends
Normandy (except Channel Islands) now all under French rule
AD 1206
Mongol forces increase in power in the near Orient
AD 1211
Genghis Khan (ruler of the Mongols) invades China
AD 1212
Battle of La Navas de Tolosa: Christian Spain under Alfonso VIII of Castile breaks
Moslem power; Christian forces begin to conquer rest of Spain
AD 1215
Magna Charta sealed by King John at Runnymede
King John was one of the most cruel of the Norman kings and it was this that caused the barons to unite
against him and compel him to sign the Magna Charta. The document began the political changes in
England which led to some of the original Anglo-Saxon rights (Common Law) being restored to the
people after they had been taken away with the coming of Continental feudalism in AD 1066. It
acknowledged that even the King was subject to the law and not only referred to the rights of the barons
but also makes reference to the rights of "freemen".
AD 1216
Genghis Khan attacks China
King John struggles against his own barons; he gets French aid but they turn
against him; after suppressing the rebellion in the north King John dies and is
succeeded by his son Henry III
Genghis Khan invades the Near East
AD 1217
After several defeats the French leave England
AD 1218
Genghis Khan conquers Persia
AD 1220
Samarkand sacked by Genghis Kahn
AD 1222
Genghis Khan invades Russia; he defeats an army at Mariupol near the Sea of Azov
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St George's Day (April 23) established
AD 1227
Genghis Khan dies
The Fifth Crusade
AD 1228
The Sixth Crusade
AD 1230
Pope Gregory IX issues the Decretals (first official codification of Canon Law)
AD 1233
Henry III faces insurrection by his barons
The Inquisition begun by the Catholic Church
AD 1237
Mongols, using gunpowder, take Moscow and devastate Poland
AD 1240
Mongols take Kiev
AD 1241
Hungary and Poland invaded by Mongols but not occupied; Vienna threatened
Mongols begin to retreat eastward after the death of their Khan; Rise of Tartar rule
in Russia (except Poland and Lithuania)
The Tartars (properly Tatars in Mongol) were the members of the successor khanate after the Mongols
left Russia, often called the Golden Horde. They were associated with the Mongols in their homeland of
Mongolia, being used in their armies as troops. They were not Mongols proper, nevertheless they are
often referred to as Mongols by association. The Tartar capital in Russia was at Sarai (later Kazan) on the
Volga. They ruled Russia for about two centuries.
AD 1244
Moslems retake Jerusalem
AD 1245
Around this time the Mongols invade Khazaria and Khazar ceases as a nation
AD 1248
The Seventh Crusade
AD 1250
Mameluk Sultanate in Egypt replaces last Ayyubid sultan
The Mameluks (or Mamelukes) were formed out of the standing army of Egypt and were originally
Turkish slaves. They ruled Egypt for over 250 years. For the first 130 years all the sultans were Turkish
but after that it passed to Circassians (from the Caucasus).
Battle of Fariskur: Crusaders massacred by Egyptians
AD 1252
Inquisition uses torture
AD 1258
Mongols take Baghdad and massacre its inhabitants; the last 'Abbasid Caliph is put
to death
AD 1260
Mameluks turn back Mongols in Syria; Egypt and Syria formally become the
Mameluk Empire
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Kublai becomes Great Khan of the Mongols; he goes on to rule as Emperor in north
China (to be known as the Yuan Dynasty)
AD 1261
Latin Empire ends as Constantinople falls to Byzantines; the rightful Eastern
Emperor is restored
AD 1264
Henry III at war with barons; later captured by Simon de Montfort
De Montfort makes proposals for beginnings of a Parliament in England
AD 1265
De Montfort sets up a new government with borough representatives; Prince
Edward gains support from lords of the Welsh Marshes though and defeats and
kills de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham
AD 1270
The Eighth Crusade
AD 1271
Marco Polo (Venetian) travels with his uncle and father to India and Far East; they
discover Jews there
AD 1272
Henry III dies and is succeeded by his son Edward I
AD 1274
Council of Lyons: Eastern and Western Christian nations proclaimed as unified by
Church
AD 1277-1295
Welsh Wars: English vs. Wales (England conquers around AD 1282)
The name of Wales comes from the Anglo-Saxon Walas or Wealas which can mean 'serfs', 'slaves', or
'foreigners', 'non-Saxons'. The Welsh, being Celtic, would have been non-Saxons to the later invaders and
settlers of Britain.
AD 1280
About this time the south of China falls to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty; all of China
united under Mongol rule; end of Sung Dynasty
AD 1282
Habsburgs begin rule in Austria
Rudolph I became Holy Roman Emperor in AD 1273 before which he was the Count of Habsburg (also
called Hapsburg). He made his sons dukes of Austria and Styria. The Habsburg Dynasty lasted right
through to AD 1918. Virtually all of the Holy Roman Emperors from AD 1438 were Habsburgs
AD 1290
Expulsion of Jews from England
AD 1291
Christian occupation in the Holy Land wanes
Confederation of Switzerland created
AD 1294
England starts campaigns against France to regain possessions
AD 1295
The Model Parliament sits at London
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It was called the Model Parliament because it was to provide the model for future parliaments. It was
based on the principle Quod omnes tangit ab omnibus approbetur ('let that which touches all be approved
by all'). This was another step forward in the direction of Common Law.
AD 1296
Edward I takes control of Scotland and takes Stone of Scone to Westminster
Although a real stone its history is not so tangible. Before it was called the Stone of Scone (named after
the Abbey where the Scottish Kings kept it) it was called the Stone of Destiny. It seems to have come
from Ireland (where it was known as the Lia Fail). It was said to shriek in the presence of the High Kings
of Ireland, and Scottish Kings were crowned upon it. In Irish myth it was one of the great treasures
brought to Ireland by the Tuatha de Danann (a race of fair godlike peoples thought to be descendants of
the Israelite tribe of Dan); other accounts say that it came from the Holy Land and that it was the stone
mentioned in the Old Testament as Jacob's pillow (see Genesis 28:18). Jacob took it to Egypt and it was
carried out of Egypt by the Israelites at the time of the Exodus. The tradition of Jeremiah's visit to Ireland
says he brought this stone with him to the Emerald Isle. The Stone of Scone was placed in the Coronation
Chair of England at Westminster Abbey in AD 1301. Some believe that the Coronation Stone and the
Stone of Scone are two different stones however.
AD 1297
Battle of Stirling Bridge: William Wallace defeats English
AD 1298
Battle of Falkirk: English defeat the Scottish
AD 1300
All Anatolia now ruled by Turks (a small part of it is the principality of Ottoman)
About this time the village of Moscow in Russia starts to expand and its rulers
become Grand Princes
AD 1301
Coronation Stone placed in Coronation Chair in Westminster
AD 1305
William Wallace captured by English and executed
AD 1306
France and England expel Jews
Jews in Europe were given the privilege of controlling the economy for the various political leaders. Their
subsequent wealth and the anger of debtors (of all classes) caused the persecutions and expulsions that
occurred in England and Europe.
AD 1307
Edward I dies and is succeeded by Edward II, his son
AD 1309
Papacy begins rule from Avignon as 'Babylonian Exile (or Captivity)' begins
Robert Bruce holds first Parliament at St Andrews, Scotland
AD 1310
Rise of Venetian Republic in northeast Italy
AD 1311
Robert Bruce raids English border
AD 1314
Battle of Bannockburn: Scottish defeat larger English army; Scottish independence
is assured
AD 1317
France adopts Salic Law (excludes women from succession to throne)
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AD 1318
Scots take Berwick and threaten to take England
AD 1319
Truce made between Scotland and England
AD 1320
Scottish Declaration of Independence
Interestingly this document says that the Scots (who are Celts) "came from Greater Scythia, passing
through the Pillars of Hercules [Gibraltar], sojourned a while in Spain, and thence [proceeded] to settle in
Scotland."24
AD 1321
Civil war breaks out in England
AD 1322
English-Scottish truce expires and Scots raid as far south as Preston
Edward II defeats his opponents at Boroughbridge
AD 1323
Treaty of Northampton: recognition of Robert Bruce as King of Scotland
AD 1326
Prince Edward is proclaimed Keeper of the Realm and Edward II is put in prison
AD 1327
Edward II agrees to abdicate and Edward III becomes king; Edward II is soon after
murdered
AD 1329
Robert Bruce dies of leprosy
AD 1333
The Black Death begins in China
AD 1336
English and French battle at sea
Tamerlane (Timur Leng/Tamburlaine) the Turkic Mongol (Tartar) born near
Samarkand
Tamerlane was a supporter of Islam as were many Mongols in that part of the world at that time. His
campaigns for booty knew no bounds in taking lives and committing terrible massacres and destruction.
He warred with a rival khan (of the Genghis dynasty) and eventually defeated him.
AD 1337
The Hundred Years' War between England and France begins (a French fleet is
rumoured to be sailing to Scotland)
Kublai Khan brings in 'weapon control'* laws against Chinese
AD 1341
Civil war in Constantinople
AD 1342
Greeks become a state within Byzantine Empire
AD 1343
Black Death reaches Constantinople


*
It is said that it was this environment, where even bows were banned, that necessitated the development of the martial arts.
