Download Summative Test Solutions - CIA-Biology-2011-2012

SOLUTIONS
UNIT TEST: ANIMAL FUNCTION & STRUCTURE
Knowledge and Understanding
/30
Communication
/9
Thinking and Investigation
/11
Application
/10
PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE (K) 1 mark/question x 24 = /24
Answer the following choice questions by indicating the best answer on the accompanying
scantron sheet.
1. The digestive system is made up of the following components:
a) stomach, mouth, trachea, liver, pancreas, pharynx
b) Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, liver, pancreas, anus
c) Pancreas, thyroid, intestines, stomach, liver, pancreas,
d) esophagus, stomach, ureters, intestines, pancreas, anus
2. What component of the human respiratory system traps suspended particles and humidifies the air?
a) nasal hairs
b) mucus
c) cilia
d) epiglottis
3. The amount of air always present in the lungs is called
a) tidal volume
b) alveolar capacity
c) residual volume
d) total capacity
4. Pepsin is to protein as amylase is to __________ .
a) Lipids
b) Protein
c) Simple carbohydrates
d) Complex carbohydrates
5. Individuals who are healthy and fit usually have lower resting heart rates than individuals who are
not. Using the data below, which individual is most fit?
Emily: 18 beats/15 sec
Mike: 27 beats/20 sec
Monika: 15 beats/10 sec
Cheryl: 80 beats/60 sec
Daniel: 0 beats/30 sec
a) Emily
b) Mike
c) Monika
d) Cheryl
e) Daniel
6. Why do erythrocytes swell and burst when placed in water?
a) Since water concentration is higher outside the cell, water moves inward by passive diffusion.
b) Since hemoglobin concentration is higher inside the cell, hemoglobin moves outward
by exocytosis.
c) Since potassium ions are more concentrated inside the cells, potassium ions move outward by
osmosis.
d) Erythrocytes pump water inward by active transport to balance osmotic gradients.
e) Water is a universal solvent and simply dissolves the erythrocyte membranes.
7. Which of the following is the circular muscle that regulates movement of food and stomach acid from
the stomach to the small intestine?
a) Pyloric sphincter
b) Gastric Sphincter
c) Cardiac Sphincter
d) Duodenal Sphincter
8. Hyperventilation
a) increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs
b) increases the vital capacity of the lungs
c) increases the concentrations of oxygen in the bloodstream
d) reduces the time a swimmer can remain under the water
e) reduces the body temperature slightly
9. The muscle cells listed above will most likely fatigue in what order, from first to last?
First ------> Last
a) Type I Type II A Type II B
b) Type I Type II B Type II A
c) Type II A Type I Type II B
d) Type II B Type II A Type I
e) All three types will fatigue at the same rate.
10. In organisms with closed circulatory systems, fluid leaves the blood of capillary networks at the
arterial end and returns to blood at the venous end for which of the following reasons?
a) Osmotic pressure increases prior to dehydration.
b) Osmotic pressure difference dominates at the arterial end; hydrostatic pressure difference dominates
at the venous end.
c) Hydrostatic pressure difference dominates at the arterial end; osmotic pressure difference
dominates at the venous end.
d) Hydrostatic pressure drops during diastole.
e) Hydrostatic pressure difference dominates at both the arterial and the venous ends.
11. One thing that does not occur during inspiration is
a) the intercostal muscles of the rib cage contract
b) the rib cage rises
c) the rib cage extends out from the body
d) the diaphragm relaxes
e) air moves into the lungs
12. What is the acid found in the stomach, and what is the substance that it converts into an active
enzyme?
a) HCO3, pepsinogen
b) HCO3, pepsin
c) HCl, pepsinogen
d) HCl, pepsin
13. Rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle in the esophagus (allowing the ingested bolus of food
to move along in the gastrointestinal tract) are called ___________ .
a) Egestion
b) Peristalsis
c) Hydrolysis
d) Voluntary muscle contractions
e) None of the above
14. Put these statements in the right order to describe how a human inhales.
i. The air pressure inside is lower than the air pressure outside
ii. the ribs move up and out and the diaphragm moves down
iii. Air rushes in to equalise the two pressures
iv. This increases the volume of the chest cavity, decreasing the air pressure inside
v. The muscles between the ribs and in the diaphragm contract
a) v, ii, iv, i, iii
d) i, iii, v, ii, iv
b) i, iv, v, iii, ii
e) v, ii, i, iii, iv
c) iii, ii, v, i, iv
15. This heart chamber receives oxygen-poor blood.
a) right atrium
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle
16. The function of the pulmonary semilunar valve is to
a) prevent blood from flowing back into the right atrium
b) prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium
c) prevent blood from flowing back into the lungs
d) prevent blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
17. Which of the following regarding partial pressures is false:
a) the total pressure of a mixture on nonreactive gases is equal to the product of the partial pressures of
the individual gases.
