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Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Lab 1 Notes
There are 3 bacterial forms
1. Cocci: Spherical (round)
2. Bacillus: rod shaped
3. Spirillus: Spiral
•
Bacillus: rod shaped
• is a gram-negative bacteria
•
•
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis.
Bacilli are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and
disinfectants
There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped
ENDOSPORES
• Bacillus: rod shaped
•
•
•
Are extremely resilient due to having endospores
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure
produced by certain bacteria
Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods,
even centuries. Revival of spores millions of years old has been
claimed.
There are 3 bacterial forms - Cocci: round
• Cocci: Spherical (round)
•
Staphylococcus aureus
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
•
•
causes a variety of infections in the body, including boils, cellulitis,
abscesses, wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and food
poisoning.
Streptococcal bacteria
•
cause a variety of infections in the body, including pneumonia, meningitis,
ear infections, and strep throat.
There are 3 bacterial forms - Spirillum: (spiral)
• Spirillum: (spiral)
All are aquatic except for one species (S. minus)
that causes a type of rat-bite fever in man.
Spirillum is a gram-negative, motile helical cell with
flagella at each end.
There are 3 bacterial forms - Bacillus: rod shaped
• Spirillum: (spiral)
Spirochetes –
Some of these cause
Lyme disease
Syphillis
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain
their energy through photosynthesis.
The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of
the bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue).
They are often called blue-green algae, although
the name is sometimes considered a misnomer
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
because cyanobacteria are prokaryotes and the
term "algae" is often reserved for eukaryotes.
Are considered gram-negative bacteria.
Cyanobacteria
How did cyanobacteria contribute to life on Earth?
Many Proterozoic oil deposits are attributed to the
activity of cyanobacteria.
They are also important providers of nitrogen
fertilizer in the cultivation of rice and beans.
The other great contribution of the cyanobacteria is
that they were the precursors to plants.
They changed the early atmosphere through
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts in plants is a symbiotic
cyanobacterium.
Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills about 2
million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally
important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can
be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and
Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can
be caused by bacteria such as Shigella,
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic
bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus,
typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy.
Bacterial Diseases - Tetanus
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It enters the body via
an open wound and releases a powerful toxin, tetanospasmin. The
incubation period lasts from 2 days to several weeks. This infection causes
fever, pain, spasms of the neck and jaws. The treatment includes sedation,
administration of muscle relaxing chemicals, antibiotics and antitoxins. The
vaccine confers immunity for 5 years; in the case of profound wounds,
injections with antitoxins are required.
Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-10-Bacterial-Infections83326.shtml#ixzz4IV3hfbql
Bacterial Diseases - Typhoid fever
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella
enterica. The sources of infection are represented
by contaminated water and food. The incubation
lasts 7 to 14 days, then fever, headaches,
constipation and diarrhea install. The treatment
consists of antibiotics.
To avoid this infection, food must be processed and
manipulated in hygienic conditions. The vaccine
confers limited immunity. This disease usually
accompanies wars. A huge typhus pandemic broke
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
out during the First World War in the Eastern
Europe. Since 1914, over 20 million people died of
typhus.
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Bacterial Diseases - Cholera
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
Humans take the bacterium from water infested
with human feces
Causes chronic diarrhea, dehydration, loss of liquids
and salts. These losses must be replaced. The
vaccine confers limited protection, that's why
hygiene is the main method of controlling cholera.
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Bacterial Diseases - black plague
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis. The black plague
broke out in Europe in 1347, when a boat coming
from Crimea docked at Mesina, Sicily. Besides its
load, the ship transported the pest, which soon
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
spread throughout Italy. It was like the end of the
days for Europe. In four years, this bacterium killed
20 to 30 million Europeans, about one third of the
continent's population. Even the remote Iceland
was struck. In the Extreme East, China dwindled
from 123 million inhabitants at the beginning of the
13th century to just 65 million during the 14th
century, because of the pest and hunger.