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 1345
Ottoman Turks enter Europe for the first time at the request of one of the sides in
the Byzantine civil war in order to help them
AD 1346
Constantinople hit by an earthquake
Battle of Crécy: English crush French army killing 1,542 mounted knights and
only losing 50 men25; England begins to become a very powerful nation; English
lay siege to Calais
Battle of Neville's Cross: Scots attack England but are repulsed
AD 1347
Civil war in Byzantine Empire ends
Calais surrenders to English
Truce between France and England made
AD 1348
Black Death spreads across all Europe and into England from Asia; Jews blamed
for spreading the disease
Again some historians use this persecution to try to explain the large number of Jews in eastern Europe by
teaching that Jews fled to Russia and Poland. Of course, there may have been some truth to this (though
no evidence it seems). Perhaps Kutschera in Die Chasaren explains it best: "The populace avenged on
them [the Jews] the cruel blows of destiny and set upon those whom the plague had spared with fire and
sword. When the epidemic receded, Germany, according to contemporary historians, was left virtually
without Jews. We are led to conclude that in Germany itself the Jews could not prosper, and were never
able to establish large and populous communities. How, then, in these circumstances, should they have
been able to lay the foundations in Poland of a mass population so dense that at present [AD 1909] it
outnumbers the Jews of Germany at the rate of ten to one? It is indeed difficult to understand how the idea
ever gained ground that the eastern Jews represent immigrants from the West, and especially from
Germany."26
Another argument is the lightly-treated 'Yiddish' tongue which was developing by the 15th Century and
probably before. It was a spoken language, only being written, as far as we know, from the Nineteenth
Century onwards. It supposedly grew out of a mix of Hebrew and German among the Rhineland Jews.
However, linguistics show that it bears resemblance to the dialect ('East-Middle German'), mixed with
Hebrew and Slavonic, spoken up until the 15th Century in Eastern Europe, in the Alpine regions of
Austria and Bavaria - i.e. among Khazar Jews.27
Germans, probably including Jews, did settle in Poland-Lithuania and their culture was much admired and
they did well. Thus the German language permeated the country. Meanwhile in Spain the Sephardic Jews
spoke Ladino, a Spanish-Hebrew mix.
AD 1349
Black Death has by now killed a third of the population of England; Scots attack
England but carry plague back to Scotland
AD 1354
Ottoman strength grows in Asia Minor
Duchy of Luxembourg created
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 1356
Battle of Poitiers: France defeated by English; King of France and many aristocrats
taken back to England to be held for ransom; French government struggles under
regency of the Dauphin
AD 1360
Treaty of Bretigny: ends first part of the Hundred Years' War; England secures
many French possessions
AD 1361
Black Death strikes England, France and Poland again
AD 1362
English becomes the language in the courts of England, though French is still used
for recording
AD 1368
Mongol rule in China ends in revolt and Chinese Ming Dynasty takes its place
AD 1369
Tamerlane makes Samarkand his capital; he goes on to become ruler of all the older
Moslem lands
AD 1371
Ottomans continue to rise in land and power and become an acknowledged power
AD 1376
John Wycliffe attacks the Catholic Church; the Reformation begins
In addition to, and in connection with, the Reformation of religion came the Renaissance of all society
which lasted from about the 14th to 16th Centuries. The Age of Renaissance and Reformation was a
necessary step to prepare the way for the Restoration of the gospel.
Prince Edward (the 'Black Prince') dies
AD 1377
'Babylonian Exile' of Papacy ends (Pope returns to Rome from Avignon)
Edward III dies and is succeeded by 10-year-old Richard II
AD 1378
The Great Schism (two opposing popes elected to rule)
AD 1380-1384
John Wycliffe translates the Bible into medieval English from Latin (called
Vulgate); it includes many apocryphal books
AD 1380
Russians defeat Tartar army at Don River
Iceland united to Denmark
Rise of Venetian power
AD 1381
Peasants' Revolt begins in England against poll tax etc.
AD 1382
Tartars sack Moscow
AD 1386
Beginnings of 'Kingdom of Poland' (Poland and Lithuania)
AD 1389
Battle of Kossovo: Ottomans defeat a Slavic-Balkan army
AD 1391
Massacre of Jews on Iberian Peninsula
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AD 1395
Richard II enters Ireland to compel its barons to pay homage
Bulgaria comes under Turkish rule
AD 1396
Around this time Tamerlane threatens Russia as does the Kingdom of Poland
AD 1397
Ottomans lay siege to Constantinople
Denmark unites with Sweden and Norway
AD 1398
Richard II's rule of England becomes despotic
AD 1399
Richard II is persuaded to abdicate (House of Plantagenet ends); the usurper
Bolingbroke is chosen by Parliament to reign as Henry IV (House of Lancaster
begins)
AD 1400
Richard II dies (probably murdered)
AD 1402
Battle of Ankara: Tamerlane defeats Ottoman Turks but then leaves Anatolia
AD 1407
Black Death strikes in London
AD 1411
Another massacre of Jews on Iberian Peninsula
Portugal and Castile make peace; rise of Portuguese power
AD 1413
Henry IV dies and is succeeded by his son Henry V
AD 1415
Battle of Agincourt: England defeats France and Normandy lies open to reconquest
by the English
AD 1416
Venetians defeat Ottoman forces in the Dardanelles
Henry V begins 3-year campaign to retake Normandy
AD 1417
The Great Schism of the Catholic Church comes to an end
AD 1419
Henry V conquers most of Normandy
AD 1420
England and France unite under the single crown of Henry V who marries the
French princess Catherine of Valois
AD 1421
Ottoman power begins to expand again
During the reign of the first sultan of this new era of expansion the Ottomans press-ganged Christian boys
from the Balkans into their army and taught them the Turkish tongue and the faith of Islam. These were
later to become the elite corps of infantry known as Janissaries (Turkish yeni cheri, 'new troops').
AD 1422
Henry V dies and is succeeded by his 9-month-old son Henry VI (King of England
and France); Duke of Gloucester rules as Protector
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AD 1429
Joan of Arc takes Orléans; she persuades the Dauphin to resume the French crown
AD 1430
Joan of Arc imprisoned by English at Rouen
AD 1431
Joan of Arc burned at stake for treason
Henry VI crowned King of France in Paris
AD 1432
Ottomans besiege Constantinople but fail to take it
AD 1434
Rise of Medici rule and influence in Florence
AD 1435
Burgundy breaks with England and allies with France; the Bergundian state rises to
prominence under its Duke, Charles the Bold, who is now the wealthiest ruler in
Europe
AD 1436
Paris recaptured by the French
AD 1439
Council of Florence; confirms unity between Rome and Constantinople; Byzantine
Emperor accepts primacy of Pope; tensions continue to grow however
AD 1442
England loses much of its French territory
AD 1450
Normandy retaken by French
Around this time the Tartars split into Kazan Tartars and Crimean Tartars
AD 1453
Fall of Constantinople to Turks and end of Byzantine Empire
Turks make Constantinople capital of Ottoman Empire and rename it Istanbul
Greek scholars from Constantinople settle in the West
This event caused a resurgence of the Civil Law in the West and the Common Law faded except in Britain
where it continued to struggle with the feudal ideas of government brought over by the Normans.
Hundred Years' War ends with England only holding Calais
Richard of York acts as Regent while Henry VI is ill
AD 1455
War of the Roses begins between House of York and Lancaster
Gutenberg Bible printed
AD 1456
Ottoman Empire takes Greece
AD 1460
Battle of Northampton: Yorkists win; Henry VI allowed to keep crown but House
of York to succeed him
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AD 1461
Henry VI's forces compel release of King but he is later deposed and House of
York succeeds in the person of Edward IV (York); House of Lancaster comes to an
end
AD 1462
Ivan the Great (the III) becomes Grand Duke of Moscow
AD 1463
Venetians decare war on Moslem Constantinople
AD 1470
Henry VI gains rule briefly again in England
Sir Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur completed
AD 1471
Edward IV deposes Henry VI again
Battle of Tewkesbury: decisive defeat of Lancastrians; Henry VI executed
AD 1474
Union of Spain: Christian Spain formally united under one crown
AD 1475
England invades France and treaty made
AD 1477
Gutenberg's moveable print type becomes popular in Europe
Collapse of Bergundy at death of Charles the Bold by Louis XI; foundation of
Kingdom of France consolidated
AD 1478
Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition
Muscovy annexes Novgorod under Ivan the Great
AD 1479
Union of Aragon and Castile in Christian Spain
Treaty of Constantinople: War ends between Venice and Constantinople
AD 1480
Ivan the Great throws off Tartar domination in most of Russia
AD 1483
Edward IV dies and is succeeded by Edward V, who is soon after deposed and
Richard III (still of York) takes the throne; Edward V and younger brother are
murdered
AD 1485
Battle of Bosworth Field: Henry Tudor defeats and kills Richard III; Henry Tudor
reigns as Henry VII; House of York comes to an end
AD 1486
Henry VII (a Lancastrian) marries Elizabeth of York thus formally ending the War
of the Roses and uniting the House of Lancaster and House of York into the new
House of Tudor dynasty
AD 1491
England at war with France again
AD 1492
Battle of Granada: Last Moorish stronghold in Spain falls to Spanish
Christopher Columbusa sails and discovers the New Worldb
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A Synopsis of World History
(a)
Columbus's own log showed that he felt moved upon by Providence to make such an exploration:
"I could sense [God's] hand upon me...so that it became clear to me that it was feasible to navigate
from here to the Indies, and he gave me the will to do it."28 Almost about to abandon hope
Columbus gave this account of what happened during his fourth voyage: "Exhausted, I fell asleep,
groaning. I heard a very compassionate voice, saying 'O fool and slow to believe and to serve thy
God, the God of all!...Thou criest for help, doubting. Answer, who has afflicted thee so greatly and
so often, God or the world?...Not one jot of His word fails; all that He promises, He performs with
interest; is this the manner of men? I have said that which thy Creator has done for thee and does
for all men. Now in part He shows thee the reward for the anguish and danger which thou hast
endured in the service of others.' The voice ended by saying: 'Fear not; have trust; all these
tribulations are written upon marble and are not without cause.'"29
(b)
A modern prophet has said: "The discovery [of America] was one of the most important factors in
bringing to pass the purpose of the Almighty in the restoration of his Gospel and its fulness for the
salvation of men in the latter days."30 An ancient American prophet, Nephi, foresaw the discovery
of the New World over two millenia before it happened, even seeing Columbus himself.31
Jews persecuted and expelled from Spain
The Jews of Spain (Sephardic Jews; as were the Jews of Portugal who were expelled 5 years later), after
having dwelt in that part of the world for over a thousand years, came to settle in countries bordering the
Mediterranean, the Balkans and some parts of Western Europe. The Moors had treated them well and it
was to Moslem countries that they fled with the Moors who were pushed out of Spain in this same year. In
AD 1960 it was estimated that there were about half a million Sephardic Jews in the world compared to
about 11 million Ashkenazi (a name of Japhetic Middle-Eastern origin which the Khazar Jews took upon
themselves).