b) The pressure of each gas in the atmosphere can be calculated using the percentage by volume of each
gas present.
c) The largest change in the partial pressure of oxygen is observed as oxygen travels from the arteries
into the capillaries.
d) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is highest in the systemic veins and tissues, but lowest in the
atmospheric air.
e) some of the above
f) none of the above
18. Enzymes are required for proper digestion of various foods. When an individual is lacking a certain
enzyme, issues with digestion can occur. If someone was lactose intolerant, that would mean they were
lacking the enzyme ____________ .
a) Galactosidase
b) Sucrase
c) Lactase
d) Lactate
e) None of the above
19. What is the cause of a peptic ulcer?
a) Excess in the mucous layer
b) An increase of pepsin concentration in the stomach
c) An increase of HCl concentration in the stomach
d) Breakdown of the mucous layer
20. Emphysema is a disorder that involves a(n) __________ in resistance to airflow through the
_______.
a) increased; alveoli
b) decreased; trachea
b) increased: bronchioles
c) decreased; bronchi
d) none of the above
21. A sphygmomanometer gives you a reading of 120/80. The number on top represents the:
a) systolic pressure
b) cardiac pressure
c) diastolic pressure
d) blood pressure
22. Which of the following vessels is narrower than an arteriole?
a) aortic artery
b) capillary
c) artery
d) vein
23. Which of the following equations represents the homeostatic maintenance of blood pH:
a) CO2 + H2O - H2CO4 - H+ + H2CO2- + O2
b) CO2 + H2O - H2CO4 - H+ + HCO3c) CO2 + H2O - HCO3- - H+ + H2CO4
d) CO2 + H2O - H2CO3 - H+ + HCO3e) CO2 + H2O - HCO3- - H+ + H2CO3
24. It was a Friday night and Jimmy was performing in his ballet recital when he started to feel nauseous.
Luckily he was able to perform his finale before it resulted in anything more than nausea. He had been
having some burning and aching pain in the area above his belly button for a while, but never said
anything to his mom until after this instance. She took him to the doctor, who suspected a peptic ulcer.
To prove his suspicion, the doctor wants to use a device to view the interior of Jimmy’s body, and
hopefully see that indeed an ulcer was the source of his pain. What device would the doctor use to do
this?
a) An endoscope
b) An ultrasound
c) A sphygmomanometer
d) A CT scanner
PART B: LABELLING (K) /6
1. Identify the following numbered structures of the heart. (1/2 mark each) (4 marks)
1. _Aorta___________________________
2. _Right Atrium_____________________
3. _Right Ventricle____________________
6. _Left Pulmonary Arteries_____________
7. __Left Pulmonary Veins______________
10. _Superior Vena Cava_______________
11. __Inferior Vena Cava_______________
12. __Mitral Valve____________________
2. In the space below, draw a regular ECG (1 mark). Label the PQRST on your ECG (1 mark).
(/2)
PART C: SHORT ANSWER
Answer questions 1 to 5. For question 6, answer only ONE question. Answer in point form or full
sentences.
1. Why does the left ventricle contain more muscle than the right ventricle? (T 2 marks)
- The ventricles are responsible for generating the force required to propel blood out of the heart
and through the circulatory system (0.5).
- The right ventricle propels blood out of the heart and to the lungs while the left ventricle
propels blood out of the heart and to the rest of the body (0.5).
- The difference of muscle thickness is directly related to the force required to push blood to the
location it is destined to go to (0.5).
- Blood leaving the left ventricle and to the lungs requires less force because of the proximity of
the lungs and heart. Blood leaving the right ventricle and to the body requires more force
because more distance is being travelled; blood has to travel to every capillary in every limb and
organ (0.5).
2. Define 3 out of the 5 terms listed and their significance to animal structure and function: hemoglobin,
electrocardiogram, arteriosclerosis, macronutrient, bile. (C, /3)
1. Hemoglobin: An oxygen-binding protein consisting of four polypeptide subunits each
containing an oxygen binding heme group (0.5). The major oxygen carrier in mammalian blood (1.0).
2. Electrocardiogram: A recording of the electrical activity of the heart, as measured through
electrodes on the skin (1.0). Useful for determining irregularities in the heart beat (1.0)
3. Arteriosclerosis: The thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries (1.0).
4. Macronutrient: Any element (e.g., carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) that is required in large
quantities for normal growth, reproduction, and maintenance of a living organism (1.0)
5. Bile: Complex solution produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the
intestine (1.0). Contains steroid derivatives called bile salts that are responsible for emulsification of fats
during digestion (1.0).
