Download Keys to Passing the Practical Exam

STATE v8.5
KINESIOLOGY TRACING GUIDE
Brandon Saggio, LMT
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STATE v8.5
Tracing Techniques
 When tracing, your goal is to accurately demonstrate muscle attachments, belly shape, and fiber direction
 Always trace using only the index fingers of both hands
o Start at attachment #1 (origin OR insertion) with index fingers together
o Glide fingers towards attachment #2 (origin or insertion) while spreading fingers apart to show the
width of the muscle belly and fiber direction
o Bring Index fingers back together when you get to the attachment #2
 All tracing must be directly on skin. Fingers cannot go under or over sheets
 Tracings should be accurate. Do NOT give a 1” leeway
 My recommendation for tracing muscles that are in groups is as follows:
-trace them as one muscle if the fiber direction is generally the same (Ex: erectors, triceps, biceps . . . )
-trace them as separate muscles if they have varying fiber directions (such as the suboccipitals)
Draping Techniques
 All tracing must be directly on skin. Fingers cannot go under or over sheets when tracing
o Pectoralis Major and Pectoral Minor are the only exception, as they can be outlined above the sheets




in the air
All draping needs to be secure and firmly tucked to prevent exposure, and to make the client feel safe /
secure
o Client can assist by holding the sheet if necessary during action demonstration
When having client roll over, hold sheet close enough to their body that they will not be exposed
GET GENERAL CONSENT During the Kinesiology portion of the exam ask for general consent by
informing the client what you are going to be doing
o “I will be tracing muscles and demonstrating their actions on you. With each muscle I will drape you
securely to expose only the area that I will be tracing. Are you comfortable with this?”
GET SPECIFIC CONSENT (if necessary) If you have to trace a muscle that is in the pelvic region or face
(like a glute, Sartorius or temporalis) be sure to ask for addition consent by informing the client of the area
that needs to be traced.
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STATE v8.5
o “I am going to be tracing a muscle that is located on the front of your hip (wave your hand over your
anterior pelvis). To do this I will be exposing this area. You will be securely and comfortably draped.
Is this ok with you?”
Demonstrating Actions
 Always indicate what joint the action is demonstrated on
o Example: Flexion of the hip
 When demonstrating actions do all of the following:
o Demonstrate ALL possible major actions (all included in this packet)
o Demonstrate the action while saying the action, then pause for 1 second before returning the joint to
its neutral position so it is clear what you are demonstrating.
 A common mistake is to say “flexion of the hip” while bring the hip into flexion, but moving
the leg so quickly that you already begun to extend the leg back to neutral before finishing the
phrase.
Demonstrating Stretches
 When teaching a client how to stretch a muscle do the following:
o Treat your client like a real client
o The stretch can be demonstrated while standing or seated in the chair. DO NOT sit or lay on the floor
for sanitary reasons.
o Tell the client the muscles name and show the location of the muscle that is to be stretched (on
yourself) by waving your hand over the area
 “I am going to teach you how to stretch a muscle called the pectineus. It is located on your inner
thigh.” (Wave your hand above your groin).
o Instruct and show your client how to stretch the muscle
 “The way to stretch this muscle is to move into a side lunge like this.
o Inform the client about safety
 “If you have any pain or discomfort at any time either decrease or reduce the stretch.”
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STATE v8.5
Kinesiology Communication Skills
 When tracing at state you DO NOT have to verbalize Origin or Insertion
 When demonstrating all possible actions you have to verbalize actions. Pause briefly after each action
 Get consent before tracing or draping anything
o
“I am going to be tracing several muscles and showing their actions by moving your limbs. Before tracing them I will
securely drape you with the sheet. Is this okay with you? If you are ever uncomfortable be sure to let me know. Okay?
 When you are done tracing a muscle and/or demonstrating all actions say, “I am ready to move on”
o Once you say this phrase you have locked in your answer. If you want to change your tracing before
saying this phrase you may do so as many times as you want.