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Bacterial Diseases - black plague
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis. The black plague
broke out in Europe in 1347, when a boat coming
from Crimea docked at Mesina, Sicily. Besides its
load, the ship transported the pest, which soon
spread throughout Italy. It was like the end of the
days for Europe. In four years, this bacterium killed
20 to 30 million Europeans, about one third of the
continent's population. Even the remote Iceland
was struck. In the Extreme East, China dwindled
from 123 million inhabitants at the beginning of the
13th century to just 65 million during the 14th
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
century, because of the pest and hunger.
Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV4iBIzU
Bacterial Diseases - black plague
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
The pest bacterium is transmitted by fleas and,
usually, the infection jumps from rats to humans.
The incubation lasts 2 to 10 days. The disease
causes fever, swelling of the lymphatic ganglions
and skin. Today, antibiotics can treat plague. The
vaccine confers limited immunity.
This catastrophe has no match in the human history.
25 to 50 % of the inhabitants of Europe, North
Africa and certain Asian areas died back then.
Knowing the cause of the pandemic helped: in 1907,
an outbreak of bubonic plague in San Francisco
produced just several victims, as the authorities
started a massive campaign for exterminating the
rats, while in 1896 an outbreak in India caused 10
million deaths in 12 years, as the cause was not
known.
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
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Bacterial Diseases - Syphilis
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema
pallida, is the most severe sexually transmitted
bacterial infection. The first stage has an incubation
of 3-12 weeks and it induces ulcered lesions
(syphilis chancre) at the entrance of body's aperture
organ. After that, it triggers skin eruptions, fever,
hair loss, less severe hepatitis and genital
condilloma, but if untreated, the lesions extend in
several years to the nervous system, leading to
death.
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Bacterial Diseases - Syphilis
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
The treatment consists in extremely powerful
antibiotics (ceftriaxone, Cefixime, and others) which
are also extremely costly. Antibiotics are most
effective in the first stages. People must avoid
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
having sex with probable carriers of the infection; it
requires immediate treatment, ceasing sexual
contacts until the end of the treatment and
informing of the recent sexual contacts, for medical
control and treatment.
Bacterial Diseases - Syphilis
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Gonorrhea is triggered by the Neisseria bacteria and
it is transmitted sexually. 62 million people, aged
mainly 15 to 29, are affected worldwide, especially
in urban areas and of low socioeconomic level.
The incubation lasts 3 days, and in men, gonorrhea
produces urinary incontinence, urethra pain,
reddening, penis burning sensation and testicle
inflammation. In women, it induces severe pain that
reaches the trumps and uterus. The treatment uses
antibiotics and prevention is similar to syphilis.
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Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Tuberculosis is caused by the Koch bacterium
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis). It is as old as the
humankind is. TBC was found even in mummies
coming from the ancient Egypt and Peru. 2 million
people die annually of tuberculosis. About 150
million people are estimated to have died of TBC
since 1914.
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Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
One third of the people carry the Koch bacterium,
which spreads through the air and milk from
infested cows and affects all the body, especially the
lungs. It induces prolonged coughing, fever,
shivering, bloody expectoration, weight loss,
sweating, tiredness, and glossy eyes.
Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV5thJ3W
Bacterial Diseases - Tuberculosis
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
It infects one third of the world population and each
year another new 8 million cases appear. Each
second a person dies of tuberculosis. It is more
aggressive in women and persons between 15 and
45 years old. Mutant strains are resistant to almost
all drugs and kill about 50 % of the patients. It is
spread worldwide, but its advance is rampant in
Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Philippines, India and
Pakistan, with over half of the new cases.
Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV69C2nW
Bacterial Diseases - Legionnaire's disease
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Legionnaire's disease is caused by Legionella
bacteria. The bacteria are taken from air or wet
environments. It causes symptoms similar to flue or
pneumonia, accompanied by renal failure. The
disease requires hospitalization and treatment with
antibiotics. As a prevention measure, water and air
conditioning installation must be controlled.