AD 1493
Columbus sails home and is sent back as Governor
AD 1494
Columbus continues to discover new lands in the New World and again returns to
Spain
Papal Bull issued regarding Portugal's possessions in South America
AD 1496
England refuses to recognise Spanish and Portuguese claims
AD 1497
John Cabot discovers Labrador, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
Jews expelled from Portugal
AD 1498
Columbus sails on Third Voyage for America
Vasco de Gama (Portuguese) discovers sea route to Indian Ocean via Cape of Good
Hope; rise of Portuguese Empire
Decline of Venetian power
AD 1499
Black Death epidemic in London
AD 1500
Around this time Sikhism (sikh means 'disciple') is founded
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AD 1500-1516
Portuguese dominance of Eastern sea routes and ports grows into India, Africa,
Arabia and even China (Japan later)
AD 1502
Columbus's Fourth Voyage to New World
AD 1504
Columbus returns to Spain ill
Michelangelo's David sculpture goes on display
AD 1505
Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa
AD 1506
Columbus dies
AD 1508
Michelangelo commissioned by Pope to paint Sistine Chapel ceiling
AD 1509
Henry VII dies and succeeded by son Henry VIII
AD 1512
Safavids rule Iran and Iraq
The Safavids (Moslem) were established by Shi'ites under Shah Isma'il from Central Asia; their capital
was Tabriz. The other two Moslem powers extant in the world at this time were the Ottomans (Anatolia
and the Balkans) and the Mameluks (Egypt and Syria).
AD 1514
Battle of Chaldiran: Ottomans defeat Safavids; this war continues for about two
centuries
Pope forbids printing of any books without permission of the Roman Church
AD 1515
Spanish conquistadors found Havana, Cuba
AD 1516
Thomas More publishes Utopia
Greek New Testament printed in English (edited by Erasmus)
Spain comes under Habsburg rule
AD 1517
Martin Luther challenges Rome by nailing his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of
the Wittenberg Cathedral
Ottomans take Egypt after taking Syria and killing Mameluk sultan; Ottomans gain
suzerainty over Mecca and Medina and are considered leaders of Moslems
AD 1519
Hernando Cortez of Spain takes Montezuma II (Aztec King) prisoner and rules
Aztec Empire through him
When the white man came to the Americas and Polynesia he was greeted by the natives as if he were a
god, so powerful was the tradition among the natives that the 'Great White God' would return someday to
his people there. Some white men took advantage of this, and, according to the prophetic word, the
Indians were scattered and many killed.
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A Synopsis of World History
AD 1520
Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese) crosses the Magellan Straits
AD 1521
Ottomans take Belgrade
AD 1522
Martin Luther completes translation of New Testament into German
AD 1523
Sweden becomes independent
AD 1525
William Tyndale publishes The New Testament in English (from original language)
AD 1526
Battle of Mohacs: Ottomans defeat Hungarians and rule Hungary by a puppet king
Moghul dynasty of Indian Empire begins
This Empire was founded by Babar (also Baber) who was from the Turkic horde of Afghanistan. His nontitular name was Zahir ed-Din Mohammed. He conquered most of North India.
Bohemia comes under rule of Habsburgs
AD 1527
Holy Roman Emperor besieges Rome and imprisons Pope
AD 1529
Henry VIII removes Cardinal Wolsey as Lord Chancellor and replaces him with
Thomas More
Ottomans besiege Vienna (Austria) but fail to capture it
AD 1531
Schmalkaldic League unites Protestant rulers against Holy Roman Emperor Charles
V (King of Spain and Italy)
William Tyndale translates Pentateuch into English
AD 1532
Ottomans invade Hungary
Francisco Pizzaro, the Spanish Governor, said to have reintroduced horses to South
America at this time
AD 1533
Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa, master of Tunis, organises the Ottoman fleet; the fleet
comes to dominate the Mediterranean
AD 1534
Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII breaks with Roman Church and becomes head of
English Church
Ottomans take Baghdad; rule over Iraq established
Martin Luther translates Bible into German
AD 1535
Act of Union: Wales and England join together
Sir Thomas More is beheaded at Tower of London
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A Synopsis of World History
Miles Coverdale publishes English Bible (first complete translation; taken from the
German and the Latin)
AD 1536
Tyndale put to death for heresy (Old Testament unfinished)
Anne Boleyn executed; Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour
Church of England formally established by Henry VIII
AD 1537
French settle Quebec and Montreal in Canada about this time
AD 1540
Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleeves; then he declares it void
AD 1541
John Calvin sets up a 'theocratic government' in Geneva; the city becomes a focus
for Protestantism in Europe
AD 1542
Henry VIII has his wife Katherine Howard beheaded
Pope Paul III initiates the Universal Inquisition to halt the Reformation
England defeats Scotland; James V of Scotland dies and his baby daughter, Mary
Queen of Scots (Mary Stewart), succeeds him
AD 1543
Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Copernicus)
AD 1547
Henry VIII dies and succeeded by Edward VI
AD 1552
Kazan, the Tartar capital, falls to Moscow
AD 1553
Edward VI dies and is succeeded by sister, Mary I (alius dictus Bloody Mary)
AD 1554
Mary I has Lady Jane Grey and her husband executed for making claim to the
throne; Mary I imprisons her half-sister Elizabeth in the Tower and marries Philip,
son of the King of Spain, but she rules
AD 1555
Mary I restores Roman Catholicism in England; Protestants are persecuted
AD 1556
Ivan the Terrible conquers the Tartar lands still in Russia and opens up the east to
Russian expansion
Ivan the Terrible (or the IV) was the son of Ivan the Great (or the III). They were Grand Princes (or Grand
Dukes) of Moscow (Muscovy). It was Ivan IV who first took upon himself the title of Tsar (AD 1547). He
also made use, as did the Chinese, of crude firearms. Interestingly two Tartar areas survived: the Crimean
Khanate until the end of the Eighteenth Century, and the Khiva Khanate (south of Aral Sea) which lasted
until late into the Nineteenth Century.
AD 1557
Ivan the Terrible takes Poland
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A Synopsis of World History
England and Spain declare war on France; French driven out of Italy
AD 1558
Mary I, of the House of Tudor, dies and is succeeded by Elizabeth I; 'Elizabethan'
times begin
AD 1559
Romans set Inquisition prisoners free and destroy records after death of Pope
AD 1562
England becomes involved in slave trading
AD 1563
Ivan the Terrible persecutes Jews
AD 1564
Peace of Troyes: England renounces all claims on Calais in return for payment
William Shakespeare born
AD 1567
James VI proclaimed King of Scotland as Mary Stewart is deposed
Mary Stewart (also spelled Stuart), Queen of Scots, was brought up in France and attempted to reinstate
Catholicism in Scotland. Civil unrest followed though and she was deposed.
AD 1568
Mary Stewart flees to England and is imprisoned
AD 1570
Turks occupy Cyprus
Ivan the Terrible begins reign of terror in Novgorod
AD 1571
Crimean Tartars sack Moscow and the city is burned but survives
Maritime League (Spanish, Venetian, Genoese, Maltese) defeat Ottoman fleet and
free many prisoners
AD 1572
Ottomans rebuild a powerful fleet
Francis Drake sails to pirate Spanish vessels
AD 1573
Drake captures Spanish silver
AD 1577
Drake sets sail on the Pelican for South America
AD 1578
Drake renames his ship the Golden Hind and ravages South America
AD 1579
Union of Utrecht: unites provinces of Northern Netherlands against Spanish rule
Northern Netherlands declare independence
AD 1580
Drake arrives in England after circumnavigating the globe
AD 1580-1668
Portugal under Spanish rule
AD 1581
Poland invades Muscovy and defeats Ivan the Terrible
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AD 1582
Gregorian Calendar devised by Pope Gregory XIII to replace Julian one
AD 1585
Drake sails for West Indies
AD 1585-1604
Anglo-Spanish War
AD 1586
Drake returns with failed Virginia colony; Sir Walter Raleigh plants potatoes
brought home by Drake on his estate in Ireland
Babbington Plot: Mary Stewart accused of plotting against Elizabeth I
AD 1587
Mary Queen of Scots executed by order of Elizabeth I
Drake burns Spanish fleet thus delaying invasion of England
AD 1588
Spanish Armada sails against England; the vastly outnumbered and smaller ships of
the English fleet defeat the Armada because of severe weather conditions in their
favour
Philip II of Spain had attempted many times to destroy Elizabeth I so that Catholicism could be become
the state religion of England. He had failed though and the Armada was a desperate effort. Philip
assembled some 130-plus ships (8000 mariners and 20,000 soldiers onboard); 30,000 troops were
assembled in France to act as a support. The Armada was to meet the 30,000 troops at Calais, defeat the
English fleet, and then invade Britain. However, when Britain attacked she was aided by storms which
resulted in the Armada being scattered. Fleeing around Britain many more of the ships and men of the
Armada were lost. Only half the fleet made it back to Spain.
