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The Cold War 1945-1991
YALTA (in the USSR)
Date: Feb 1945
Present: Churchill,
Roosevelt and Stalin
Yalta
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Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany.
Germany and Berlin would be split into four occupied zones.
Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification
German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor.
Poland reorganized the government "on a broader democratic basis.“
– Churchill wanted free elections in Poland. Stalin agreed, but never made it
happen.
Citizens of the Soviet Union and of Yugoslavia were to be handed over to their
respective countries, regardless of their consent.
Roosevelt obtained a commitment by Stalin to participate in the UN.
– Stalin requested that all of the 16 Soviet Socialist Republics would be granted
UN membership. This was taken into consideration, but 14 republics were
denied.
Stalin agreed to enter the fight against the Empire of Japan within 90 days after the
defeat of Germany. (This is important in the dropping of the atomic bomb).
Nazi war criminals were to be hunted down and brought to justice.
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
POTSDAM (Germany)
Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill,
Truman and Stalin
Potsdam
• In the five months since the Yalta Conference, a number of changes
had taken place which would greatly affect the relationships between
the leaders.
1. The Soviet Union (Communist) was occupying Central and
Eastern Europe
2. Britain had a new Prime Minister
3. America had a new President, and the war was ending
4. The US had tested an atomic bomb
• By the 26 July, the Potsdam Declaration had been broadcast to Japan,
threatening total destruction unless the Imperial Japanese government
submitted to unconditional surrender.[9]
Bolshevik Revolution (1917)
• Established rule by the communist party
• Leader: Vladimir Lenin
• Russia renamed the territory it controlled
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR)
The U.S.S.R. stands for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
“Soviet Union.”
1. Russia
2. Ukraine
3. Belarus
4. Lithuania
5. Latvia
6. Estonia
7. Armenia
8. Moldova
9. Georgia
11. Kazakh S.S.R.
12. Azerbaijani S.S.R.
13. Kirghiz S.S.R.
14. Tajik S.S.R.
15. Turkmen S.S.R
Joseph Stalin
• Lenin died in 1924
• Russian communist party was taken over by
Josef Stalin
• “Uncle Joe,” as he was called in the U.S. as
our ally during World War II,
• Remained the leader of the USSR until his
death in 1953.
What was the Cold War?
• Rivalry between the communist USSR (and its
allies) and the democratic, capitalist USA (and its
allies) between 1945 and 1991
• Both sides contributed to wars in other countries
to gain allies.
• The main danger from conflicts during the Cold
War was nuclear weapons!!!
China
• Became a communist
nation in 1949, just after
WWII.
• Were not allies long since
the leaders had ideological
differences about
communism
• China = agriculture
• Russia = industry
• By 1960 the two nations
were no longer allies.
Iron Curtain
• Eastern communist
vs. Western
capitalist
• “From Stettin in
the Baltic to
Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron
curtain has
descended across
the continent”
—Winston Churchill,
1946
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Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
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Norway
Portugal
United Kingdom
United States
Greece (1952)
Turkey (1955)
West Germany (1955)
Spain (1982)
NOT COMMUNIST
NATO (1949)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
16 original members were:
Warsaw Pact (1955)
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USSR
East Germany
Poland
Romania
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Czechoslovakia
Bulgaria
Hungary
Albania
COMMUNIST
Warsaw was the communist capital of Poland
Brezhnev Doctrine
• Enacted by Leniod Brezhnev – head of the
state (1964-1982)
• If anyone threatened the communist party’s
monopoly in Soviet satellite nations, the
USSR would interfere
Brinkmanship
• Each side would push the other side to the
“brink” of war, in order to show that their
threats were serious.
• Goal - get the enemy to back down, making
your side seem more powerful, without
actually going to war.
“HOT” WARS IN THE “COLD WAR”
• Containment – try to stop the spread of
communism
• USSR or China supported nations during civil
wars in hopes of spreading communism
– military aid, training and equipment
• United States sided with the opposition to the
communist party to prevent the spread of
communism
– military aid, training and equipment
Marshall Plan
• Provided nations in Europe financial
support from the US
• Led to better economies
• Ensured that the Soviets would be contained
EXAMPLES:
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Greece and Turkey and the Truman Doctrine, 1947
Berlin Airlift 1948-1949 (10 months)
Korean War, 1950-1953.
Space Race in the 1950s and 1960s
Hungarian Revolution 1957
Domino Theory, 1957 (Eisenhower Doctrine)
Berlin Wall Built, August 13, 1961.
Cuba and the Bay of Pigs, April 17, 1961.
Cuban Missile Crisis, October 16-28, 1962.
Vietnam War 1965-1975.
Ethiopia (communist) vs. Somalia, 1977
Civil Wars in Africa: Zimbabwe, Angola, and Mozambique.
Red Scare
Arms Race
End of the Cold War
• 1985 - Mikhail Gorbachev = Soviet Premier (Communist Party Secretary,
Head of State).
• He began a program with two major changes:
– Glasnost: political openness (freedom of speech and of the press)
– Perestroika: economic restructuring (citizens can own their own
business)
• Caused:
– greater freedom of speech- publications and individuals could say
what they thought without fear of arrest
– political prisoners were released, since their “crimes” of speaking
against the government were no longer illegal
– inflation skyrocketed and black markets flourished
– multi-party elections began
• 1989 Gorbachev repudiated the Brezhnev Doctrine.
• 1989 = “Year of Miracles.”
Hungary
• Parliament voted to allow
freedom of speech, hold free
elections, and take down the
barbed-wire fence with
Austria (the iron curtain
coming down!)
• Thousands of East Germans
flee through the newlyopened borders into the
West
Poland
• Solidarity
swept the free
multi-party
elections
(winning 99
seats out of
100) and
• Polish
communist
party is ousted.
East Germany
• Demonstrations at the Berlin Wall grow to half a million
people, shouting “We want out! We’re staying here!”
• Border guards open the gates
• East Germans are free to cross for the first time in 28
years—huge celebrations ensue.
• With open borders between East and West, there is no need
for the Berlin Wall.
“Collapse of the Soviet Union”
• Communist Party in the Soviet Union lost a majority in the elections
in June 1991.
• Boris Yeltsin – elected as Head of State in the newly renamed
“Russian Soviet Federated Soviet Republic.”
• September 6: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declared
independence.
• December 1: Ukraine declared independence
• By December 8, 1991 all 15 republics of the “former Soviet Union”
were independent.
• On December 26, 1991 the USSR was officially dissolved and…THE
COLD WAR WAS OVER!