Important Kinesiology Pointers
 Study regularly and know ALL muscles on the list before applying for your boards
o Kinesiology is #1 section people fail.
o Under preparation is almost always the reason
 It is VERY IMPORTANT that you practice tracing muscles on “clients” that are draped on a table.
o While it is easier to practice forearm muscle on yourself, perspective changes when you are looking
down on a client. Practice how you are going to be tested.
 Use the acronyms and points given in the packet
 Study with Flash cards, do not use anatomy apps
o Making your own flash cards is a great way to prep
o If purchasing flash cards I recommend TRAIL GUIDE TO THE BODY
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STATE v8.5
Know All Joint Actions
 Flexion
Neck / Spine
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
Extension
Elbow
Extension
Flexion
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STATE v8.5
Shoulder
Flexion
Abduction
Extension
Adduction
Medial Rotation
Horizontal Abduction
Lateral Rotation
Horizontal Adduction
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STATE v8.5
Hip
Flexion
Medial Rotation
Extension
Adduction
Lateral Rotation
Abduction
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STATE v8.5
Wrist
Flexion
Ulnar Deviation
Extension
Radial Deviation
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STATE v8.5
Knee
Ankle
Flexion
Dorsi Flexin
Extension
Plantar Flexion
Lateral Rotation
Inversion
Everesion
Medial Rotation
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STATE v8.5
= Non Traceable at State (Stretch / Lengthen / Shorten)
Shaded Muscles are suspected to be less likely to be subject to testing, so do not spend as much time studying them.
GROUP: GLUTEAL
Glutes
 All glutes need to be practiced being traced on skin on occasion (leave out Coccyx and medial Sacrum on Glute max)
 Use the acronym F.L.Ab. M.E for Gluteus Medius and Minimus
 The Stretch images are often generalized stretches for the muscle group and can be modified
STRETCH
Gluteus Maximus
Origin:
Posterior Iliac Crest
Sacrum
Coccyx (Do not include in
tracing)
Iliotibial Band (ITB)
Insertion:
Gluteal Tuberosity
Gluteus Medius a.k.a
“F.L.Ab. M.E”
Origin:
External Ilium
Insertion:
Greater Trochanter
Gluteus Minimus a.k.a
“F.L.Ab. M.E”
Origin:
External Ilium
Insertion:
Greater Trochanter
Actions of the Hip
 Extension
 Lateral Rotation
 Abduction
 Adduction
Actions of the Hip
 Flexion
 Lateral Rotation
 Abduction
 Medial Rotation
 Extension
Actions of the Hip
 Flexion
 Lateral Rotation
 Abduction
 Medial Rotation
 Extension
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STATE v8.5
Deep 6 Lateral Rotators
 Emphasize the importance of knowing the names of all Deep Six Lateral Rotators. These muscles are common at state
as Shorten / Lengthen or Teach how to stretch, and test takers often do not know them.
 All are traceable except the Obturators and Gemellus, but are most known for lengthen /shorten / stretch
Piriformis
Origin:
Insertion:
Anterior Sacrum
Greater Trochanter
Gemellus Superior / Inferior
Ischial Spine / Tuberosity
Origin:
Insertion:
Quadratus Femoris
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Lateral Rotation
 Abduction of Flexed Hip (Horizontal Abduction of the hip)
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Lateral Rotation
Greater Trochanter
(medial surface)
Ischial Tuberosity
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Lateral Rotation
Greater Trochanter
Obturator Externus / Internus
Internal & External Surface
Origin:
around Obturator foramen
Greater Trochanter(medially)
Insertion:
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Lateral Rotation
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STATE v8.5
GROUP : THORACIC REGION
ABDOMINALS
 Just teach how to stretch these muscles, and /or show lengthen or shortened position
STRETCH
Internal Obliques
Origin:
Insertion:
External Obliques
Origin:
Insertion:
Rectus Abdominis
Origin:
Insertion:
Inguinal Ligament
Iliac Crest
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Lower 3 Ribs (10-12)
Abdominal Aponeurosis
Anterior Iliac Crest
Pubic Bone
Abdominal Aponeurosis
Lower 8 Ribs (5 – 12)
Pubis (crest and symphysis)
Ribs 5- 7
Xiphoid Process
Transverse Abdominis
Inguinal Ligament, Iliac Crest
Origin:
Thoracolumbar Fascia
Lower Costal Cartilages
Abdominal Aponeurosis
Insertion:
Actions of the Trunk
 Flexion
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (ipsilateral)
Actions of the Trunk
 Flexion
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (contralateral)
Actions of the Trunk
 Flexion
 Lateral Flexion