AD 1589
Russian Orthodox Church makes itself independent
House of Bourbon founded in France by Henry IV
AD 1597
Second Spanish Armada comes against England but storm stop it again
AD 1599
Oliver Cromwell born
AD 1600
East India Company founded
AD 1603
Elizabeth I dies and is succeeded by James I (VI of Scotland) of the House of
Stuart; Elizabethan period ends; House of Tudor ends; England and Scotland ruled
by one king
AD 1604
England makes peace with Spain and concentrates on colonising North America
AD 1605
(5 Nov) Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes and others try to blow up Parliament but are
caught and executed
AD 1606
The Dutch discover and land in Australia
AD 1607
John Smith and colonists in Jamestown, Virginia, starve after practising socialism;
John Smith captured by Indians but life spared through intercession of chief's 12year-old daughter Pocahontas
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AD 1609
War between French and American Indians begins
AD 1611
King James Authorized Version of the Bible printed
AD 1613
Romanovs begin their rule as Tsars in Muscovy
AD 1614
Portuguese found New Amsterdam (later to become New York)
AD 1617
Small Pox begins to kill many American Indians
AD 1618
Thirty Years' War begins in Europe (Catholics v. Protestants)
AD 1619
Black slaves land in and begin to be part of economy in North America
AD 1620
The pilgrims of the Mayflower arrive in America at Plymouth
AD 1622
Richelieu made Cardinal in France
AD 1625
Black Death strikes London again
James I dies and is succeeded by his son Charles I
Treaty of Southampton forms Anglo-Dutch alliance against Spain
AD 1628
Petition of Right: drawn up by Sir Edward Coke, English jurist and statesman;
document committed Charles I to allow his power to be limited and thus was a step
in the restoring of Common Law; however, the King ignored his promise
AD 1629
Charles I dissolves the English Parliament
Catholicism enforced in Europe
AD 1632
Galileo Galilei: Dialgo de Massimi Sistemi del Mondo
Baruch Spinoza born; influenced by the Kabaala he went on to lay much of the
foundation of the atheistic philosophy of Humanism through his influence on later
writers
AD 1634
Maryland colony founded in America
AD 1640
Charles I convenes the Long Parliament
AD 1641
Long Parliament abolishes Star Chamber to try to limit Charles I's absolute power
The Star Chamber was a room in the King of England's Palace of Westminster, named thus because of
stars painted on the ceiling. From the 1400s the name was used to refer to the King's tribunal made up of
the King's judges and councillors who met in that chamber. It was used to enforce ever more restrictive
laws, especially under the Stuarts.
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AD 1642
English Civil War (Royalist Cavaliers v. Parliament's Roundheads) begins (Battle
of Edgehill)
AD 1643
New England Federation: first union of English colonies in New World
AD 1644
Battle of Marston Moor: Cromwell defeats Royalists
Ming Dynasty ends in China; Ching Dynasty (Manchu non-Chinese semi-nomadic
horse-breeders from north of the Great Wall) begins
AD 1645
Battle of Naseby: Cromwell defeats the main Royalist army
AD 1646
English Civil War ends with surrender of Charles I to Scots
AD 1647
Scots sell Charles I to English Parliament; English army and Parliament oppose
each other; army seizes Charles I; Charles escapes to Isle of Wight and signs secret
treaty with Scots to restore him to power
AD 1648
Parliament discover Charles I's treaty and renounce him
Treaty (or Peace) of Westphalia (end of Thiry Years's War): Habsburg power
lessened and Holy Roman Empire dissolved into sovereign states
Switzerland gains independence
AD 1648-1649
Cossacks massacre Jews in Ukraine; refugees flee into Poland; a 'second' (though
mostly Khazar) westward movement of 'Jews' begins,* settling Hungary, Bohemia,
Romania, and Germany
AD 1649
Many Royalists leave England for Virginia; Charles I is tried and executed; his son
is proclaimed Charles II; Monarchy is abolished; Parliament sets up a
Commonwealth run by a Council of State; House of Stuart interrupted
Ulozhenie instituted in Russia: this legal code brings serfdom to Russia and its
effects last for over 200 years
AD 1650
Charles II lands in Scotland and is proclaimed King
Battle of Dunbar: Cromwell defeats Scottish army; Edinburgh Castle surrenders
AD 1651
Charles II crowned at Scone in Scotland; Cromwell advances and King flees to
France
AD 1652
Dutch found Cape Town, South Africa
The Ango-Dutch War begins
AD 1653
Oliver Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,
Scotland, and Ireland; Protectorate begins


*
This movement continued of course for nearly three centuries. The existing Jews in Europe, Israel, and the U.S. today are
principally from this movement.

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AD 1654
Russians war with Polish over Ukraine
Anglo-Dutch War ends
AD 1655
Spain at war with England again after an attack by Cromwell
AD 1657
Jews allowed to return to England
AD 1658
Oliver Cromwell dies and is succeeded as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth by
his son Richard
AD 1659
Richard Cromwell dissolves Parliament at army's request
'Rump Parliament' forces Cromwell's resignation
AD 1660
Charles II proclaimed King; Commonwealth ends; Charles II returns; House of
Stuart regains throne
Navigation Act: certain American commodities may only be exported to Britain
and no one else
AD 1665
London is struck by Black Death again
A second Anglo-Dutch war begins
AD 1666
Isaac Newton establishes law of gravity
France and Netherlands declare war on England
Great Fire of London
AD 1667
Second Anglo-Dutch war ends
Christopher Wren builds St. Paul's Cathedral
AD 1668
Triple Alliance: England, Sweden and Netherlands v. France
AD 1673
William III of Orange saves Amsterdam and Holland from French
AD 1674
England ends war with Dutch, gains territory in America and is left free to expand
while the rest of Europe is involved in warfare
AD 1676
Greenwich Observatory established in England
Ottomans take control of Ukraine
AD 1677
William III of Orange marries the niece of Charles II of England
AD 1681
Pennsylvania is named after the English William Penn
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AD 1682
Versailles becomes seat of French Government
William Penn founds city of Philadelphia
Peter the Great (I) becomes Tsar of Muscovy (country begins to be formally known
as Russia from this time)
AD 1683
Turks lay siege to Vienna but the city is relieved by the Polish; Ottoman rule ends
in Hungary
AD 1685
Charles II dies and is succeeded by his Catholic brother, James II (VII of Scotland);
a Protestant rebellion is crushed; religious persecution increases
AD 1686
Moscow declares war on Constantinople
Calcutta founded by British
AD 1687
Venetians take Athens from Ottomans
AD 1688
The Glorious revolution: Whigs in England invite William of Orange to be King
along with his wife Mary II (daughter of James II) if they will sign English Bill of
Rights; James II flees to France as William of Orange enters London
AD 1688-1697
War of the Grand Alliance: France vs. League of Augsburg
AD 1689
William III and Mary II (daughter of James II) jointly rule England; they sign the
English Bill of Rights (another step toward Common Law)
British power on the sea increases
League of Augsburg becomes Grand Alliance
AD 1690
Battle of the Boyne: William III defeats James II and French
John Locke publishes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and his
treatises on civil government
AD 1692
Salem 'Witch Hunt'* begins
Massacre of Glencoe: Campbells massacre MacDonalds in Scotland
AD 1694
Mary II of England dies
Bank of England chartered
Controlled by the London money-lenders (Jewish banking families) who had returned to England in 1657.
According to some sources the Jews were aided by Oliver Cromwell in securing their return. William of
Orange also seems to have been promised to benefit from allowing the charter. Most major banks were to


*
It is believed by some that these witch hunts were more an attempt by certain movements to kill Christians rather than destroy
witches.

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A Synopsis of World History
be founded by Jewish families (who, of course, had the advantage of having a presence in most developed
countries), including the Bank of Paris and the Deutsch (German) Bank.
