Download Ch 5 Notes - Springfield Public Schools

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ChaPter 5
Classical Greece
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Section 1: Cultures
of the Mountains
and the Sea
How did geography influence the Greeks?
Rocky land, high mountains and deep valleys.
Moving over the land was difficult
Because of the geography of the land Greeks were not easily united
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Section 1 Continued
Why did Greeks become good sailors?
the need for resources and easy access to the sea resulted in the Greeks becoming good sailors
Greece has a mild climate
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Pictures of Greece
Mycenaean
Civilization
Develops
Who were the Mycenaeans?
A large group of people moved from Europe, India and Southwest Asia around 2000 BC
They developed a strong culture and borrowed many of their ideas from Crete
Fought a long war with the people of Troy called the Trojan War
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Mycenaeans
greatest warrior
according to
Hollywood and
Homer
Greek Culture
Declines Under the
Dorians
What was Greece like under the Dorians?
Mycenaeans fell about 1200 BC and the Dorians occupied the land.
For the next 400 years Greece culture declined, there are very few written records of this time
They caused a lack of writing so spoken word became important.
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Greek Culture
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Greek Culture
Declines Under the
Dorians
How did Homer keep Greek culture alive under the Dorians?
A great story teller named Homer spoke great epic poems about heroes and their deeds.
Iliad centers on the heroes of the Trojan War
Rich myths or stories explaining the actions of the gods were also told during this time
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Homer
Iliad
Setting the
Stage
formal government developed, home culture began to prevail
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Section 2: Warring
City-States
City States
The center of Greek life was the polis - city state or political unit in Greece
acropolis: where citizens gathered to discuss city government
The city state had different kinds of governments. Some had monarchy, aristocracy, and oligarchy
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Different forms of
Government
monarchy: king or single person rules
aristocracy: ruled by a small group of nobles, land owning families
oligarchy: government ruled by a few powerful people
tyrants: single powerful individual ruler
democracy: government ruled by the people
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Athens Builds a
Limited Democracy
Leaders
Draco developed laws that made rich and poor equal, criminals were punished harshly
Solon - outlawed debt slavery, organized citizens into four groups, only top three could hold office
Cleisthenes - created council of the 500, divided people into groups based on where they lived, citizens participated
in a limited democracy b/c only free adult males who owned property could be citizens
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Education
only wealthy families participated in schooling
school started at age 7, studies reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, athletics, public speaking
girls were educated at home
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girls were educated at home
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Sparta Builds a
Military State
Location: Peloponnesus, Southern Greece
Government: Military State
Sparta Dominates Messenians:
helots - peasant forced to stay on land and work, 1/2 of the crops produced were given to Sparta
revolted and Sparta put down revolt but decided to focus on military
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Government/
Society
Government/Society: Council of Elders - made up of 30 older citizens made laws, had two Kings that ruled the military
forces
Daily life: Powerful army, individual expression was discouraged. No value in art, literature or intealectural pursuits were
discouraged. Values were duty, strength, discipline over freedom. served in army until they were 60. Lived and learned
how to be soldiers from 7 to 30
Women were hard but had freedom and were educated
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The Persian Wars
Over the years the Greeks developed the ability to make iron weapons.
Each city state had its own army. Soldiers stood side by side. They held a spear in one hand and a shield in the other.
Together they formed a phalanx
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The Persian Wars
In 490 BC Persians landed 25,000 soldiers on the coast of Greece. At the Battle of Marathon, the Greeks won a
tremendous victory that saved Athens.
Pheidippides ran from the Battle of Marathon to Athens to tell of the news of Athens great victory over the Persians.
Thermopylae and Salamis: 10 years later, the Persians returned. The Greeks lost a battle on land despite the heroic
efforts of a small band of Spartans (300).
The Persians burned Athens, but Greek leaders had already planned for a sea battle.
Athens won a great sea battle and followed up with a great victory on land due the 200 cites uniting in the Delian League.
The Persians were driven from Greece right before the golden age
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Xerxes the Persian
leader the second
time
Consequences of
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Xerxes the Persian
leader the second
time
Consequences of
the Persian War
Athens began to lead the Delian League, moved the headquarter of the League to Athens
Athens began to use military force against those who challenged their authority
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Section 3:
Democracy and
Greece’s Golden
Age
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Pericles led Athens during its golden age.