Read more: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top10-Bacterial-Infections-83326.shtml#ixzz4IV6HzzWv
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Bacterial Diseases - Pneumonia
Top 10 Bacterial Infections
Pneumonia affects 1% of the planet's population
and can be produced by bacteria (like Aeromonas
hydrophila) or viruses. It produces fever, shiver,
sweating, cough with expectoration, muscle, head
and thoracic pain, appetite loss, weakness.
This is the main cause of mortality in the world: it
kills 3.5 million people each year. It attacks
especially
Antibiotics
They may either kill or inhibit the
growth of bacteria.
Fleming was working on a culture of diseasecausing bacteria when he noticed the spores of a
little green mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), in one
of his culture plates. He observed that the presence
of the mold killed or prevented the growth of the
bacteria.[6]
Antibiotics
They may either kill or inhibit the
growth of bacteria.
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Fleming was working on a culture of diseasecausing bacteria when he noticed the spores of a
little green mold (Penicillium chrysogenum), in one
of his culture plates. He observed that the presence
of the mold killed or prevented the growth of the
bacteria.[6]
Antibiotics
They are produced in nature by soil bacteria and
fungi.
This gives the microbe an advantage when
competing for food and water and other limited
resources in a particular habitat, as the antibiotic
kills off their competition.
Title and Content Layout with Chart
Areas of YOUR body that are more susceptible to
infection
Ear Infection
Lung Infection
Throat Infection
Yeast Infection
Urinary Tract Infection
H. Pylori – Ulcers
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Good bacteria
In the human gastrointestinal tract, good bacteria
aid in digestion and produce vitamins.
Good bacteria assists the body’s immunity, making
the body less hospitable to bad bacteria and other
harmful pathogens.
When considering all the strains of bacteria that
exist, relatively few are capable of making people
sick.
Good bacteria is used to make some of the foods we
enjoy.
Acidophilus milk is made with Lactobacillus
acidophilus.
Butter is made from pasteurized cream, to which a
lactic acid starter has been added.
Cheese is often made with Streptococcus and
Lactobacillus bacteria.
Yogurt usually requires the addition of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus, Lactococcus thermophilus, and/or
Streptococcus thermophilus to the milk.
Beers, etc. -- Traditionally, the natural yeasts on
grape skins determine the quality of wine produced.
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
These natural yeasts, especially Saccharomyces
cerevisiae (beer in Spanish is "cervesa") and
Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, ferment the grapes to
make wine.
Bacteria have a wide range of envronmental and
nutritive requirements.
Most bacteria may be placed into one of three
groups based on their response to gaseous
oxygen. Aerobic bacteria thrive in the presence of
oxygen and require it for their continued growth
and existence. Other bacteria are anaerobic, and
cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those
bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments,
or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The
third group are the facultative anaerobes, which
prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can
continue to grow without it.
Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by
which they obtain their energy. Classified by the
source of their energy, bacteria fall into two
categories: heterotrophs and
autotrophs.Heterotrophs derive energy from
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
breaking down complex organic compounds that
they must take in from the environment -- this
includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying
material, as well as those that rely
on fermentation or respiration.
The other group, the autotrophs, fix carbon dioxide
to make their own food source; this may be fueled
by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation
of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements
(chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are
uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and
quite diverse. They include the cyanobacteria, green
sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple
nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are
particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen
sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like
most other photosynthetic organisms, including
cyanobacteria.
Characterization of bacteria
Gram negative / gram positive
Aerobic / anaerobic
Heterotrophs / autotrophs
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Bacteria play important roles in the global
ecosystem.
The ecosystem, both on land and in the water,
depends heavily upon the activity of bacteria. The
cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and
sulfur is completed by their ceaseless labor.
Organic carbon, in the form of dead and rotting
organisms, would quickly deplete the carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere if not for the activity of
decomposers. This may not sound too bad to you,
but realize that without carbon dioxide, there would
be no photosynthesis in plants, and no food. When
organisms die, the carbon contained in their tissues
becomes unavailble for most other living
things. Decomposition is the breakdown of these
organisms, and the release of nutrients back into
the environment, and is one of the most important
roles of the bacteria.