Compression of
abdominal Cavity
Compress Abdomen
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STATE v8.5
ANTERIOR CHEST
 Use the acronym D.A.D for Pectoralis Minor’s actions
 Pectoralis Minor is to be traced above the sheets in the air. It is one of 3 muscle that attach to the Coracoid Process
 Pectoralis Major is to be traced above the sheets in the air. It is the only muscle that has the action “Extension of a
Flexed arm to the midline”
Pectoralis Minor a.k.a. – “D.A.D”
Ribs 3 - 5
Origin:
Coracoid Process of Scapula
Insertion:
(medial aspect)
Actions of the Scapula
 Depression
 Abduction (Protraction)
 Downward Rotation
Pectoralis Major
Origin:
Actions of the Shoulder
 Adduction
- Extension of Flexed Shoulder to Midline
 Horizontal Adduction
 Medial Rotation
 Flexion
Insertion:
Medial ½ Clavicle
Sternum
Costal Cartilage Rib 1-7
Lateral Lip of Bicipital Groove
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STATE v8.5
POSTERIOR SPINE
 The Erector Spinae Group should be traced as ONE large muscle starting at sacrum ending on mastoid
o Demonstrate trunk rotation by pulling arm across chest until trunk rotates (client Supine)
o Demonstrate trunk extension by assisting supine client to sit up 2-3” then having them lay back down as you say
“extends the trunk”
 Trace the Quadratus Lumborum by palpating 12th rib and iliac crest. This muscle is often perceived to be larger
o Tips for Demonstrating Actions of QL (Do all of these supine) :
 Lateral flexion of trunk : Grab both ankles and move legs laterally
 Extension of the spine :Have client sit up a few inches then lay back
 Elevation of the Hip (Pelvis): Standing at the foot of the table grasp the clients heel and push the femur
headward (thus tilting the pelvis)
 Use the acronym D.A.D for Pectoralis Minors actions
o (Abduction because at some point you have to move away from your DAD)
o Isolate and move the scapula with 2 hands, OR assist by grabbing head of humerus
 Use the acronym Pr.U.D.E for Serratus Anteriors actions
o Trace Serratus Anterior with client prone from Anterior Scapula to ribs 1-9. This is done best with arm draped
over clients head on face cradle
 Verbalize “this is on the anterior side of the scapula” (tracing should look like subscapulars at origin)
 When you get to lateral border of scapula stop and trace out 9 “fingers” that go from scapula to ribs 1-9
 Use the acronym R.E.Do for Rhomdoids actions
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STATE v8.5
STRETCH
Erector Spinae Group a.k.a. – “ESG’s”
Sacrum, Ilium, TPs, SPs
Origin:
Rib Cage, TPs, SPs,
Insertion:
Mastoid Process
Actions of the Trunk
 Extension
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation
Actions at the Neck
 Extension
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation
Quadratus Lumborum a.k.a. – “QL”
Posterior Iliac Crest
Origin:
Actions of the Trunk
 Extension
 Lateral Flexion
Actions at the Hip (pelvis)
 Elevation
Insertion:
12th Rib
Transverse Processes of L1-4
Rhomboids a.k.a. – “REDo”
Spinous Processes of C7 – T5
Origin:
Insertion:
Medial Border of Scapula
Serratus Anterior a.k.a. – “PrUDE”
Anterior Surface of entire
Origin:
Medial Border of Scapula
Ribs 1 – 9 (Anteriolaterlly)
Insertion:
Serratus Posterior Superior
Spinous Processes of C7 – T3
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions of the Scapula
 Protraction (abduction)
 Upward Rotation
 Depression
 Elevation

