Download Nelson Mack

Nelson Mack
Mr. DeFrancesco
May 30, 2004
4th Quarter Assessment
Table of Contents
Section 1
Page 1 - Fossils
Page 2 - Mold-Cast
Page 3 - Lamarck's Explanation
Page 4 - Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle
Page 5 - Natural Selection
Page 6 - Population
Page 7 - Desent with Modification
Page 8 - Adaptive Advantage
Page 9 - Homologous Structures
Page 10 - Analogous Structures
Page 11 - Vestigial Structures
Page 12 - Similarities in Embryology
Page 13 - Coevolution
Page 14 - Convergent Evolution
Page 15 - Divergent Evolution
Page 16 - Adaptive Radiation
Page 17 - Artificial Selection
Section 2
Page 18 - Bell Curve
Page 19 - Gene Pool
Page 20 - Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium
Page 21 - Mutation
Page 22 - Immigration
Page 23 - Emigration
Page 24 - Gene Flow
Page 25 - Genetic Drift
Page 26 - Assortative Mating
Page 27 - Stabilizing Selection
Page 28 - Directional Selection
Page 29 - Disruptive Selection
Page 30 - Sexual Selection
Page 31 - Biological Species Concept
Page 32 - Geographic Isolation
Page 33 - Reproductive Isolation
Page 34 - Prezygotic Isolation
Page 35 - Postzygotic Isolation
Section 3
Page 36 - Paleoanthropologists
Page 37 - Primate Characteristics
Page 38 - Anthropoid Characteristics
Page 39 - Human Characteristics
Page 40 - Austroalopithecus Afarenis
Page 41 - Austroalopithecus Africanas
Page 42 - Austroalopithecus Biosei
Page 43 - Austroalopithecus Robustus
Page 44 - Homo Habilis
Page 45 - Homo Erectus
Page 46 - Homo Sapiens
Page 47 - Neanderthals
Page 48 - Cro-Magnons
Page 49 - Multiregional Hypothesis
Page 50 - Recent-African-Orgin Hypothesis
Glossary:
Fossils
A fossil is the remains or traces of a once-living organism.
Mold-Cast
A mold-cast is a type of fossil that is an imprint or model of an
organism on a rock.
Lamarck’s Explanation
Lamarck’s explanation was that similar species descended from a common
ancestor, thus living species were descended from similar distinct
species evident in the fossil record.
Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle was a collecting expedition where Darwin
was a naturalist. He collected specimens and kept careful records of
his observations. Darwin studied geology and allowed him to think
about the possibility that environments may be modified over long
periods of time. On this voyage Darwin collected many fossils and
observed thousands of species of organisms.
Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process by which organisms with favorable
variations reproduce at higher rates than those without such
variations.
Population
The population is all the members of a species that live in the same
area and make up a breeding group.
Descent with Modification
Descent with modification states that the newer forms appearing in the
fossil record are actually the modified descendents of older species.
Adaptive Advantage
An adaptive advantage is a favorable trait that is used to help an
organism in something that it is not use to doing.
Homologous Structures
Homologous structures have similar features that originated in a
shared ancestor.
Analogous Structures
Analogous structures have identical functions, and they look somewhat
alike.
Vestigial Structures
Vestigial structures are useful to an ancestor, but they are not
useful to the modern organism that has them.
Similarities in Embryology
Similarities in embryology occur in the early stages of development.
All vertebrate embryos are similar, but those similarities fade as
development proceeds.
Co evolution
Co evolution is the mutual evolution of two different species
interacting with each other.
Convergent Evolution
Convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated species become
more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment.
Divergent Evolution
Divergent evolution is the process of two or more related species
becoming more and more dissimilar.
Adaptive Radiation
Adaptive radiation is an evolutionary pattern in which many species
evolve from a single ancestral species.
Artificial Selection
Artificial selection is the breeding of organisms by humans for
specific phenotypic characteristics.
Bell Curve
A bell curve shows the population of an animal in a bell shaped.
Gene Pool
A gene pool is all the genes for all of the traits in a population.
Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium
The Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium shows that allele frequencies
in a population tend to remain the same from generation to generation
unless acted on by outside influences.
