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Digestion Organs Overview Digestive Functional Stomach Small Large Chemical Absorption Histology Intestine Intestine Process Digestion ofAnatomy the Alimentary Canal 1. Alimentary canal 4. Intestinal Accessory phase: Excitatory digestivephase: Duodenum a. Function Essential 3. Mechanical activities digestion Proteins Four basic layers 2. Submucosa: Composed of dense CT (blood Regulation of gastric secretion Salivary glands 3. Secretory cells of gastric glands: Mucous neck Gross anatomy releases a gastrin-like substance that promotes a. Organs Active transport through the intestinal villi i. Digests 1. Ingestion a. Chewing Digestive processes occurring in stomach Microscopic anatomy in mouth, pharynx & Esophagus Background Tongue Carbohydrates 1. Begins in stomach (starch) Pancreas st 1. Mucosa: Innermost layer functions in secretion, vessels & lymphatic vessels) & elastic fibers 5. Absorption 5. Gross 4. Regulation Subdivisions: anatomy of Cecum bile release: (1 segment: CCK from saclike), small 1. Three phases: Cephalic, gastric & intestinal Teeth Function of saliva: Cleanses mouth, dissolves Microscopic cells (produce anatomy acidic mucus), parietal cells (secrete Four regions: Cardiac (region where food additional activity of gastric glands. Inhibitory i. Teeth 1. Lipids can pass through cell membranes ii. Absorbs Lipids a. Taking b. Mixing food into digestive system via the mouth D. Liver and gallbladder 1. Enzymatic digestion: Protein digestion is 3. 5. Gastric Digestive phase: processes: Local No signaling breakdown, within just stomach water Mouth Histology (oral cavity or buccal cavity) Gallbladder: Stores bile Expanded surface area for absorption esophagus Laryngopharynx 1. Hydrolysis 1. Bundles of into skeletal esophagus muscle Stomach 1. a. Pepsinogen Carbohydrates to pepsin are broken down into 1. Accessory digestive organ absorption and protection. It consists of 3 sub3. Muscularis externa: Functions in segmentation a. Movement of digested end products from intestine appendix Ileocecal is (lymphatic released valve to into the dead anus blood end), in colon response (several to fatty 2. Cephalic phase: Occurs prior to food entering Classification: Incisors, canines, premolars & tastants, moistens & initiates chemical breakdown Regulation Gross anatomy of pancreatic secretion: Local Nucleic acids 1. HCl Four and tunics intrinsic factor), chief (zymogenic) cells enters), fundus, body & pyloric. Terminates at the phase: Enterogastric ii. Tongue reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, a. Active transpost is not requires b. Organs Digestion occurs solely in small intestine 2. Propulsion i. Saliva 1. Accessory organs associated with small intestine initiated in stomach (pepsin) and vitamin absorption & major function is the due Boundaries: to 1. Simple the presence columnar Lips, of cheeks, food epithelium (distension, tongue & palate peptides or 4. Bile: Only bile salts and phospolipids aid in 2. Structural modifications: Circular folds (deep 1. Mastication: Mechanical breakdown by teeth Pierces diaphragm & joins stomach via cardiac a. Catabolic 2. Function process 1. Expansion of the GI tract glucose, 2. Continues fructose in small and galactose intestine 2. Produces digestive enzymes: Exocrine product layers: lining epithelium, lamina propria & & peristalsis. It consists of inner circular and outer lumen of the GI tract into blood and lymph Liver and gallbladder chyme 2. regions: Absorbs entering ascending, water small from transverse, intestine. indigestible descending CCK food stimulates residues & stomach (brain response to food) via hypothalamic molars Types: Extrinsic (3 pairs: parotid, submanhormones 1. Pyloric (CCK sphincter 1. Pancreatic & secretin) to ileocecal nucleosides & parasympathetic valve (produce Lining pepsinogen epithelium: which Simple is columnar converted (entirely initially by Pharynx: Oropharynx to Laryngopharynx pylorus & connects with small intestine via pyloric inhibits local reflexes, activates sympathetic fibers iii. Gallbladder 2. Carbohydrates i. Mouth a. Lipases from pancreas Movement c. Churning of food through the digestive tract 2. Liver has a role in digestion in addition to its Lipid soluble substances can pass through peristaltic movement of fecal material low acidity) lead toof HCl release (gastrin iscolumnar released Palate: 2. Submucosa Hard palate includes (rigid lymphatic & underlain tissue: by bone) digestion fat) other components that do folds of the mucosa and submucosa), Villi (fingerand tongue orifice gated by cardiac sphincter b. Large a.