Elevates Ribs 2 – 5

Depresses Ribs 9 – 12
Ribs 2 – 5 (superior borders)
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Spinous Processes of T11 – L2
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions of the Scapula
 Retraction (adduction)
 Elevation
 Downward Rotation
Ribs 9 – 12 (inferior borders)
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STATE v8.5
GROUP : HEAD & NECK
 Neck Muscles Rules
o Demonstrate all neck motions while the client is supine (to demo extension, bring the neck into flexion and return
to table)
o All Neck muscles rotate and laterally flex (we are not concerned with ipsa or contra currently
o All Posterior Neck Muscles EXTEND
o All Anterior Neck Muscles FLEX
o The SCM is the only muscle that both EXTENDS and FLEXES the neck
 Trace the Sub Occipitals as 3 small muscles
o Trace a triangle with 2 fingers
 Start at SP of C2, go to TP of C1, go to Occiput, Return to start point (SP of C2)
 The Trapezius should be a detailed tracing that includes all boney landmarks.
o A common error is to make the inferior fibers to wide. They are narrow until the spine of scapula)
o Use the acronym R.U.D.E E.R.L for the Trapezius
POSTERIOR NECK
(All Extend, Laterally Rotate, Laterally Flex)
STRETCH
Levator Scapula a.k.a. – “D.E.E.L.R”
Transverse Process of C1 – C4
Origin:
Insertion:
Splenius Cervicis
Origin:
Insertion:
Splenius Capitis
Origin:
Insertion:
Medial Border / Superior Angle
of Scapula
Spinous Processes of T3 – T6
Transverse Process of C1 – C3
Nuchal Ligament
Spinous Processes of C3 – T4
Mastoid Process
Occipital Bone (lateral 1/3)
Actions of the Scapula
 Downward Rotation
 Elevation
Actions at the Neck
 Extension
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (ipsilateral)
Actions at the Neck
 Extension
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (ipsilateral)
Actions at the Neck
 Extension
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (ipsilateral)
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STATE v8.5
Sub-Occipitals
Origin:
Insertion:
Occipital Bone
C1 / C2
Trapezius a.k.a. – “R.U.D.E E.R.L”
Occiput
Origin:
Nuchal Ligament
Spinous Processes of C7 – T12
Lateral 1/3 of Clavicle
Insertion:
Acromion Process
Spine of Scapula
Actions of the Head
 Extension
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (ipsilateral)
 Protraction
Actions of the Scapula
 Retraction (adduction)
 Upward Rotation
 Depression
 Elevation
Actions at the Neck
 Extension
 Rotation (contralateral)
 Lateral Flexion
Anterior Neck (All Flex, Laterally Rotate, Laterally Flex)
STRETCH
 Trace the Scalenes as one group by drawing a triangle from TPs to just below the clavicle.
 The Sternocleidomastoid is the only muscle that both extends and flexes the neck. Trace it as one head.
Scalenes (anterior, medial, posterior)
1st & 2nd Ribs
Origin:
Transverse Processes of
Insertion:
Cervical Spine
Actions at the Neck
 Flexion
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (contralateral)
Sternocleidomastoid a.k.a. – “SCM”
Manubrium of Sternum
Origin:
Medial Clavicle
Mastoid Process
Insertion:
Actions at the Neck
 Flexion
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (contralateral)
Actions of the Head
 Extension
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STATE v8.5
HEAD & FACE

Tips for demonstrating JAW ACTIONS
o
Since all action must be demonstrated passively during the kinesiology section of the exam you must be tactful
with jaw muscles

Elevation of Mandible =Ask Client to open mouth


Inform them that you will be gently closing their mouth.
Retraction of the Mandible = Tell the Client to Jut their jaw forward (protract), as you demo what you mean