AD 1698
Slave Triangle initiated by England
London Stock Exchange founded
Steam engine invented
AD 1700
German Protestant states adopt Gregorian Calendar (Britain and North America
continue with Julian Calendar)
Moscow and Constantinople sign truce; Russians lose Black Sea fleet
Habsburg rule in Spain comes to an end
AD 1701
Prussia created out of Brandenburg dominions (Berlin/Danzig area)
War of the Spanish Succession begins
Grand Alliance joined by England, Savoy and Holland
AD 1702
William III dies and is succeeded by Anne (daughter of James II)
Grand Alliance declares war on France
AD 1703
Grand Alliance continues to subdue and plunder Spain
Tsar Peter the Great founds capital of St Petersburg
AD 1704
England takes Gibraltar
England overwhelmingly defeat French-Bavarian-Prussian coalition
AD 1705
Edmund Halley announces 1531, 1607, 1682 comets as the same (Halley's Comet)
and that it will appear again in 1758
Austria aided by England takes Barcelona
AD 1706
England gains many victories in western Europe
AD 1707
(1 May) United Kingdom created (England, Scotland, Wales)
AD 1709
Formal beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in England
AD 1711
British attempt to invade Canada but are halted by French
AD 1713
Treaty of Utrecht: ends Spanish War of Succession (Gibraltar, Minorca, and
Newfoundland are ceded to Britain)
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AD 1714
Queen Anne of Britain dies and is succeeded by Prince George of Hanover
(grandson of James I) who speaks no English; King George I rules as first ruler of
the House of Hanover; House of Stuart comes to an end; 'Georgian' period begins
AD 1715
Scottish nobles raise rebellion in support of James II, 'The Pretender' to the English
throne; the Jacobites (supporters of James II) are defeated in battle; The Pretender
lands in England to rally support
AD 1716
The Pretender flees to France and Jacobite leaders are executed
AD 1717
Triple Alliance (Britain, France, Dutch Republic) forces the Old Pretender, James
Stuart, to leave France
French found New Orleans in America
Freemasonry is established in London
The Grand Lodge of British Freemasons. The Duke of Wharton became its first Grand Master. Its offices
were based on the craft guilds of masons of the Middle Ages. They accepted a 'Grand Architect of the
Universe' and the goal of a brotherhood of man. There also seems to have been some Kabaalistic
influence (the Kabaala was a book that emerged during the 15th Century based on the Jewish tradition but
mystic rather than scriptural in nature; it is very much connected with Cabalistic magic (occultism) today).
Its origins seem to go back to ancient times, especially to the Temple of Solomon. Joseph Smith said that
the Freemasonry rituals were received from the apostasy in the days of David and Solomon and that they
were a corrupt form of the Temple Endowment ceremony taught by the Lord to ancient Israel.32
AD 1718
Quadruple Alliance (Holy Roman Emperor, Britain, France, Holland) formed to
prevent Spain disturbing the peace
AD 1721
Tsar Peter the Great obtains Estonia from the Swedish and is proclaimed Emperor
of all Russia
AD 1723
Treaty of Charlottenburg: Britain and Prussia agree to royal marriages
AD 1725
Tsar Peter the Great dies
AD 1727
George I dies and is succeeded by his son George II
AD 1729
John Wesley initiates what is to become Methodism
AD 1731
No 10 Downing Street built in London
AD 1739
Great Awakening (religious revival in America; lasts about 20 years)
AD 1739-1741
War of Jenkin's Ear: Britain vs. Spain
AD 1740-1748
War of the Austrian Succession
AD 1743
An Allied Pragmatic Army (English, Hessian and Hanoverian troops) defeat the
French at Battle of Dettingen
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AD 1745
Battle of Fontenoy: French forces defeat Allied Pragmatic Army
Prince Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charles) lands in Hebrides to
proclaim his father James VIII of Scotland (III of England); Jacobites win the Battle
of Prestonpans
AD 1746
Battle of Falkirk: Jacobites defeat British dragoons
Battle of Culloden: British defeat the Jacobites (who flee to France and thus bring
Freemasonry to that nation); Young Pretender (Charles Edward Stuart) escapes to
Skye and then to France
AD 1748
Baron de Montesquieu publishes De l'espirit des lois
Adam Weishaupt born
Ruins of Pompeii discovered
AD 1752
Britain and its colonies adopt Gregorian calendar
AD 1754
French withdraw from India leaving Britain in control
Albany Convention: colonies in North America meet to plan defence against
French troops invading from Canada; Benjamin Franklin's proposal of a union of
the 13 British colonies is agreed
AD 1756-1763
Seven Years' War: France, Austria and Russia vs. Prussia and Britain
AD 1760
George II dies and is succeeded by his grandson George III
Around this time the House of Rothschild has its beginnings
Meyer Amschel Bauer changed his name to Rothschild and took over his father's banking business in
Frankfurt. He was of the Jewish religion and above his door hung the Rothschild coat of arms - a red
shield said to be inspired by the 'red flag' of revolutionary Jews in Eastern Europe. He became very rich by
ingratiating himself with certain European princes and allegedly embezzling money from William of Hess
(who had received a lot of money from the British for the hire of his mercenary 'Hessian' troops used in
the American War of Independence). Meyer Amschel Rothschild was the first International Banker. He
had five sons. His son Nathan he sent to head his operations in England; he made a lot of money from
Britain's war with Napoleon (he financed both sides). Branches of the House of Rothschild, each ruled by
one of Meyer's other sons, were established in Berlin, Vienna, Paris and Naples. Headquarters were
established in London where they remain to this day. The Paris branch was later moved to New York,
U.S.A.33 Meyer Amschel was reported to have once said: "Give me the right to issue and control the
nation's currency and I care not who governs that country."
AD 1761
British begin to rule India
French and Spanish invade Portugal; Portugal calls on Britain for aid
Spain, France and Bourbon states of Italy form alliance against Britain
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William Pitt resigns as British PM when George III and Parliament refuse to
declare war on Spain
AD 1763
Treaty (or Peace) of Paris (ends Seven Years' War): Britain gains some territory in
Canada and all of Senegal, Mississippi to be border between British and Spanish
territories in America, Florida goes to Britain, Cuba goes to Spain
AD 1764
American independence movement begins as Britain enacts more restrictive laws
and higher taxation on the colonies
AD 1765
The Stamp Act made by the British Parliament imposes direct taxes on its
American colonies; the Quartering Act obliges colonists to provide shelter and
supplies for British troops; Patrick Henry protests against Stamp Act
AD 1766
Stamp Act repealed but Declaratory Act asserts rights of Britain to still be fully able
to bind colonies
AD 1768
British seize colonial vessel Liberty and Boston merchants decide not to import
from Britain; representatives of 26 Massachusetts towns draw up a statement of
grievances; British land two infantry regiments at Boston
AD 1769
The Great Famine of Bengal (10 million die)
William Blackstone publishes Commentaries on the Laws of England
AD 1770
Captain James Cook lands in Australia and claims it for Britain
Conflict between British troops and American colonists begins
AD 1771
Cossacks conquer Crimea for Russia
AD 1772
Poland is partitioned between Prussia, Russia and Austria
AD 1773
James Cook crosses the Antarctic Circle
Tea Act: passed by British Parliament (costs more for colonists to import); Boston
Tea Party ensues
AD 1774
Russia acquires the north coast of the Black Sea
First Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia; makes Declaration of Rights
and Grievances; Congress decides to have no trade dealings with Britain
AD 1775
Paul Revere rides to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that
General Gage intends to arrest them; Battle of Lexington and Concord leads to
retreat of British; Britain hires 25,000 Hessian mercenaries from Germany;
American War of Independence begins
The prophet Nephi34 saw in vision that the colonists would be "delivered by the power of God out of the
hands of all other nations." This was certainly manifest in the victory of the Colonial Army over the
British forces, Washington's army being much smaller, untrained, not as well equipped and possessing no
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fleet. Through a whole array of 'incidents of nature' the Continental army was protected and aided, a fact
that Washington noted in his writings and ascibed to divine Providence.
Battle of Bunker Hill: British win but lose many men
George Washington is appointed Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army
AD 1776
Russian Black Sea Fleet rebuilt
Declaration of Independence* signed at Philadelphia
Battle of Long Island: General Howe defeats a colonial army
General Howe occupies New York and almost captures General Washington
Battle of White Plains: General Howe defeats Washington
Battle of Trenton: Washington is victorious
Second Great Awakening in America (lasts about 50 years)
Adam Smith publishes An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations
This work inspired the Founders to establish a 'Free Enterprise' economic system. The U.S. was the first
country of any consequence to fully practise this philosophy in modern times. This economic freedom
(with no government interference) led to America becoming the most prosperous nation in the world. In
1905 when America was more faithful to Adam Smith's ideas than it is now, it was producing over 50%
of most of the world's goods (including some luxury goods) with only 6% of the world's population and
only 5% of the earth's continental land area. What is more, the middle class made up a large proportion of
the population, one of the best measures of a successful economy.
Edward Gibbon publishes The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire (Volume 1; other volumes follow)
(May 1a) Adam Weishaupt founds the Order of Illuminatib (the modern-dayc
Master Mahan society?)
(a) May 1st or May Day was connected anciently with pagan worship; in Ireland and Scotland it was
called Beltane. The Second Socialist International (an Illuminist organisation) of 1889 designated 1st
May as an international labour holiday in all the countries over whom it had political influence and
control.
(b) For five years Weishaupt dedicated himself to devising a plan to overthrow civilization and establish
what he termed "Novus Ordo Seclorum" (a New World Order). On May 1, 1776 Adam Weishaupt
founded the Order of the Illuminati. He was then Professor of Canon Law at Ingolstadt University,
Bavaria. The Illuminati was to be the instrument by which he would achieve his goal. The name
Illuminati means 'Enlightened Ones' in reference to having the true Light of the ancients, back to the


*
"It was through and by the power of God, that the fathers of [America] framed the Declaration of Independence." (Taylor,
John (1915) The Constitution Is an Inspired Document, Liahona: The Elders' Journal, 30 March, 12:644).