Golden age - is when drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture and science reached new heights
He set three goals
1. Make Athens much more democratic (helped bring about a direct democracy - ruled directly by the citizens
2. Make Athens stronger (created a very strong navy
3. Make Athens beautiful
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Glorious Art and
Architecture
One of the glories of Athens was the Parthenon, this temple was built to honor the goddess Athena
classical art: focused on harmony, balance, proportion
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Pericles’ Goals how
they were achieved
1. increased the number of public officials and they were paid positions
2. Organized the Delian League, used money from the league to make Athens navy strong and make Athens beautiful
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Drama and History
Athens became home to a group of very skilled playwrights who wrote either tragedies - serious drama about common
themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal. Hero with a tragic flaw. comedies - plays that made audiences laugh about
important issues and ideas, made fun of politics and respected people
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Athenians and
Spartans Go to War
The Peloponnesian War
began in 431 BC, both were city states
The conflict ended badly for Athens
A horrible plague killed a great many people in Athens
began in 431 BC, both were city states
The conflict ended badly for Athens
A horrible plague killed a great many people in Athens
Several battles were fought and they signed a truce and Athens gave up and lost its empire in 404 BC
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Philosophers Search
for Truth
Philosophers - thinkers who tried to understand human life, lovers of wisdom
Two assumptions: The universe is put together in an orderly way and subject to un-changing laws
Socrates - one of the most powerful thinkers in history. He believed deeply in truth and justice. Some thought his
teaching were dangerous to young people. He was brought to trial and put to death
Plato - Socrates pupil, born to wealthy Athenian family, became a great thinker himself and wrote The Republic
Aristotle - Plato’s student who developed a method for testing and organizing ideas
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Aristotle
Plato
Socrates
Section 4:
Alexander’s Empire
Philip Builds Macedonian Power
Philip II became king of Macedonia - kingdom located just north of Greece
He was a strong leader and trained his troops to be tough fighters.
Macedonia’s thought of themselves as Greeks, but the Greeks looked down on them. Attacked Greece and won soon
after Peloponnesian War.
Philip planned to invade Persia but was stabbed to death by former guard
His son Alexander became king and became know as Alexander the Great
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Alexander Defeats
Persia
In 334 BC Alexander invaded Persia.
Darius III raised a huge army to face him, Alexander used a surprise attack that forced Darius III to retreat.
Alexander conquered Egypt, where he was welcomed as a liberator. He was crowned pharaoh and named the city after
himself, Alexandria. Alexandria is found on the African continent.
He finished Persia off and the empire was his
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Alexander’s Other
Conquest
Alexander pushed east taking his army as far as India
He decided to return home and he was making plans on how to govern his empire when he became ill and died at the age
of 32.
Alexanders’s Legacy:
Three of his generals divided his empire
One ruled Macedonia and Greece
One ruled Egypt
One ruled the lands of the old Persian Empire
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Alexander the Great
Who: Great Military Leader
Where: Macedonia
When: 336 BC - 323 BC
Why Important: Conquered the greatest empire of the time, outstanding military leader
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Darius III
Who: Leader of Persia
Where: Persia
When: 334 BC
Why Important: forced to give up Persian Empire to Alexander the Great, was defeated several times by him.
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Section 5: The
Spread of Hellenistic
Culture
Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
Hellenistic - blended culture of the Greeks, Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences
The center of the new culture was Alexandria in Egypt.
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Science and
Technology
Scholars used observatory to look at the stars and the planets. One of these astronomers developed the idea that the sun
was actually larger than the Earth.
Euclid - wrote a book with the basic ideas of geometry
Archimedes - invented many clever machines, one was the pulley another was called Archimedes screw which was used to
bring water from lower level to a higher one
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Philosophy and Art
Two new schools of philosophy developed
Stoics - argued that people should live a good life to keep themselves in harmony with natural laws. Desire, power and
wealth led people down the wrong path
Stoics - argued that people should live a good life to keep themselves in harmony with natural laws. Desire, power and
wealth led people down the wrong path
Epicureans - said that people could rely only on what they learned from their five senses. They urged everyone to live a
moral life.
One of the greatest works of Art the Colossus of Rhodes was created during this time period.
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