Inform them that you will be gently returning their jaw to its natural position.
 Use the acronym E.R for Temporalis
o
A common error with the Temporalis is to trace it with fibers that run posterior to the ear
a.k.a. – “E.R”
Temporal Fossa
Origin:
Temporalis
Insertion:
Coronoid Process of
Mandible
Occipitofrontalis (Epicranius)
Frontal / Occipital Bone
Origin:
Galea Aponeurotica
Insertion:
Actions of the Mandible
 Elevation
 Retraction
Actions of the Eyebrows
 Elevation
Actions of the Scalp
 Retract
 Protract
Masseter
Origin:
Zygomatic Bone
Insertion:
Mandible
Actions of the Mandible
 Elevation
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STATE v8.5
GROUP : SHOULDER
 Use the acronym L.Ad for Infraspinatus & Teres Minor
 Trace the Subscapularis with client prone, state that it is anterior to the scapula
o should look like Infraspinatus at origin , but should be traced anteriorly at the axilla to reach humerus
S.I.T.S. Muscles
Supraspinatus
Origin:
Insertion:
STRETCH
(Rotator Cuff Muscles)
Supraspinous Fossa of
Scapula
Greater Tubercle
(superior facet)
Actions of the Shoulder
 Abduction
 Flexion
Infraspinatus a.k.a. – “L.Ad” Infraspinous Fossa of Scapula
Origin:
(middle facet)
Greater Tubercle
Insertion:
Actions of the Shoulder
 Lateral Rotation
 Adduction
Teres Minor a.k.a. – “L.Ad” Superior Lateral Border of
Origin:
Scapula
Greater Tubercle
Insertion:
Actions of the Shoulder
 Lateral Rotation
Adduction
Subscapularis
Origin:
Insertion:
Subscapular Fossa of Scapula
Lesser Tubercle
Actions of the Shoulder
 Medial Rotation
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STATE v8.5
OTHER HUMERAL
 Use the acronym E.M.A for Latissimus Dorsi & Teres Major (THE 2 WOMEN ON MY BACK”)
o Both are lesser tubercle muscles & should be traced anteriorly at the axilla (anterior to humerus)
 Trace the Triceps Brachii as a one headed muscle starting at Infragleniod Tubercle of Scapula ending at the Olecranon
 Trace the Briceps Brachii as a one headed muscle starting at Coracoid Process of Scapula ending at the Radial
Tuberosity
o It is clearer for the judges to process if traced this way for 2 or 3 headed muscles
 When tracing the Deltoids make sure to include the spine of scapula and the clavicle
 Use the acronym H.A.F for Corocobrachialis
o It goes “HAF” the way down the humerus
STRETCH
Latissimus Dorsi a.k.a. – “E.M.A” - “Handcuff Muscle”
Spinous Processes of T7 – L5
Origin:
Sacrum, Iliac Crest
Medial Lip of Bicipital Groove
Insertion:
Teres Major a.k.a. – “E.M.A” -“Lat’s Little Helper”
Inferior Lateral Border of Scapula
Origin:
Insertion:
Triceps Brachii
Origin:
Long:
Lateral:
Medial:
Insertion:
Medial Lip of bicipital groove
(Lesser Tubercle)
Infraglenoid Tubercle
Posterior Shaft of Humerus
Mid-Posterior Shaft of Humerus
Olecranon Process of the Ulna
Actions of the Shoulder
 Extension
 Medial Rotation
 Adduction
Actions of the Shoulder
 Extension
 Medial Rotation
 Adduction
Actions of the Shoulder
 Extension
 Adduction
Actions of the Elbow
 Extension
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STATE v8.5
Biceps Brachii
Origin:
1st: Supraglenoid Tubercle
2nd: Coracoid Process
Radial Tuberosity
Insertion:
Bicipital Aponeurosis
Deltoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Coracobrachialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Lateral 1/3 of Clavicle
Acromion Process
Spine of Scapula
Deltoid Tuberosity
“H.A.F.”
Coracoid Process of Scapula
Medial Shaft of Humerus
Actions of the Shoulder
 Flexion
 Adduction
Actions of the Shoulder
 Abduction
 Flexion
 Extension
 Medial Rotation
Actions of the Elbow
 Flexion