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Light Bearer himself otherwise known as Lucifer. The professed purpose of the Order was to "to make
of the human race, without any distinction of nation, condition, or profession, one good and happy
family." The real and specific aims of the Illuminati were revealed when one entered the "inner
circle": 1. Abolition of all ordered governments; 2. Abolition of private property; 3. Abolition of
inheritance; 4. Abolition of patriotism; 5. Abolition of all religion; 6. Abolition of the family; 7.
Creation of a New World Order or World Government (i.e.. abolition of national sovereignty). Oaths
were taken not to reveal these things, and the consequence of doing so was dire: "the rage of our
brothers" they were told "will pursue you and torment you to the innermost recesses of your entrails."
Seemingly good and Christian people joined, believing the Order to be good. Protestant princes and
rulers of Germany were in agreement with Weishaupt's plan to destroy the Catholic Church. These
men were in the Masonic Order and Weishaupt and his co-conspirators were initiated into
Freemasonry by 1777. Early members of the Order included Mirabeau, Voltaire, Emmanuel Kant,
Moses Mendelsohn, and Meyer Amschel (Rothschild) who was reported* to be the real directing (and
financing) force behind this secret society.
(c) There seems a reluctance for many to accept the idea of 'conspiracy' today, as if it were just a thing of
the past. Yet the devil has not given up. In 1942 the following statement was made by the First
Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: "Satan is making war against all the
wisdom that has come to men through their ages of experience. He is seeking to overturn and destroy
the very foundations upon which society, government, and religion rest. He aims to have men adopt
theories and practices which he induced their forefathers, over the ages, to adopt and try...He plans to
destroy liberty and freedom - economic, political, and religious, and to set up in place thereof the
greatest, most widespread, and most complete tyranny that has ever oppressed man..."35 One modernday prophet spoke of a specific international conspiracy when he said: "It [wickedness] is more highly
organized, more cleverly disguised, and more powerfully promoted than ever before. Secret
combinations lusting for power, gain, and glory are flourishing. A secret combination that seeks to
overthrow the freedom of all lands, nations, and countries is increasing its evil influence and control
over America and the entire world."36 One of the foremost authorities on secret societies has written:
"For behind the concrete wall of revolution...beyond that invisible secret circle which perhaps directs
them all, is there not yet another force, still more potent, that must be taken into account? In looking
back over the centuries at the dark episodes that have marked the history of the human race from its
earliest origins - strange and horrible cults, waves of witchcraft, blasphemies, and desecrations - how
is it possible to ignore the existence of an Occult Power at work in the world? Individuals, sects, or
races bred with the desire of world-domination, have provided the fighting forces of destruction, but
behind them are the veritable powers of darkness in eternal conflict with the powers of light."37
AD 1777
Battle of Princeton: Washington defeats Cornwallis
First Battle of Saratoga: British win with heavy losses
Second Battle of Saratoga: British defeat and retreat from Boston
AD 1777-1778
Washington winters at Valley Forge
AD 1778
French recognise American Independence and sign treaty with Franklin
Battle of Monmouth: Washington is victorious
AD 1779
Spain declares war on Britain, besieging Gibraltar


*
As reported by Commander William Guy Carr, an Intelligence Officer in the Royal Canadian Navy who had excellent
contacts around the world.
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Captain Cook killed by natives in Hawaii
AD 1780
Benedict Arnold discovered as traitor and flees to British
AD 1781
General Cornwallis defeats the French General Lafayette in Virginia
A French fleet arrives in Chesapeake Bay and cripples the British fleet allowing
Yorktown to be besieged; Cornwallis surrenders Yorktown
Hostilities of American War of Independence ends
AD 1782
Minorca captured from British by Spain
Britain regains control of Caribbean from French
Congress of Wilhelmsbad widely held to have put Freemasonry under Illuminism
This event is said to have unified many secret societies from all over the world and it is estimated that the
number of their combined membership was at that time at least three million. This appears to have been
European Freemasonry rather than British, and writers report that only the very top masons were aware of
the fact.38
AD 1783
Siege of Gibraltar ends
Parliament votes to discontinue American War
Treaty of Paris: independence of 13 colonies recognised
George Washington resigns as Commander-in-Chief
AD 1784
Treaty of Paris ratified by U.S. Congress and American War of Independence
formally ends
AD 1785
Secret Illuminati documents (including plans for French Revolution) fall into the
hands of the Bavarian Government; the Government seizes more documents after
raiding the Order's headquarters
AD 1786
Bavarian Government publishes The Original Writings of the Order and Sect of the
Illuminati exposing the Order but European governments ignore it
The Order promoted the idea that, now it had been exposed, it was all over. This appears not the case
however, for some years later a Scottish professor named James Robison was approached by the sect and
got access to top Illuminati documents; he went public and exposed the Order in his book Proofs of a
Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe published in 1797. Again this
providential warning was ignored.
AD 1787
Convicts start being prepared to be sent to Australia from England
William Wilberforce begins campaign for abolition of slavery in British colonies
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Constitutional Conventiona held in Philadelphia chaired by Washington leads to
refining and signing of the U.S. Constitutionb
(a) Here is a small selection of what some LDS leaders have said concerning the Framers of America:
"There has not been another such group of men in all [the 200 years of our history] that even
challenged this group."39 - "[They] were the best spirits the God of heaven could find on the face of
the earth. They were choice spirits..."40 - "I testify that the God of heaven selected and sent some of
his choicest spirits to lay the foundation of this government as a prologue to the restoration of the
gospel and the second coming of our Savior."41
(b) Ezra Taft Benson said of this document: "I reverence the Constitution of the United States as a sacred
document. To me its words are akin to the revelations of God, for God has placed his stamp of
approval on the Constitution of this land [see Doctrine and Covenants 101:80]"42 George Albert
Smith, another of the Lord's modern prophets, said: "I am saying to you that to me the Constitution of
the United States of America is just as much from my Heavenly Father as the Ten Commandments."43
And from Joseph Smith: "We say that God is true; that the Constitution of the United States is true;
that the Bible is true; that the Book of Mormon is true; that the Book of Covenants [i.e. the Doctrine
and Covenants] is true..."44
Washington refuses offer of kingship
AD 1789
Mutiny on the Bounty
U.S. Constitution ratified
(6 Apr*) George Washington officially elected as first U.S. President
French Revolution begins; 'Storming' of the Bastille; National Assembly formed;
Bourbon power comes to an end
The 'Storming of the Bastille' was a heavily romanticised affair. In fact it was carried out in order to
obtain the guns and ammunition of the Bastille. Only one out of every thousand people in Paris
participated in the so-called 'storming'. Among them were loyal Frenchmen who wanted the weapons to
put down a Jacobin (Illuminist) disturbance in another part of the city. Only one cannon defending the
Bastille was fired out of the fifteen installed. When the mob broke into the prisons they found just seven
inmates, all of whom had been treated quite well in what was supposed to be a "horrible monstrosity of
despotism". Four were forgers, two were lunatics; the seventh inmate was a count who had been
imprisoned by order of his own family for "monstrous crimes". There were no instruments of torture
found.
AD 1791
French National Assembly elects Mirabeau* President but he soon dies
Louis XVI of France and his family are seized by National Guardsmen
Bill of Rights becomes law in U.S.


*
Just as those forces opposing Christ have made May 1st their day so it would appear the Lord has made 6th of April his. Many
things have happened on this date in connection with divine or divinely-inspired events.

*
Mirabeau was a member of the Order of the Illuminati, as were most of the leaders of the French Revolution, including
Robespierre and Danton.
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Thomas Paine publishes The Rights of Man
AD 1792
Austria and Prussia form an alliance against revolutionary France
France declares war on Austria
General Lafayette is declared a traitor; he flees and is captured by Austrians
Prussia takes Verdun (in France)
Monarchy abolished in France; French 'Republic' begins
Pale of Settlement
Imperial Russia assigned an area of land (a pale) for the Jews to remain confined within; this was a part of
Poland and the Ukraine. Only certain privileged Jews were allowed to live outside of it (an 1897 Census
showed 200,000 living outside the Pale, and 5 million inside it).45
AD 1793
Louis XVI executed in Paris
France declares war on Britain, Holland and Spain; those countries join the Holy
Roman Empire in alliance against France
U.S. proclaims neutrality
Marie Antoinette (Austrian wife of Louis XVI) is executed
AD 1794
Robespierre executes Danton and other rivals; he proclaims himself High Priest of
a new Festival of the Supreme Being as the Reign of Terror reaches its height;
injustice and executions multiply
Battle of Fleurus: French defeat British fleet in English Channel
Robespierre deposed and executed
AD 1795
Napoleon Bonaparte is given command of the forces defending the French
Convention against royalists
French capture the Dutch fleet
Prussia ceases hostilities with France
French National Convention dissolves
AD 1796
Napoleon invades Italy and defeats Austrians
Napoleon enters Milan and sets up Lombard Republic
French fleet attempts to invade Ireland but a storm stops it
Washington gives his famous Farewell Address
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Ezra Taft Benson stated "The address is prophetic. I believe it ranks alongside the Declaration of
Independence and the Constitution."46 Just some of the things Washington warned the people about in this
address were: the 'spirit of innovation' in connection with those who would try to change the Constitution
to its detriment; the 'spirit of party' which would see politicians putting their career in their party above
country, people and principle; the necessity of the public remaining informed; avoiding national debt; the
importance of remaining on good terms with all nations but having as little to do politically with them as
possible. Alas, America has not paid much heed to Washington's warnings.
