Download AP Review 1450-1750 - Galena Park ISD Moodle

Module 3: 1450-1750 AP Review
The Age of Exploration
Chris Peek, Bellaire High School
Questions of Periodization
(Read Bentley pages 530-533 for a recap)
•Printing Press invented
•1453 Constantinople falls
•Feudalism ends, rise of Absolutism
•Portugal begins exploration
•Center of trade moves from Indian
Ocean to Atlantic Ocean
•Ming closes doors and ends
exploration in mid 1400’s
•Turks take over in Russia and
Southwest Asia from Mongols
Tweedledum & Tweedledee
New Transoceanic Maritime Reconnaissance
• Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean
region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He enhanced Chinese prestige.
• Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to
increased travel to and trade with West Africa, and resulted in the
construction of a global trading-post empire.
• Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages
across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European
interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
• Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued
and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia
Changes in Trade Technology and Global Interactions
(Read Bentley chap. 22, see mental map and CCOT charts)
•The “Linking” of the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, new sea lanes
established with exploration
•Biological exchanges (plants, animals, diseases and human communities)
•Global Economy (agricultural goods, manufactured goods and luxury items
reach distant lands)
•Technology (maritime, printing, gunpowder, agricultural)
•Christianity and Islam spread
•Indigenous people in America suffer and are exploited
•Europeans flourish (colonies and open markets)
•Africa benefits from crops but is devastated by slave trade
•Established colonies in the Americas, trading posts in Africa, conquered the
Philippines and East Indies, but not China, India, SW Asia or Japan
Quinine
New Markets & Commercial Practices
• European merchants’ role in Asian trade was characterized mostly
by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in
Asia or the Indian Ocean region.
• Commercialization & the creation of a global economy were
intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the
Americas.
• Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new
methods used by European rulers to control their domestic &
colonial economies & by European merchants to compete against
one another in global trade.
• The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and
free & forced laborers, & the mixing of African, American, &
European cultures & peoples.
Mercantilism- The theory and system of political
economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of
feudalism, based on national policies of
accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a
merchant marine, and developing industry and
mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.
Major Empires, Political Units and Social Systems
(See Absolute/Gunpowder Empire Snapshot)
•Rise of the West and National Monarchy (Stearns reading and notes)
•Aztec and Inca (Snapshot and PERSIA charts)
•France is the model for national monarch-compare to constitutional style England
•African Kingdoms: use Songhay as example
•Ottoman Empire details see movie worksheet (Conquest of Constantinople, Siege of
Vienna 1688-89 and Harem)
•Russia’s interaction with the “West” compared to others’ interaction with the west
(See modified Snapshot)
•Gender: women gain political roles among elite, but not much in China and Japan
(CCOT Gender)
Sunni Ali
Atahualpa
Louis XIV
State Consolidation & Rivalry
• Differential treatment of ethnic and religious groups to utilize their
economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the
authority of the state
– Ottoman treatment of non-Muslim subjects
– Manchu policies toward Chinese
• Used of tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for
territorial expansion.
• Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the
development of military professionals
– Ottoman devshirme
– Chinese examination system
– Salaried samurai
• State rivalries & local resistance provided significant challenges to
state consolidation & expansion
• Thirty Years War, peasant uprisings
Slavery and other Coercive Labor systems
(Bentley Pages 637-642, notes from Columbian Exchange outline and Labor system reprints and Potosi)
• Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a
range of coerced labor.