Mutation
A mutation is a change in DNA.
responds.
Certain chemicals affect the way DNA
Immigration
Immigration is the movement if individuals into a population.
Emigration
Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population.
Gene Flow
Gene flow is the process of genes moving from one population to
another.
Genetic Drift
A genetic drift is a shift in allele frequencies in a population due
to chance.
Assortative Mating
Assortative mating is the selection of a mate based on the similarity
characteristics.
Stabilizing Selection
Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection in which the
average form of a trait causes an organism to have an advantage in
reproduction.
Directional Selection
Directional selection individuals that display a more extreme form of
a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form of
the trait.
Disruptive Selection
Disruptive Selection is a type of natural selection in which
individuals with two extreme forms of a trait have an advantage.
Sexual Selection
Sexual selection is the preferential choice of a mate based on a
specific phenotype trait.
Biological Species Concept
The biological species concept is the principle that defines a species
as those organisms that can produce offspring together.
Geographic Isolation
Geographic isolation is the physical separation of members of a
population..
Reproductive Isolation
Reproductive isolation is the inability for formerly interbreeding
organisms to produce offsprings.
Prezygotic Isolation
Prezygotic isolation is a barrier to successful breeding that occurs
before fertilization, such as differences in mating time or behavior.
Postzygotic Isolation
Postzygotic isolation is a barrier to successful breeding that occurs
after fertilization, such as the production of nonviable or sterile
offspring.
Paleoanthropologist
A paleoanthropologist is a scientist who studies fossil evidence of
human evolution.
Primate Characteristics
Some primate characteristics are that they live in trees, have movable
fingers and toes, and most have flattened nails rather than claws.
Anthropoid Characteristics
Some anthropoid characteristics are a well-developed collarbone,
rotating shoulder joints, and partially rotating elbow joints. They
also have an opposable thumb, an opposable big toe, and a prehensile
foot.
Human Characteristics
Some human characteristics are the ability to walk on two legs, a
curled shape pelvis, and a curve shaped spine. They also have shorter
toes and enlarged brains.
Australopithecus Afarenis
Austroalpithecus Afarenis is a new fossil that means “southern ape of
the Afar Valley.”
Australopithecus Africanus
Australopithecus Africanas are fossils that date about 2.3-3 million
years ago.
Australopithecus Biosei
Australopithecus biosei are fossils that date from 1- 2.6 million
years ago.
Australopithecus Robustus
Australopithecus Robustus are fossils that date from 1- 2.6 million
years.
Homo Habilis
Homo Habilis is a new species of fossils that were discovered with
stone tools. It means “handy man.”
Homo Erectus
Homo erectus are fossils that were found on the Pacific islands of
Java, China, Europe, and Africa. It means “upright man.”
Homo Sapiens
Homo sapiens, early now extinct form of our species probably replaced
Homo erectus.
Neanderthals
Neanderthals are an early group of Homo sapiens. They had heavy
bones, thick brow ridges, protruding teeth, and a larger brain.
Cro-Magnons
Cro-Magnons are the first fossil skeletons found in caves in
southwestern France. The skeletons resembled that of modern day
humans.
Multiregional Hypothesis
A multiregional hypothesis is that regional differences in phenotype
have been developing for well over a million years.
Recent-African-Origin Hypothesis
A recent-African-origin hypothesis states that modern Homo sapiens
originated in Africa about 100,000- 200,000 years ago.