AD 1797
John Adams elected U.S. President
Battle of Rivoli: Napoleon wins decisive victory over Austrians
Napoleon takes Mantua (north Italy)
Treaty of Tolentino: Bologna and Ferrara given to Napoleon after he threatens to
march on Rome itself
French proclaim Cisalpine Republic (Milan, Ferrara, Modena, Romagna and
Bologna); Geno becomes French-controlled Ligurian Republic
Treaty of Campo Formio: Austria cedes Belgian provinces to France in return for
Venice, Dalmatia and Istria
Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the Religions and Governments of Europe
published by James Robison
AD 1798
Napoleon occupies Rome, proclaims a Republic, and takes Pope into custody at
Valence
Napoleon assembles large fleet at Boulogne but sails with a force from Toulon and
takes Malta; he lands in Egypt and takes goes on to take Alexandria and defeat the
Egyptian Mameluk cavalry in the Battle of the Pyramids; Napoleon takes Cairo
Battle of the Nile: the British fleet (under Nelson) defeat French
AD 1799
Rosetta Stone found by French in Egypt
Britain introduces income tax
Napoleon invades Syria from Egypt but has to withdraw
Battle of Zurich: Russian army defeats a French army
Battle of Aboukir: French defeat a Turko-British army
Napoleon sails for France
French retake Zurich
George Washington dies
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Napoleon becomes Dictator of France
White House built in America
AD 1800
Techniques of the Industrial Revolution spread to Europe
French withdraw from Egypt
Battle of Marengo: Napoleon defeats Austrians
AD 1801
France adopts metric system
Act of Union: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland created
Thomas Jefferson becomes third U.S. President
Britain and France end hostilities
Battle of Copenhagen: Nelson has victory by ignoring command orders
Nelson given command of British fleet
AD 1802
Treaty of Amiens: temporary end to war in Europe
AD 1803
The Louisiana Purchase: U.S. doubles its size by buying French territory (French
need money for the war)
Britain and France re-open war
AD 1804
Haiti black slaves overpower French and set up a republic
Code Napoleon (Civil Law) comes into force in France, Belgium, Luxembourg
and the Palatinate (west Germany)
"This Code is firmly entrenched in most of the countries of Europe and prevails among most of the Latin
races. The Code of Napoleon, like the Theodosian and Justinian Codes, did not originate with the
legislative branch of government, nor on the initiative of the people. All these codifications originated
with the ruler of the nation; their provisions were dictated by him.
"The rigors of this systems were at times mitigated by a benign sovereign, but only to the extent that he
desired; legislative bodies might at times be set up and function as he permitted; but any attempt by those
bodies to go contrary to his will was somehow made ineffective; sometimes such efforts were treasonable
and so treated.
"The people under this system have those rights, powers, and privileges, and those only, which the
sovereign considers are for their good or for his advantage. He adds or takes away as suits his royal
pleasure.
"All residuum of powers [remained] in the Emperor. Under this system, the people look into the law to
see what they may do. They may only do what the Emperor has declared they may do.
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"It may be noted in passing, that under our [English] common law system, we look into the law to see
what we may not do, for we may do everything we are not forbidden to do....
"We must always remember that despotism and tyranny, with all their attendant tragedies to the people, as
in Russia ... come to nations because one man, or a small group of men, seize and exercise by themselves
the three great divisions of government -- the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.
"For now a score of centuries the nations and peoples of Western and Southern Europe -- the bulk of the
civilized world ... have lived under this [Roman Civil Law] concept ... and, when the concept has been
operative, have suffered the resulting tragedies -- loss of liberty, oppression, great poverty among the
masses, insecurity, wanton disregard of human life, and a host of the relatives these evils brood."47
Napoleon proclaimed Emperor and is crowned in Paris by the Pope
Austrian Empire begins with Habsburg assumption of the title Emperor of Austria
AD 1805
Joseph Smith born
Third Coalition (Austria, Russia, Sweden, Britain) v. France
Battle of Trafalgar: British defeat French fleet decisively; Nelson killed
Battle of Austerlitz: Napoleon defeats an Austrian-Russian army
Treaty of Pressburg: Austria and France make peace
AD 1806
Joseph Napoleon becomes King of Naples; Louis Napoleon becomes King of
Holland
Britain blockades continent
Confederation of the Rhine: Holy Roman Empire ends
Prussia wages war with France
Battle of Jena: Prussians routed by French
Napoleon occupies Berlin
Napoleon blockades Britain
AD 1807
British troops occupy Alexandria but Turks soon force them out again
Napoleon goes on to take Danzig
Battle of Friedland: French defeat the Russians
Hostility between British and U.S. ship results in U.S. closing ports to British
warships
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Treaties of Tilsit: Peace between Britain and France (French gain German lands)
British seize Danish fleet (punishment for joining the Continental System)
French invade Portugal
AD 1808
French troops occupy Madrid; Joseph Bonaparte made King of Spain
AD 1809
Battle of Talavera: British defeat Spanish under Joseph Bonaparte
Austria joins the Continental System
James Madison becomes fourth U.S. President
Finland ceded to Russia
AD 1810
Napoleon's General Jean Bernadotte made heir to Swedish throne
France annexes Holland after abdication of Louis Bonaparte
AD 1811
Prince of Wales rules as Regent (George III insane); 'The Regency' era begins in
Britain
South American countries begin to declare their independence from Spain
Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen published
AD 1812
Luddite Riots in England break Industrial machinery
Napoleon invades Russia; enters Moscow; Moscow burned down
Napoleon begins retreat from Moscow; his army ill and depleted
Russia has victory over part of Napoleon's army at Smolensk
War of 1812 between Britain and U.S. begins
Ruins of Petra found in southwest Jordan
Nathan Rothschild becomes head of House of Rothschild; he funds Napoleon and
England
AD 1813
Wars of liberation start all over Europe
Austria declares war on France
Prussia has many victories against French forces
Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon defeated and retreats
Allies threaten to invade France if Napoleon does not submit
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Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen published
AD 1814
Allies enter Paris
Napoleon abdicates and goes to Elba (island of western Italy) where he rules as
sovereign, financed by the French Government
French Monarchy restored (Louis XVIII)
Ferdinand VII restored to Spanish throne
Netherlands created by union of Holland and Austrian Netherlands
U.S. defeats a British fleet; Britain abandons U.S invasion; War of 1812 comes to a
close
Congress of Vienna begins
The Vienna Congress did not conclude until 1815. It was attended by Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain,
France and other European powers to settle the so-called 'balance of power' after the Napoleonic wars.
Evidence suggests it was in reality orchestrated by the Illuminati to establish a 'League of Nations' to lay
down the foundation of a world government, but this was shot-down by the Tsar of Russia and the
conspirators thus failed to set up their precursor to a world government at this time. It was this action of
the Tsar that was said to be the reason why the Illuminati went after Russia first.
Norway ceded to Sweden
AD 1814-1830
Holland forms union with Austrian part of Netherlands
AD 1815
Battle of New Orleans: U.S. defeat British troops; War of 1812 ends
Napoleon lands at Cannes and gains support; he starts his second reign when he
reaches Paris; Louis XVIII leaves France
Battle of Waterloo: Allied army under Wellington defeat Napoleon
Nathan Rothschild is said to have made a great deal of money from Waterloo (the Rothschilds reportedly
funding both sides in the Napoleonic wars). He had prior notice of the outcome of the battle due to his
agents in Europe and was said to have led those in Britain into thinking Wellington had lost.
Consequently people started selling their consuls (paper money) and, when very cheap, Nathan's agents
bought them all up! When news arrived that Wellington had defeated Napoleon the consuls sky-rocketed
and Nathan had virtual control of the British economy. This was called the 'Coup of coups'.48
Treaty of Paris: Switzerland becomes a neutral state
Napoleon abdicates, is taken prisoner and exiled to St Helena (an island of the
South Atlantic)
Duchy of Luxembourg becomes a Grand Duchy within Netherlands
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Grimm's Fairy Tales published by the brothers Grimm
AD 1817
Mississippi becomes the 20th U.S. State
James Monroe becomes fifth U.S. President
AD 1818
U.S.-Canada border established (the 49th parallel)
AD 1819
Spain cedes all territory east of Mississippi to U.S.
Alabama joins U.S. as 22nd state
AD 1820
George III of England dies and is succeeded by the Regent (George IV)
Cato Street Conspiracy
Joseph Smith's First Vision (the Restoration begins)
Joseph Smith was the first prophet called by God of whom we have record since Peter in the Old World
and Moroni in the New. Moreover Joseph Smith was the Prophet of the Restoration and as such presides
over all the other prophets of the Dispensation of the Fulness of Times (see AD 1830). The Restoration
was an event foreseen by many of the ancient prophets49 and looked forward to by many good men. It is
interesting to note that many of the early American statesmen and clergy believed America to be a chosen
land, a New Jerusalem or Zion, in which God would (if anywhere) restore the true principles of the
gospel.50
Portugal revolts at British control
AD 1821
Mexico declares independence from Spain as do many other South American
nations
Napoleon dies
AD 1822
Champollion deciphers the Rosetta Stone (ancient Egyptian understood for first
time)
Greece seeks to break from Ottomans
AD 1823
Monroe Doctrine
"The greatest and most powerful fortification in America is the 'Monroe Doctrine.'...It was the inspiration
of the Almighty which rested upon John Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson and other statesmen, and
which finally found authoritative expression in the message of James Monroe to the Congress in 1823."51
said Joseph Fielding Smith. The Monroe Doctrine established the U.S. policy for dealing with other
nations. Chiefly that "the American continents...are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future
colonization by any European powers..." and "in the wars of the European powers in matters relating to
themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do." This policy has
been ignored by the U.S. Government many times during the Twentieth and Twenty-First Century,
especially when it entered World War II and later allowed the Communists to take and keep Cuba. More
recently U.S. troops being involved as a world policeman through the U.N. has taken the violation of the
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Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution to new heights. It is not unreasonable to suggest that this violation
has contributed greatly to America's decline.