Bacteria play important roles in the global
ecosystem.
The cycling of nitrogen is another important activity
of bacteria. Plants rely on nitrogen from the soil for
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
their health and growth, and cannot acquire it from
the gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere. The
primary way in which nitrogen becomes available to
them is through nitrogen fixation by bacteria such
as Rhizobium, and by cyanobacteria such
as Anabaena, Nostoc, and Spirulina, shown at right.
These bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into
nitrates or nitrites as part of their metabolism, and
the resulting products are released into the
environment. Some plants, such as liverworts,
cycads, and legumes have taken special advantage
of this process by modifying their structure to house
the basteria in their own tissues.
Other denitrifying bacteria metabolize in the
reverse direction, turning nitrates into nitrogen gas
or nitrous oxide. When colonies of these bacteria
occur on croplands, they may deplete the soil
nutrients, and make it difficult for crops to grow.
Protists
Major Categories of Protists
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Algae are simple plants that can range from the
microscopic (microalgae), to large seaweeds
(macroalgae), such as giant kelp more than one
hundred feet in length.
What are
algae??
Algae (singular: alga) are plants or plantlike
organisms that contain chlorophyll (pronounced
KLOR-uh-fill) and other pigments (coloring matter)
that trap light from the Sun. This light energy is then
converted into food molecules in a process called
photosynthesis. Most algae store energy as some
form of carbohydrate (complex sugars).
Most algae store energy as some form of
carbohydrate (complex sugars).
Uses of Algae as Energy source, Fertilizer, Food and
Pollution control
Humans use algae as food, for production of useful
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
compounds, as biofilters to remove nutrients and
other pollutants from wastewaters, to assay
water quality, as indicators of environmental
change, in space technology, and as laboratory
research systems. Algae is commercially cultivated
for Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics
and Aquaculture purpose.
Algae – Feul Source
Fuel source
Algae can be used to make Biodiesel (see
algaculture), Bioethanol and biobutanol and by
some estimates can produce vastly superior
amounts of vegetable oil, compared to terrestrial
crops grown for the same purpose.
Algae can be grown to produce hydrogen. In 1939 a
German researcher named Hans Gaffron, while
working at the University of Chicago, observed that
the algae he was studying,Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii (a green-algae), would sometimes switch
from the production of oxygen to the production of
hydrogen.
Algae can be grown to produce biomass, which can
be burned to produce heat and electricity.
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Algae – Food supplement:
Food supplement:
1. It is a complete protein with essential amino acids
(unlike most plant foods) that are involved in major
metabolic processes such as energy and enzyme
production.
2. It contains high amounts of simple and complex
carbohydrates which provide the body with a source
of additional fuel. In particular, the sulfated complex
carbohydrates are thought to enhance the immune
system’s regulatory response.
3. It contains an extensive fatty acid profile,
including Omega 3 and Omega 6. These essential
fatty acids also play a key role in the production of
energy.
4. It has an abundance of vitamins, minerals, and
trace elements in naturally-occurring synergistic
design.
Algae – Stabilizing agent
Stabilizing agent
Chondrus crispus, (probably confused
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
with Mastocarpus stellatus, common name: Irish
moss), is also used as "carrageen". It is an excellent
stabiliser in milk products - it reacts with the milk
protein caesin, other products include: petfoods,
toothpaste, ice-creams and lotions etc.,Alginates in
creams and lotions are absorbable through the
skin.
Algae – Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Algae are used by humans in many ways. They are
used as fertilizers, soil conditioners and are a source
of livestock feed. Because many species are aquatic
and microscopic, they are cultured in clear tanks or
ponds and either harvested or used to treat
effluents pumped through the ponds
Algae – Role Of Algae in Pollution control
Role Of Algae in Pollution control
Algae are used in Wastewater Treatment facilities,
reducing the need for greater amounts of toxic
chemicals than are already used.