–Mita
–Encomienda
–Repartimiento
–Hacienda
–Indentured Servitude begins
–Plantation Systems
•Muslim slave trade compared to chattel slavery of
Atlantic Trade
New Social Elites
• The Manchu in China
• Creole elites in Spanish America
– think.. Bolivar, etc
• European gentry & nouveaux riches
– Sponsored Renaissance
– think…de Medicis, Fuggers
• Urban commercial entrepreneurs in all major
port cities in the world
– think… Dutch Golden Age, Amsterdam
Demographic and Environmental Changes
(Old to New World and Vice Versa)
(COT, Mental Map, Columbian Exchange Outline and Pages 555-560)
• New ethnic and racial classifications
– Mestizos, castizos, mulatos, zambos…
•
•
•
•
Introduction of diseases and their effects
Introduction of animals; pros and cons
New crops and techniques
Comparative population trends: (Native Americans ↓, Asians↑,
Africans↕, Europeans↑ and Europeans to America↑)
• Smaller European families
Cultural and Intellectual Developments
(See CCOT Chart)
•Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
•Reformation Causes and impacts of cultural change
(Syncretism,western dominance and end of absolutism)
•Changes and continuities in Confucianism
–(Neo-Confucianism, self-sufficiency, merit system stressed more, focus on selfdiscipline, filial piety, traditions etc)
•Major developments and exchanges in art: Renaissance, Chinese,
Mughal and Ottoman contributions
Diverse Interpretations
• Modernization (Diamond reading on “The
Encounter” and thoughts on why the west
came to dominate)
• Compare world economic system of 14501750 to 600-1450 (see Mental Maps from
both periods and COT Charts)
Key Concepts1450 – 1750
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
You
Astrolabe
Thirty Years War
Spanish Inquisition
The Sun King
Volta do mar
Absolutism
Seven Years’ War
Peace of Westphalia
Columbian Exchange
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&ind
ex=23
Ptolemaic Universe
Mercantilism
Copernican Universe
Joint stock companies
Scientific Revolution
Lateen sails
Galileo Galilei
Treaty of Tordesillas
Isaac Newton
Manila galleons
Enlightenment
Ninety-five theses
John Locke - tabula rasa
Indulgences
Montesquieu
Institutes of the Christian Religion Voltaire
Catholic Reformation
Deism
Council of Trent
Suleiman
Jesuits
Mehmed the conqueror
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Safavids
Indentured labor
Babur
Queen Nzinga
Akbar
Antonian movement
Divine faith
Manchus
Fatephur sikri
Matteo Ricci
“Window on the West”
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Serfdom
Alternate attendance
Hernan Cortez
Ukiyo
Francisco Pizarro
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mullatos
Potosi
Hacienda
Mita
Encomienda
Repartimiento
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&inde
x=24
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther and the Lutheran Church
John Calvin and Calvinist movements
Henry VIII and the Anglican Church
Protestant doctrines
the Catholic Counter-Reformation
Saint Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits
European religious wars
The Thirty Years’ War and the Treaty of Westphalia
The emergence of the nation-state
absolute monarchy versus parliamentary monarchy
Louis XIV
Maria Theresa and Joseph II
Frederick the Great and the Seven Years’ War
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
The English Civil War (Charles I versus Oliver Cromwell)
the Glorious Revolution (William I)
the English Bill of Rights
the Northern Renaissance
the Baroque
Nikolai Copernicus and the heliocentric theory
the Scientific Revolution
Galileo
Sir Isaac Newton
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason)
Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
class diversification in Europe
population growth and
the Agricultural Revolution
mercantilism versus capitalism
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
proto-industrialization
the lodestone and compass
the Iberian wave of exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator and Sagres Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan and the circumnavigation of the globe
Colonization
the northern wave of exploration
Jacques Cartier
the North American fur trade
the Dutch East India Company
Henry Hudson
New Amsterdam (New York)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the British East India Company
Osman I and the Ottoman Turks
the sultan and his viziers
Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)
Mehmet II and the conquest of Constantinople
Suleiman the Magnificent
the janissaries
the millet system
the harem
the Siege of Vienna
the Safavid Empire
Abbas the Great
Isfahan
the Ming dynasty
Francis Xavier and Matteo Ricci
the Qing (Ch’ing) Empire
tea and Chinese trade with Europe
Kangxi
the Ashikaga Shogunate
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the Onin War, the Era of Independent Lords, and Japanese disunity
the reunification of Japan
Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu
the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Great Peace
the Delhi Sultanate
Babur the Tiger
the Mughal Empire
the Taj Mahal Akbar
the Great Aurangzeb
the Sikhs
Askia Mohammed and the Songhai state
the gold trade in West and Central Africa
Osei Tutu and the Asante (Ashanti) kingdom
European and Arab domination of the East African—Indian Ocean trade network
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the Atlantic slave trade
sugar production and the slave trade
the Middle Passage
the triangular trade
the “Columbian Exchange”
Hernán Cortés and
the conquest of the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro and the conquest of the Incas
New Spain and Mexico City (formerly Tenochtitlan)
the Spanish importation of smallpox and measles to the Americas
the encomienda system
Bartolomé de Las Casas, The Tears of the Indians
silver mining and sugar production in the Americas
Portuguese sugar production in Brazil and the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade
the Dutch West India Company Peter Stuyvesant
Jamestown, John Smith, and Pocahontas
Plymouth Rock and the Mayflower Pilgrims
the Massachusetts Bay Colony
the French and Indian Wars
the Russian-American Company