Lateral Rotation
Horizontal Adduction
Horizontal Abduction
Actions of the Shoulder
 Horizontal Adduction
 Adduction
 Flexion
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Actions of the Forearm
 Supination
STATE v8.5
GROUP : HIP
 Vastus Lateralis tracing should begin at lateral lip of linea aspea on posterior femur. Client with bottom of foot on
table
 Vastus Medialis tracing should begin at medial lip of linea aspea on posterior femur. Client in “frog leg” position
o This is easiest to do with clients knee flexed and foot on table, or in butterfly position
 Vastus Intermedius is should be traced starting on the anterior femoral shaft but the tracing should include the
lateral lip of the linea aspera in the mid-section of the femur. Client with bottom of foot on table
o Explain to judges that “this muscle is going to look larger than it really is. It hugs the femur but I will have to
trace it over the vastus lateralis to show an attachment point.”
QUADRICEPS
Vastus Lateralis
Origin:
Insertion:
Vastus Intermedius
Origin:
Insertion:
Vastus Medialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Rectus Femoris
Origin:
Insertion:
STRETCH
(All Extend the Knee)
Lateral Linea Aspera of Femur
Actions of the Knee
 Extension
Tibial Tuberosity
Anterior Shaft
Lateral Linea Aspera of Femur
Tibial Tuberosity
Medial Lip Linea Aspera
Actions of the Knee
 Extension
Actions of the Knee
 Extension
Tibial Tuberosity
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
(AIIS)
Tibial Tuberosity
Actions of the Knee
 Extension
Actions of the Thigh
 Flexion
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STATE v8.5
ADDUCTORS (All Flex and Adduct the Hip)
 All adductor are available to stretch, lengthen and shorten only. You cannot trace them because they attach to the pubis
 Be sure you know the Pectineus and Gracilis, as they are the only adductors with the word “adductor” in their name
Adductor Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Adductor Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Adductor Magnus
Origin:
Insertion:
Linea Aspera of Femur
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Adduction
 Flexion
Pubis
Linea Aspera of Femur
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Adduction
 Flexion
Pubis
Pubis
Ischium
Linea Aspera of Femur
Adductor Tubercle
Pectineus
Origin:
Pectineal Line of Pubis
Insertion:
Pectineal Line of Femur
Gracilis
Origin:
Pubis
Insertion:
Pes Anserine Tendon
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Adduction
 Flexion
 Extension
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Adduction
 Flexion
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Adduction
 Flexion
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
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STATE v8.5
HIP FLEXORS
 The Tensor Fascia Latae only needs to be traced to the IT Band
o It runs anterior to posterior (some people call this the pocket muscle and reverse this direction)
 Use the acronym F.A.M. for Tensor Fascia Latae
o Abduction, because eventually you have to leave your F.A.M
 The Sartorius is the only muscle that has opposing rotations at the knee and hip
STRETCH
Iliacus
Origin:
Internal Ilium
Insertion:
Lesser Trochanter
Psoas Major
Origin:
Insertion:
Anterolateral Lumbar Spine
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Flexion
 Lateral Rotation
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Flexion
 Lateral Rotation
Lesser Trochanter
Tensor Fascia Latae a.k.a. – F.A.M.
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Origin:
(ASIS)
Iliotibial (IT) Band
Insertion:
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Flexion
 Abduction
 Medial Rotation
Sartorius a.k.a. – “Hacky Sack Muscle”
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Origin:
(ASIS)
Pes Anserine Tendon
Insertion:
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Flexion
 Abduction
 Lateral Rotation
Actions of the Trunk
 Flexion
 Lateral Flexion
 Rotation (contralateral)
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
 Medial Rotation of
Flexed Knee
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STATE v8.5
HAMSTRINGS
(All Extend the Hip & Flex Knee)

