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EARTH SYSTEMS (Plate Tectonics) K-U-D Topic: Plate Tectonics Lessons: Investigating the Development of a New Theory Investigating What Drives the Plate Effects of Plate Movement DE Geologic History Which Standards are students learning in this unit? Standard 1.1C Standard 1.1D Standard 1.2A Standard 5.2.A Standard 5.2.B Standard 5.2.C Standard 5.2.E Standard 5.3.A By the end of this unit, students will be able to… Know: Understand: . Vocabulary • Tectonic Plate • Divergent boundary • Convergent boundary • Transform boundary • Thermal convection • GPS • GIS . • Recognize that a scientific theory is supported by substantial evidence. • Analyze evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics • Recognize the role technology plays in Do: • • • The theory of plate tectonics has developed over time as more evidence has become available. Sea floor age and analysis of paleomagnetic information have contributed to the development of the theory. Technological advances such as satellites, laser ranging, and global positioning systems • • • • • • • • • • gathering evidence for the theory of Examine how materials separate according to their densities. Observe the effects of temperature on the density of a material. Determine the density of some earth materials. plate tectonics Collect, organize, and display data using appropriate tools. Describe the effects of plate subduction. Describe the role of density in plate tectonics. Describe the role of plate tectonics in shaping the surface of the Earth. Describe the role of plate tectonics in volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Review the geologic time scale and place modern time within the eons, eras, periods and epochs of the scale. Place Delaware’s geologic history within the framework • • • • • • • have increased our ability to gather data about crustal movement. Materials will separate based on their densities if in a fluid mixture. Temperature affects the density of a material. For materials other than water, the density decreases as the temperature increases. Temperature changes to one part of a fluid mixture will change the relative positions of the components by changing their relative densities. The density of rock found on the continents is less dense than the rock found under the oceans. Subduction, caused by gravity, is the main driving mechanism for plate tectonics. Convection in the mantle transfers energy from the Earth’s interior to the crust. • • • of the geologic time scale. Observe the generalized geologic map of Delaware and the geologic maps of Delaware’s New Castle and Kent Counties. Based upon observations from these maps, identify some of the major rocks and sediments that occur in Delaware. Develop a geologic history for our state based upon evidence from Delaware’s rocks and sediments and inferences that can be drawn from that evidence. Use the rocks and sediments of Delaware to develop a better understanding of the rock cycle. • • • • • Converging continents create mountain ranges. Transform faults occur due to uneven spreading along rift zones. The geologic time scale is used by scientists to organize Earth’s 4.55 billion year history. The geologic time scale is divided up into a series of units: eons, eras, periods and epochs. The eons cover the longest periods of time (billions to many hundreds of millions of year); the epochs cover the shortest periods of time (tens to hundreds of thousands of years). Delaware is underlain by metamorphic and igneous rocks. These rocks are exposed at/near the surface in the northern portion of New Castle County. They are metamorphic and igneous. These rocks are old, dating back to the latest part of the Proterozoic Eon and the earliest part of the Phanerozoic Eon within the Paleozoic • • Era (approximately 400-600 million years ago). They were formed at a time when Delaware was part of a convergent plate boundary. These igneous and metamorphic rocks became part of a very large mountain chain, as high in elevation as the modern day Himalaya Mountains in Asia, or the Andes Mountains in South America. The metamorphic and igneous rocks throughout most of Delaware are covered by sediments. The thickness of these sediments steadily increases from northwest to southeast from less than 1 meter in the northern portion of the state to over 3,000 meters in the south. The source of most of these underlying sediments is from the continuing weathering and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. This has been occurring for over the last 400 million years. These • • weathered sediments are carried by water (rivers and streams), ice (when glaciers occurred in Pennsylvania), and wind before eventually being deposited. The sediments of Delaware were mostly deposited in either river (sometimes called fluvial), marine (i.e., coastal or shallow water), or glacial environments. In the present day, sediments are being deposited in Delaware on land, near the coast in swamps and marshes, and in portions of Delaware Bay. The rocks and sediments in Delaware are an example of the rock cycle. Although, our sediments have not yet been lithified into sedimentary rocks, they still demonstrate how previously existing rocks, like the igneous and metamorphic rocks of Delaware, are weathered, eroded, and deposited, where they can then • . be lithified into sedimentary rocks. The energy that drives the rock cycle comes from two sources. The Earth’s internal energy source ultimately drives the tectonic plates and causes the formation of divergent plate boundaries – where the igneous rocks of Delaware were formed – and convergent plate boundaries – where the metamorphic rocks of Delaware were formed. The external energy that the Earth receives from the Sun determines climate and drives the water cycle that in large part is responsible for the weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks that leads to the subsequent deposition of the sediments that will become sedimentary rocks.