Download howard student fill in Notes evolution history

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AP Biology Notes: Evolutionary History & Mechanisms chpt 22-24 & 26
Pre-cursor: Evolutionary Theory vs. “Intelligent Design Theory”
A. Science is a tool not a god
1.
2.
B. Intelligent Design –
1. I Cor 1:18-21
2. Faith? Heb 11:1-3
a. There will never be scientific
proof!!
3. age of Earth
C. Evolutionary Theory is not
the Devil!
1. best explanation of the data using science as a tool
a. God?
2. Christians force the evolutionary theory into the mold of anti-God –
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Evolutionary Biology
I. History
A. The Men
1. Linnaeus – binomial nomenclature
2. Hutton – gradualism
3. Lamarck –
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a. 1st to create theory of evolution
1) use/disuse –
2) inheritance of acquired char. 3) natural transformation –
4. Cuvier – paleontology
a. catastrophism –
b. he established extinctions as fact
5. Lyell – uniformitarianism
6. Darwin (1809 – 1882)
a. 1831-36 – voyage on the HMS Beagle
b.
c. 1859 - publishes book “On the Origins of Species…” to explain
–
d. Darwin theory of natural seclection
1) overproduction of offspring
2) variation
3) limited envr. resources
a) “struggle for survival” –
b) “survival of the fittest” –
4) inherited favorable char. become more common
a) “descent with modification” – over TIME—
II. Modern theory of evolution (neo-Darwinism)
A. Terms
1. population –
2. species –
3. evolution –
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4. microevolution –
5. macroevolution –
6. fossil –
7. gene pool
B. Natural Selection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C. Kinds of natural selection
original pop
evolved pop
1. stabilizing selection –
2. Directional Selection –
3. diversifying selection –
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4. sexual selection
a. sexual dimorphismb. male competition –
c. female choice5. artificial selection –
D. Evidence for Evolution
1. biogeography –
a.
b.
2. Paleontology – study of the fossil record
a.
1) strata
2) each stratum has its own fossils
a) Law of Superpositionb) Absolute dating –
3. Comparative Anatomy – allows classification of orgs (taxonomy)
a. Homologous structures –
1) same structure different function
2)
divergent evolution –
b. Analogous structures –
1)
convergent evolution –
c. parallel evolution – 2 related species that have diverged then made similar
evolutionary changes via dif paths & reconverged
d. coevolution – one species evolves in response to another species evolving
(predator/prey relationships)
e. vestigial structures –
1) serve little or no purpose in currently existing species –
metabolic efficiency4. Embryology – reveals similar stages in development among related species
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a. similarities in ontogeny help establish
phylogeny
5. Molecular Biology
a. DNA comparison or AA sequence in like proteins—more closely related species
should have more similar dna or more similar AA sequences.
E. Population Genetics –
1. Darwin’s explanation not well accepted until it was combo’d with Mendelian
genetics –genetics explains the variations in populations
2. Variations in a pop caused by:
a. mutations
b. sexual reproduction
c. diploidy –
d. polymorphism –
1) heterozyg. advantage2) frequency-dependent variatione. outbreeding
f. neutral variation – variation with no selective advantage
3. changes in allele frequencies caused by:
a. natural selection
(b. mutation – more commonly these are harmful)
c. genetic drift – RANDOM
1) bottleneck effect –
2) founder effectd. gene flow –migration –
1) immigration –
2) emigration –
e. non-random mating
1) inbreeding-
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4. Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium = genetic equilibrium (no evolution)
*occurs when allele frequencies in a pop remain constant
*to study pops where changes
occur you must have the “norm” to compare them
to!
a. to have a Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium….
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It would seem that almost no population would ever be in
equilibrium given these assumptions..
However, in practice
A. mutation rates are small to negligible.
B. population size will still give a good fit to Hardy-Weinberg
even if the population is fairly small, say 100
individuals.
p2+ 2pq + q2 = 1 (frequency of genotypes must add up to 1)
p + q = 1 (frequency of both alleles must add up to 1)
p = frequency of allele A
q = frequency of allele a
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III. Speciation –
A. speciation occurs via 2 means
1. allopatric speciationa. genetic drift,
b. adaptive radiation –
2. sympatric speciation –
a. polyploidy speciation –
b. hybridization – (mainly in plants) –
c. balanced
polymorphism - multiple
variations of a particular
trait ---
B. Reproductive Isolation
(no physical barriers) –
prevention of breeding
between species
1. prezygotic barriers –
a. habitat isolation –
b. behavioral isolation –
c. temporal iso. –
d. mechanical iso –
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e. gametic iso2. postzygotic barriers –
a. reduced hybrid viability –
b. reduced hybrid fertility –
c. hybrid breakdown –
IV. Origin of Life
A. Earth & Atmosphere – formed 4.5 billion years ago (bya)
1. primordial atmos. –
a. consisted of –
2. primordial seas –
3. complex molecules formed in seas
a. E to catalyze reactions –
b. 1920’s Oparin & Haldane –
c. 1953 Miller & Uray – tested Oparin’s theory
1)
4. polymers formed from monomers through dehydration
synthesis
a. proteinoids – abiotically produced proteins – how?—
5. protobionts – aggregates/clumps of abiotically produced molecules
a.
b.
And then a miracle occurs ----otherwise
known as “spontaneous generation”???
Louis Pasteur
read pp. 521-2 “Debate about origin of life abounds”
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6. primitive prokaryotes formed –
7. Autotrophic prokaryotes formed (through mutation?) ex: cyanobacteria
8. O2 & O3 layers formed –
9. Eukaryotes formed via endosymbiosis!
a. endosymbiotic theory –
b. evidence1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
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V. History of Life
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.