Download AH chp 13-2

Chapter 13
Respiratory System
Interesting
Facts
Functions
Exchanges
gases between
the blood and
lungs
Regulate body
temperature
Maintains
electrolyte
balance
Exchanges Gases between
lungs and blood
External, Internal & Cellular Respiration
External Respiration
• AKA ventilation or breathing
• Brings oxygen into the lungs
• Consists of inspiration (inhalation) and
expiration (exhalation)
– Inspiration-air enters, is warmed, moistened &
filtered as it goes to alveoli
– Expiration expels the CO2 from the alveoli
Internal Respiration
• Exchanges O2 and CO2 between the cells and
lymph
• Alveoli transfer O2 to the cells and cells
transfer CO2 back to alveoli
Cellular Respiration
• AKA oxidation
• Uses oxygen to release energy stored in
nutrient molecules such as glucose
STRUCTURES
Upper Airway
Nasal Cavity
• Nostrils-two oval
openings
– Cilia-filter
– Warms, moistens, & filters
• Tonsils & Adenoids
– Help fight infection
• Sinuses
– Filled with air in and
around nasal area
– Mucous membranes line
the sinuses
– Help warm and moisten
– Give resonance to the
voice
•
Pharynx
–
–
–
–
•
AKA the throat
Serves passageway for food and air
5 inches long
epiglottis
Larynx
– AKA Voice box
– Makes up the Adams apple
– Glottis-space between the vocal cords
that allows for air movement to create
sound
•
Trachea
–
–
–
–
AKA windpipe
11.2 centimeters in length
15-20 rings
Lined with mucous membrane and
ciliated epithelium to help entrap
foreign matter
• Trachea
LOWER AIRWAY
• Bronchi
– Divides into right & left
– Right a little shorter, wider & more vertical
• Bronchioles
– Y-shaped
– Lined with cartilaginous plates
– Both bronchi & bronchioles lines with cilia & sticky
mucous (phlegm)
• Alveoli
– Saclike clusters
– 500 million alveoli in an adult
– Inner area covered with surfactant which helps to
prevent lung collapsing
• Bronchoscopy
The Lungs
• Cone shaped organs
• Separated by the
mediastinum & heart
• Top is apex
• Bottom is base
• Porous & spongy
• Covered with thin, moist,
slippery membrane called
pleura
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
How it works!
• Breathing occurs
due to changes of
pressure within the
chest cavity
• Negative pressure
causes lungs to be
expanded
Diaphragm contracts lungs expand
Breathing
Diaphragm relaxes, lungs deflate
Rate of Breathing
• Normal is 14-20
• Affected by
– Muscular activity
– Increased body temperature
– Male or Female
– Age
– Sleeping
– Emotions
Other Situations
• Coughing
• Hiccups-spasm of diaphragm & spasm of
glottis
• Sneezing-clears upper nasal airway
• Yawning-usually because of the increase need
for oxygen
Assessment
• Character
– Regular rhythm
• Apnea
• Cheyne-Stokes
• Kussmaul’s
respirations
• Using Accessory
muscles
• muscle
Types of respirations
•
•
•
•
•
Apnea-temporary stop breathing
Dyspnea-difficult breathing
Eupnea-normal breathing
Hyperpnea-increase depth of breathing
Orthopnea-difficulty breathing when lying
down
• Tachypnea-fast, shallow breathing
• Bradypnea-slow breathing
DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anthrax
Asthma
Atelectasis
Bronchitis
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
COPD
Cold
Cystic Fibosis
Emphysema
Hanta virus
•
•
•
•
•
Lung Cancer
Pleural Effusion
Pleurisy
Pneumonia
Respiratory Distress
Syndrome
• Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome
• Tuberculosis
• Upper respiratory Infection