(emulsify Mix molecules food with into saliva monomers 2. Sack for storage and chemical breakdown in 2. a. Trypsin Process and chymotrypsin (pancreatic juice) muscularis mucosae. Epithelium: Simple longitudinal layer smooth muscle. Sphincters are 6. Defecation secretion 3. sigmoid), Unique of rectum features: pancreatic (contains Teniae juice coli rectal & (3 relaxes bands valves: hepatoof internal longistimulation of the vagus nerve (parasympathetic 2. Dental formula: dibular & sublingual) & intrinsic (buccal glands) nervous 2. Subdivisions: system Duodenum, jejunum & ileum goblet HCl into cells) pepsin with which gastric will pits catalyze (gastric conversion glands that sphincter. that tighten pyloric sphincter & causes the release b. Glands a. Protein carriers ii. Pharynx 2. Bile emulsifies fats so they are soluble b. Swallowing d. Segmentation other functions: Bile production and export stomach mucosa (alcohol and aspirin) in 6.Defecation: response to rectal chemical walls stimuli stretch(defecation & stimulates reflex) the & Soft Peyer’s palate patches (formed from muscle) not contribute to digestion will not be discussed like projections of the mucosa) Microvilli or 2. Deglutition: Complicated process of swallowing 3. Four c. Enzymes layers: i. Bolus Mucosa, into lumen submucosa, of alimentary muscularis canal which food is converted to chyme a. i. Salivary Pancreatic amylase enzymes 3. Acini: Secretory cells surrounding ducts with goblet cells. Lamina propria: Loose areolar thickened areas of smooth muscle a. Elimination of undigested materials pancreatic tudinal transverse smooth folds) sphincter muscle), & anal (controls haustra canal entry (two (pocketlike sphincters: of pancreatic sacs) enteric ganglionic neurons stimulate the stomach (2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M/2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M) X 2 = 32 3. Secretory cells: Serous cells (watery secretion produce thereafter) gastric & enteroendocrine juice) cells (produce 2. Greater curvature (lateral convex surface) of enterogastrones. i. Salivary i. Metabolic energy is required iii. Esophagus a. Only increases area that enzymes can contact i. Voluntary i. Local constriction of the small intestine (emulsification of fat) 3. Production of intrinsic factor: Required for which isIntrinsic spinal-parasympathetic reflex (causes release of byand parietal cells) brush (projections of22plasma membranes) (two phases which involves muscles) (skeletal i.b.border and b.HCl Position smooth bolus accessory regionally for swallowing glands distributed) & Pancreatic Carboxypepsidase amylase 4. Composition of pancreatic juice: Proteases, connective tissue with capillary beds & lymph 4. Serosa: Areolar connective tissue covered with juice & internal epiploic and involuntary bile appendages entering and duodenum) (fat-filled external pouches) voluntary) glands) with enzymes) & mucous cells (viscous) hormones that regulate digestive function) 3. Lesser curvature (medial concave surface) 5. Enterogastrone ii. Liver are secretin, cholecystokinin iv. Stomach c. Peristalsis 4.&Chemical digestion absorption of B12 colon rectum to contract & anal sphincters relax) adventia (not serosa: entirely connective tissue) i. Pancreatic enzymes amylase, lipases & nucleases nodules. Muscularis mucosae: Thin layer of&smooth mesothelium (single layer of squamous epithelium) (CCK), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) iii. Pancreas v. Small intestine i. Involuntary a. Mouth through small intestine muscle gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) vi. Large intestine Exit BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Home