Bibliography :
Page 1 – Fossils http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/500/550/551/abisaad/fossils-981025
Page 2 - Mold-Cast
http://www.wesleyan.edu/ctgeology/DinoStPkTour/TrackMoldCast.JPG
Page 3 - Lamarck's Explanation
http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~amberm/images/animals.gif
Page 4 - Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle
http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/darwin/beaglesydney.jpg
Page 5 - Natural Selection http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio106/nat-sel.jpg
Page 6 – Population
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ec&Ev_Distance_learning/EcologyIntro/population.gif
Page 7 - Desent with Modification
http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/evolution/perspectives/images_miller/image1.gif
Page 8 - Adaptive Advantage http://necsi.org/projects/evolution/co-evolution/predprey/lion+zebra.jpg
Page 9 - Homologous Structures
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/homobones.jpg
Page 10 - Analogous Structures
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ftp/BIODIDAC/ZOO/GENERAL/DIAGBW/GENE009B
Page 11 - Vestigial Structures
http://www.angelfire.com/dc/apgenetics/vestigial.structures.jpg
Page 12 - Similarities in Embryology http://www.giddings.txed.net/biology/ch18.h7.jpg
Page 13 – Coevolution http://www.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/smartin/images/bird.jpg
Page 14 - Convergent Evolution http://www.pmc.noaa.gov/di/porpoise.gif
Page 15 - Divergent Evolution
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/LAD/C21/graphics/C21_Divergent_1.GIF
Page 16 - Adaptive Radiation
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_11/18_20.GIF
Page 17 - Artificial Selection
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/archived_classes/glg102fall00/0567/0567picts/artsel.jpg
Page 18 - Bell Curve
http://aspin.asu.edu/~travis/scene/redesign_scene/habitat/bell_curve
Page 19 - Gene Pool
http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/booklet/images/imagesLaboratories/Kushnir3Big.jpg
Page 20 - Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium
http://w3.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/18/images/ch18c5.gif
Page 21 – Mutation http://www.ebi.ac.uk/2can/disease/genes2.html
Page 22 – Immigration
http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/
Page 23 – Emigration
http://www.utb.halmstad.se/nh/undervisningsplanscher/emigration.jpg
Page 24 - Gene Flow
Page 25 - Genetic Drift
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/3/images/l_063_03_l.jpg
Page 26 - Assortative Mating
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v387/n6633/images/387551aa.eps.2.gif
Page 27 - Stabilizing Selection
http://www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100/powerpoints/lecture10/img022.jpg
Page 28 - Directional Selection
http://www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100/powerpoints/lecture10/img021.jpg
Page 29 - Disruptive Selection
http://www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100/powerpoints/lecture10/img026.jpg
Page 30 - Sexual Selection
http://www.auduboninstitute.org/ani/desktops/1024/peacock.jpg
Page 31 - Biological Species Concept
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk
Page 32 - Geographic Isolation
http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/courses/biol105/Lectures/Section4/2d1b.jpg
Page 33 - Reproductive Isolation http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/bonline/fo38/10.jpg
Page 34 - Prezygotic Isolation
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_11/18_09.GIF
Page 35 - Postzygotic Isolation
http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/biosci/edmands/F1MaleT.gif
Page 36 – Paleoanthropologists
http://www.mnh.si.edu/rc/images/masters/53490_sm_res_page_left_crop.jpg
Page 37 - Primate Characteristics
http://natzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primates/images/covers/cover_Lemur.jpg
Page 38 - Anthropoid Characteristics
http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/images/img1921.gif
Page 39 - Human Characteristics http://www.academicart.com/skeleton_by_christina.jpg
Page 40 - Austroalopithecus Afarenis http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vwsu/gened/learnmodules/top_longfor/timeline/afarensis/
Page 41 - Austroalopithecus Africanus
http://www.gurche.com/webgraphics/ap_afric_064_fs.jpg
Page 42 - Austroalopithecus Biosei
http://elearn.coconino.edu/public/11729200380/australopithecus_boisei.jpg
Page 43 - Austroalopithecus Robustus
http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/images/SK46l.jpg
Page 44 - Homo Habilis
http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/collections/museum/hominid/first_human/habilis/other_in
formation/habilis
Page 45 - Homo Erectus www.sc.edu/union/Sears/5EvolutionTax/HomoErectus.jpg
Page 46 - Homo Sapiens http://www2.uol.com.br/cienciahoje/chdia/n867a.jpg
Page 47 – Neanderthals http://www.sonoma.edu/anthropology/anclub/skull2.jpg
Page 48 - Cro-Magnons
http://www.tomlitoo.com/racontemoilhistoire/prehistoire/imagepresentation/enfantspeign
antcouleur200.jpg
Page 49 - Multiregional Hypothesis
http://faculty.uca.edu/~benw/biol4415/lecture12a/img023.jpg
Page 50 - Recent-African-Origin Hypothesis
http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/OutofAfrica.html