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
Algae can be used to capture fertilizers in runoff
from farms. When subsequently harvested, the
enriched algae itself can be used as fertilizer.
Algae Bioreactors are used by some powerplants to
reduce CO2 emissions. The CO2 can be pumped into
a pond, or some kind of tank, on which the algae
feed. Alternatively, theBioreactor can be installed
directly on top of a smokestack.
wastewater treatment
Using algae for wastewater treatment offers some
interesting advantages over conventional
wastewater treatment. The advantages of algaebased treatment include:
Cost effective treatment
Low energy requirement
Reduction in sludge formation and
Production of algal biomass
Oil extraction from algae is a hotly debated topic
currently because this process is one of the more
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
costly processes which can determine the
sustainability of algae-based biodiesel.
In terms of the concept, the idea is quite simple:
Harvest the algae from its growth medium (using an
appropriate separation process), and extract the oil
out of it. Extraction can be broadly categorized into
two methods:
Amoeba
Paramecium
Trypanosoma
Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa, many
of which cause malaria in their hosts.
Spread by mosquitos.
Fungi
A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic
organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms
such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular
fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as
mushrooms.
Fungi - yeast
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells
that reproduce by budding, and are capable of
converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms
classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
Bread
Alcohol
Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of
yeast commonly used as a leavening agent in baking
bread and bakery products, where it converts the
fermentable sugars present in the dough into
carbon dioxide and ethanol.
mold
mold
Mold grows on bread when the bread comes in
contact with dust that is carrying fungi, which are a
tiny microorganisms.
Spores remain airborne until they land on a piece of
food, germinate and grow into a healthy fungus.
mold
Mold lives off the food its growing on by eating
away at it. It commonly grows right through
whatever it's eating. Fungi break down what they
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
are eating by digesting the juices they squirt out.
They then grow microscopic roots into the food
itself.
hyphae
A hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ὑφή, huphḗ,
“web”) is a long, branching filamentous structure of
a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.
In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of
vegetative growth, and are collectively called a
mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not
grow as hyphae.
Fungi play an important role in energy cycling
within, and between, ecosystems. Fungi are found
in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments,
and are part of a diverse community of
“decomposers” that break down dead plants and
animals.
Mushroom cap is reproductive (fungi fruiting)
structure.
lichen
A lichen is a composite organism that arises from
algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of a
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
fungus in a symbiotic relationship. The combined
life form has properties that are very different from
the properties of its component organisms.
lichen
Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually
helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among
filaments of a fungus.[1][2][3] The fungus benefits
from the algae or cyanobacteria because they
produce food by photosynthesis. The algae or
cyanobacteria benefit by being protected from the
environment by the filaments of the fungus, which
also gather moisture and nutrients from the
environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it.
The lichen combination of fungus and/or algae
and/or cyanobacteria has a very different form
(morphology),physiology, and biochemistry than the
parts growing by themselves. The properties of the
"whole" combination are very different from the
sum of the properties of the parts living by
themselves.
lichen
Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually
helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among
filaments of a fungus.[1][2][3] The fungus benefits
from the algae or cyanobacteria because they
produce food by photosynthesis.
lichen
The algae or cyanobacteria benefit by being
protected from the environment by the filaments of
the fungus, which also gather moisture and
nutrients from the environment, and (usually)
provide an anchor to it.
lichen
The lichen combination of fungus and/or algae
and/or cyanobacteria has a very different form
(morphology),physiology, and biochemistry than the
parts growing by themselves. The properties of the
"whole" combination are very different from the
sum of the properties of the parts living by
themselves.
lichen
Schematic cross section of lichen, a symbiosis
between green algae and a fungus.
 Thick layers of hyphae, called the cortex
 Green algae
 Loosely packed hyphae
Lab 1 Notes – Diversity of Organisms: Bacteria, Protista and Fungi
 Anchoring hyphae called rhizines.