Angel Moroni first visits Joseph Smith
AD 1825
December Uprising in Russia
John Quincy Adams becomes sixth U.S. President
AD 1826
(4 Jul) John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both die exactly 50 years after the
signing of the Declaration of Independence to the day
AD 1827
Joseph Smith entrusted with gold plates
AD 1828
Russia gains exclusive right to maintain a navy on the Caspian Sea
Russia declares war on Ottomans (already hit by British and French)
Isle of Man becomes a dependency of United Kingdom
AD 1829
Stephenson's Rocket (England)
Greece officially becomes independent
Priesthood restored to the earth
Both the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthood were restored; the first by the resurrected John the Baptist,
and the second by the resurrected Peter, James and (translated) John. This Priesthood, or authority to act
in the name of God, had been absent from the earth generally since the Apostasy seventeen centuries
earlier.
Illuminati appoint committee to create 'Communism'
The timing of the rise of the Communist (Illuminist) philosophy just after the translation of the Book of
Mormon is an interesting one. Isaiah records a prophecy of the coming forth of the Nephite scripture and
immediately afterwards gives the following warning: "Woe unto them who seek deep to hide their counsel
from the Lord, and they say, Who seeth us? and who knoweth us?...for shall the work say of him that
made it, He made me not? or shall the thing framed say of him that framed it, He had no
understanding?";52 after speaking of a time when a marvellous work and a wonder would come forth (the
Book of Mormon and Restoration) Apostle Ezra Taft Benson pointed out the verses just quoted and said:
"It is well to ask, what system established secret works of darkness to overthrow nations?...Who
blasphemously proclaimed the atheistic doctrine that God made us not? Satan works through human
agents. We need only look to some of the ignoble characters in human history who were contemporary to
the restoration of the gospel to discover fulfilment of Isaiah's prophecy. I refer to the infamous founders of
Communism and others who follow in their tradition."53
Andrew Jackson becomes 7th U.S. President
AD 1829-30
The Book of Mormon (another testament of Jesus Christ) published
A record of God's dealings with the inhabitants of the Americas from c. 2200 BC to AD 400. Today it
stands with the Bible as another Testament of Jesus Christ of whom it not only testifies but also gives an
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account of his visit to the Americas after his Resurrection and Ascension. The Book of Mormon was
written by and is primarily a sacred record of the tribe of Joseph. The coming forth of the Book of
Mormon was prophesied by Ezekiel54 in which he referred to it as "the stick of Joseph in the hand of
Ephraim" and "the stick of Ephraim". A 'stick' has reference to a book (books or scrolls were on sticks in
those days); it is mainly Ephraimites today that possess and teach from the Book of Mormon. The Bible is
referred to as the "stick of Judah" in the same passage of scripture.
Summary of the Dispensation of the Meridian of Time: During the First Millennium the supernal
Atonement was wrought and the Church (and thus the Priesthood) was organized. Then the Apostasy and
Dark Ages set in. During this time the Anglo-Saxon Common Law (derived from the Law revealed to
Moses) came to prominence in northern Europe/Scandinavia and came to England with the Anglo-Saxon
colonization. The Roman Civil Law, codified and taught in Europe and Constantinople, also began to
ravish Europe during this period. Toward the end of the first thousand years Anno Domini England began
to emerge as a nation.
Near the beginning of the second millenium an anti-Common Law government from Europe (the House
of Normandy) established its rule in England. Over the next few centuries there were struggles between
Ruler's Law (the absolute power of the monarch) and People's Law (i.e. Common Law); the Common
Law gained victories in the eventual establishment of a Parliament and such documents as the Magna
Charta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights. The countries of Europe were preoccupied
(even when they were fighting each other) with the riches of the East that the Crusaders and Marco Polo's
accounts had tempted them with. Attempts to find a route to the East by travelling west led to the
discovery of the New World. A desire for religious freedom (fuelled by the Reformation movement in
Europe) led to the founding of the colonies and thus the beginnings of the American Republic which
would take the Common Law of Britain and, in an environment of freedom, improve upon it and establish
a nation and government that the ancient prophets foresaw and of which one modern-day prophet would
later say: "differs but little from that of the kingdom of God".55 After the preparatory period of the
Enlightenment, Renaissance, Reformation, and the establishment of a free government the stage was set
for the Restoration of the fulness of the gospel to the earth through the Prophet Joseph Smith. At about the
same time a terrible conspiracy had its modern beginnings, its purpose to destroy freedom and the religion
of Christ.
REFERENCE NOTES FOR THE MERIDIAN OF TIME,
THE UNIVERSAL APOSTASY, AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT


1
III Nephi 10:18.
McConkie, Bruce R. (1966) Mormon Doctrine Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft.
3
See 3 Nephi 16:1-4.
4
See Acts 4:32.
5
Horowitz, Jerome The Elders of Israel and the Constitution, (1970) Ogden, Utah: Horowitz, p. 125.
6
Whence?, p.90.
7
See Cuthbert, Derek A. The Second Century: Latter-day Saints in Great Britain, 1937-87 (1987)
Cambridge: The University Press, p. 193.
8
Daniel 11:31; 12:11; Matthew 24:15; Joseph Smith-Matthew, vs. 12.
9
Whence?, p. 19, 115.
10
See Whence?, p. 5, 17.
11
Clark, J. Reuben (1962) Stand Fast By Our Constitution, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, pp.
138-139.
12
Thirteenth, p. 72.
13
Jewish Encyclopedia, 1925 edition, p. 3.
2
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

14
Genesis 36:8.
Jewish Encyclopedia, 1925 edition, Volume V, p. 41.
16
Clark, J. Reuben, (1962) Stand Fast By Our Constitution, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, p.
140-141.
17
Myers, Philip, Rome: Its Rise and Fall, p. 523.
18
Fowler, W.W. revised by Charlesworth, M.P. (1912) The Home University Library of Modern
Knowledge: Rome London: Oxford University Press. p. 147-148.
19
Clark, J. Reuben. (1973) Stand Fast By Our Constitution Salt lake City, Utah: Deseret Book company,
p. 145. (Skousen)
20
Thirteenth, p. 19.
21
Thirteenth, p. 13.
22
Thirteenth, p. 152.
23
Padover, Saul K., (1943) The Complete Jefferson, New York: Tudor Publishing Company, pp. 16-17.
24
Whence?, p. 53.
25
See World History: A Chronological Dictionary of Dates, p. 195.
26
Thirteenth, p. 167.
27
Thirteenth, p. 173.
28
'Columbus to Dona Juana de la Torre', Raccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati della R. Commissione
Colombiana, pt. I, vol. ii, p.79.
29
'Letter of Columbus on the Fourth Voyage' in The Four Voyages of Columbus, tr. Cecil Jane, 2:90-92.
30
Smith, Joseph Fielding Progress of Man, p. 528.
31
See 1 Nephi 13:12
32
Diary of Benjamin F. Johnson, quoted by Cecil McGavin, (1956), Salt Lake, Utah, p. 199.
33
Reich, passim.
34
I Nephi 13:17-19. See also Jonathan A. Dibble's article "Delivered by the Power of God" (Ensign,
October 1987, p. 45-53).
35
Messages of the First Presidency, The Improvement Era, November, p. 761; emphasis added.
36
Benson, Ezra Taft, I Testify, Conference Report, October 1988; emphasis added.
37
Webster, Nesta H. (1924) Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, pp. 405-406 (see Enemy, p.
331).
38
Reich, p. 96.
39
J. Reuben Clark referring to the Framers of the Constitution, Conference Report, April 1957, p. 47.
40
Wilford Woodruff referring to the Framers of the Constitution, Conference Report, April, 1898, p. 89.
41
Ezra Taft Benson, Conference Report, April, 1976.
42
The Constitution - A Glorious Standard, Conference Report, April 1976.
43
Conference Report, April 1948, p.182.
44
From a statement issued by Joseph Smith and other Church leaders, Documentary History of the
Church, Vol. 3, p. 305 (see Smith, Joseph Fielding, (1979) Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Salt
Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, p. 148)
45
Thirteenth, p. 147-148.
46
Benson, Ezra Taft (1977) God's Hand in Our Nation's History, Speeches of the Year, Provo, Utah:
Brigham Young University, 303-307.
47
Clark, J. Reuben Stand Fast By Our Constitution, Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, pp.
146-147.
48
The Jewish Encyclopedia, (1905) Volume X, Funk and Wagnalls Company.
49
See, for instance, Isaiah 11:11, Daniel 2:44, Acts 3:21, Eph. 1:10.
50
For more information on this see Chapter 3 of W. Cleon Skousen's book The Majesty of God's Law
(Skousen).
51
Smith, Joseph Fielding, The Progress of Man, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, pp. 466-467.
52
Isaiah 29:15-16, compare Inspired Version 29:27-28.
15
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

53
Benson, Ezra Taft, A Witness and a Warning, Conference Report, October 1979.
Ezekiel 37:15-28.
55
Brigham Young in Journal of Discourses, Volume 6, page 345.
54
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