3. Which animal, a cow or a wolf, would have a longer intestine? Why? (T /2)
A cow: herbivores and omnivores tend to have longer digestive tracts than carnivores
-cellulose walls in plants are harder to digest than animal tissue, so longer digestive tracts allow for extra
time for digestion
-a cow is also significantly larger than a wolf, so would have a larger digestive system
4. Contrast the differences in respiration in two of the following: mammals, fish, and amphibians. (C /4)
-mammals and birds rely on lungs for respiration, fish use gills to intake oxygen, amphibians are skin
breathers
-fish get oxygen from the dissolved oxygen in the water…they take it in their mouths and pump it over
their gills, where the oxygen diffuses into the blood; their gills increase surface area and since they live
in water have no problem staying moist
-mammals and birds intake air into their lungs where the oxygen in the air diffuses from the lung tissue
into the capillaries; respiratory sacs are lined with moist epithelium
-amphibians intake oxygen directly from the air through their skin to capillaries lying just beneath the
skin; high ratio of respiratory surface to body volume and they live in damp places or in water to keep
the respiratory surface moist
5. Each of your three friends have a different diet. One is following a vegan (no meat) diet, one is
following the Atkins diet (low-carb) and the other is following a McDonald’s diet. What positive and
negative implications do each of these diets have on your friends in terms of nutrition via
macronutrients and micronutrients? (A /6)
Vegan: more at risk of being protein deficient, iron deficient, possible deficiency in vitamin d
Atkins: high protein, leaner, could be low in vitamins a, c, e, low potassium (found in grains)
McDonalds: higher risk of atherosclerosis, high sodium content, lots of preservatives, high fat content
6.
a) How does your body respond when you hold your breath? Why are you unable to hold your breath
forever? (T /3)
Medulla oblongata in the brain eventually takes over the control of breathing because it senses an
increased pH in the blood due to the buildup of bicarbonate ion (HCO3) and hydrogren ions (H) which
happens when CO2 accumulates in the body. Blood pH is restored by forced breathing.
Breathing becomes involuntary.
Negative feedback loop that keeps the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the blood relatively
constant. pH and gas levels in the blood are monitored by chemoreceptors.
Brain is very sensitive to low oxygen levels
Four minutes or longer = permanent brain damage
OR
b) Why is carbon monoxide toxic for humans? Where might carbon monoxide poisoning occur?
Hemoglobin “likes” carbon monoxide (CO) much more than it likes oxygen. When there is carbon
monoxide in the inhaled air it binds to hemoglobin forming carboxyhemoglobin by occupying the
binding site where oxygen would bind. Due to the higher hemoglobin affinity for carbon monoxide
thus (e.g., in intoxication from car exhausts) there is no oxygen transport and the individual
undergoes hypoxia, loses consciousness, inhales more carbon monoxide and may even die.
Intoxication by carbon monoxide is an important cause of death in fires and in closed garages.
PART D: LONGER ANSWER: CASE STUDY
For the following section, choose ONE of the case studies to answer on the following page. Answer in
complete sentences. (10 marks) (C /2, A /4, T/4)
1. Emphysema:
Arlene has been smoking for 10 years. Explain to someone who has emphysema, why their heart rate is
affected when their disorder has to do with the respiratory system? (key words: air pressure,
homeostasis, heart rate)
- Emphysema is increased resistance to the movement of air out of the lungs
-Can be caused by: second-hand smoke
- air pressure builds up in lungs
- Thin walls of alveoli stretch and eventually rupture, scar tissue leads to less ability for lungs to expand
- fewer alveoli = less surface area for gas exchange which in turn leads to decreased levels of oxygen
- Body attempts to maintain Homeostasis . breathing rate increases and exhalation becomes more
laboured.
- circulatory system adjust by increasing the heart rate.
2. Atherosclerosis:
One of Charlie’s fathers, Sam, recently had a heart attack. He was told that it was caused by his
atherosclerosis. This is the first time he has heard about this condition. Explain to Sam what has
happened in his circulatory system, what atherosclerosis is, how it was caused, risk factors,
treatment options, and any other information you think he should know.
-a hardening of the arteries and the buildup of plaque in the arteries
-can cause blockages in the arteries, and when the vessel is completely blocked causes and
infarction, and in Sam’s case a myocardial infarction (heart attack)
-blood flow to his heart muscle (myocardial) was blocked for a period of time
(infarction)
-Can be caused by buildup of LDL (low-density lipoproteins) (LDL is the bad fat, HDL is the good
fat) and cholesterol
-risk factors: diabetes, smoking, obesity, family history of atherosclerosis, inactivity,
hypertension
-what can he do? stop smoking, be more active, eat foods low in cholesterol
-surgical treatments: angioplasty, stent implantation, bypass surgery