Download Well-Being of the EMT-Basic Part 2 Introduction to Infectious

Southside Regional
Fire Academy
Navy Regional Fire-Rescue Hampton Roads
Well-Being of the EMT-Basic Part 2
Introduction to
Infectious Disease Control &
Prevention
Methods of Transmission
• Bloodborne
– Blood
– O.P.I.M. (other Potentially Infectious
Materials)
• Airborne
• Fecal-Oral
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Bloodborne Transmission
• Blood
• Body fluids visibly contaminated with
blood
• Body Fluids (visibly contaminated or not)
– Saliva, semen, vaginal secretions
– Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid
– Amniotic fluid
• Unfixed organs or tissues
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Bloodborne Transmission
INJECTION
– Needle sticks, broken glass, sharp objects
OTHER DIRECT CONTACT
– Splashing of fluids into open cut or sore;
mucous membranes of eyes, nose, mouth
INDIRECT CONTACT
– Touching a contaminated object/surface, then
touching mouth, eyes, nose, open wound
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Airborne Transmission
• Aerosolized droplets spread into the air
when patient…
–
–
–
–
–
Coughs
Speaks
Gags or vomits
Is suctioned
Sneezes
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Fecal-Oral Transmission
• Results from improper
hand washing/hygiene
– After a bowel movement,
bacteria is transmitted to
food or objects via the
hands.
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Does contact with BIOHAZARD material always
lead to infection?
CONTAMINATION
EXPOSURE
INFECTION
How old is pathogen?
How extensive is
contamination?
Length & route of exposure…
How quick was
decontamination?
Severity of exposure…
Virulence of pathogen…
Health of EMT…
Prophylactic drugs…
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Disease Transmission Facts
INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
– Hepatitis B…bloodborne
• Swelling, soreness, loss of function of the liver.
• Viral syndrome (weakness, fatigue, malaise, fever,
headache, anorexia, nausea)
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice
• Or… No symptoms at all (chronic carrier state)
– 85% of patients recover in 6-8 weeks
– Will always carry virus once infected
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Disease Transmission Facts
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
– Affects white blood cells of the immune systems and
renders them ineffective in preventing disease.
– Illness & death occurs from Opportunistic Infections
such as pneumonia.
– Causes Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
– Initial symptoms are non-specific
• Viral syndrome
• Night sweats, weight loss
• Gland, muscle, & joint pain
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Disease Transmission Facts
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
• Bloodborne transmission.
• May take up to a year for virus to show up in a
routine HIV blood test.
• Patient may have no symptoms for many years,
resulting in inadvertent transmission to multiple
sex partners.
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Disease Transmission Facts
TUBERCULOSIS
– Airborn, spread by droplets
– Pulmonary infection with symptoms
developing within 2-10 weeks.
– Causes areas of “scar tissue” to develop in
lungs, leading to loss of pulmonary function.
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Disease Transmission Facts
Suspect T.B. when…
– Crowded living conditions (jails, military)
– Has close relative with active T.B.
– Person who:
•
•
•
•
Has HIV
On immunosuppressive drugs
Prolonged steroid therapy
IV drug users
– Recently had positive TB skin test.
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Disease Transmission Facts
Suspect T.B. when…
– Undiagnosed pulmonary or respiratory
infection
– Viral syndrome, night sweats, weight loss
– Productive cough (green or yellow sputum)
– Coughing up blood
– Difficulty breathing
– Respiratory failure
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Disease Transmission Facts
Other Infectious Diseases
•
•
•
•
Meningitis
Chicken Pox (varicella)
Syphilis
Cooties (head & body lice)
Adult Female Pubic
Louse
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Prevention
• Frequent employee
education
• Hazard Communication
• PPE
• Labeling all infectious
waste
• Frequent hand washing
• Cleaning equipment
between patients
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Biohazard Label
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Prevention
Latex or vinyl gloves…
The minimum PPE
for every patient
contact.
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Prevention
For splash hazards and
large amounts of
fluids…
– Eye protection
– Face mask
– Gown, apron, or
turnout gear
– Shoe covers
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Prevention
Highly infectious
respiratory diseases…
– Tuberculosis
– Meningitis
HEPA (high-efficiency
particulate)
respirator
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Prevention
Disinfect equipment
between patients…
– Reusable PPE is
permitted
– Dilute bleach
solution, or
commercial
disinfectant
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Prevention—in advance
• Verify immune status
• Hepatitis B Vaccination (series of 3 shots,
and titer)
• Varicella immunity?
• Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative
(PPD) skin testing (at least annually)
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Questions ?
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Navy Regional Fire-Rescue Hampton Roads
Our 380-person career department serves military
installations and surrounding communities of Southside
Hampton Roads and the Peninsula from 17 stations on 11
separate installations.
To provide comments or suggestions for this slide program, contact EMS Training
at (757)433-2065 or [email protected].
For general information about our department, contact our headquarters at Naval
Amphibious Base Little Creek at (757)462-7761.
For information on how to apply for a career position with our department, check
out the Navy’s human resources website at www.donhr.navy.mil where you can
download a “JobKit” and submit your resume electronically.
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