All hamstrings FLEX the Knee and EXTEND the Hip

Medial Hamstrings (the semi-sisters) Medially Rotate at both the Hip and Knee

Lateral Hamstrings (the biceps femoris) Laterally Rotate at both the Hip and Knee
o
Trace the Biceps Femoris as a 1 headed muscle (since you trace over the 2nd head)
STRETCH
Semitendinosus a.k.a. – “Semi-Sister”
Ischial Tuberosity
Origin:
Pes Anserine Tendon
Insertion:
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Extension
 Adduction
 Medial Rotation
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
 Medial Rotation of
Flexed Knee
Semimembranosus a.k.a. – “Semi-Sister”
Ischial Tuberosity
Origin:
Medial Condyle of Tibia
Insertion:
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Extension
 Adduction
 Medial Rotation
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
 Medial Rotation of
Flexed Knee
Biceps Femoris
Origin:
Actions of the Thigh at the Hip
 Extension
 Lateral Rotation
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
 Lateral Rotation of
Flexed Knee
1st: Ischial Tuberosity
2nd: Linea Aspera of Femur
Head of Fibula
Insertion:
Lateral Condyle of Tibia
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STATE v8.5
GROUP : KNEE, ANKLE & FOOT
 All Posterior Lower Leg Muscles run from Lateral to Medial
o with Exception of Gastrocnemius (it is Bilaterally Equal) & Flexor Digitorum Long (Medial to Medial)
 Muscles that cross the knee and ankle do not invert or evert
 Any Muscle that run posterior to a malleolus = plantar flexion
 Any Muscle that run anterior to a malleolus = dorsi flexion
 Use the acronym F.M. for Popliteus (they play POP music on the FM stations)
Posterior Knee
STRETCH
(Go from Lateral to Medial unless *indicated)
Popliteus a.k.a. – “F.M.”
Lateral Condyle of Femur
Origin:
Proximal Posterior Tibia
Insertion:
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
 Medial Rotation of Flexed Knee
Plantaris
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
Actions of the Knee
 Flexion
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
Origin:
Lateral Condyle of Femur
Insertion:
Calcaneus (medial to
Calcaneus Tendon)
*Gastrocnemius
Origin:
Insertion:
Medial / Lateral Condyle of
Femur
Calcaneus via Calcaneal
Tendon
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STATE v8.5
POSTERIOR LEG (Go from Lateral to Medial unless *indicated)
 All Posterior Lower Leg Muscles run from Lateral to Medial
STRETCH
o “Dick” (Flexor Digitum Longus) is short and stays on the inside of the leg ***the only medial to medial muscle
Soleus
Origin:
Posterior Tibia / Fibula
Insertion:
Calcaneus via Calcaneal
Tendon
Tibialis Posterior aka “Tom”
Posterior Tibia / Fibula
Origin:
Insertion:
Plantar Surface of Foot
(Metatarsals 2-4,All Tarsals
except talus)
*Flexor Digitorum Longus aka “Dick” (all medial)
Origin:
Middle Posterior Tibia
Insertion:
Plantar Surface of Toes 2 – 5
Flexor Hallucis Longus aka “Harry”
Distal Posterior Fibula
Origin:
Insertion:
Plantar Surface of 1st Toe
(distal phalanx)
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
 Inversion
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
 Inversion
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
 Inversion
Actions of Toes 2 – 5
 Flexion
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
 Inversion
Actions of 1st Toes
 Flexion
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STATE v8.5
ANTERIOR LEG
STRETCH
 When tracing Extensor Digitorum Longus anchor finger at ankle , as if holding down tendon, while you trace with your
other hand down to the end of toes 2-5
Tibialis Anterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Lateral Tibial Condyle
1st Cuneiform
1st Metatarsal
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Proximal Anterior Fibula
Origin:
Insertion:
Dorsal Surface of Toes 2 – 5
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Middle Anterior Fibula
Origin:
Insertion:
Dorsal Surface 1st Toes
Actions of the Foot
 Dorsi Flexion
 Inversion
Actions of the Foot
 Dorsi Flexion
 Eversion
Actions of Toes 2 – 5
 Extension
Actions of the Foot
 Dorsi Flexion
 Inversion
Actions of 1st Toes
 Extension
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STATE v8.5
LATERAL LEG
STRETCH
 Use the acronym P.E (the first 2 letter of Peroneus) to memorize actions
o The Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis & Extensor Digitorum Longus are the only 3 muscles on this list that
Evert the ankle. All other lower leg muscle invert (unless they cross the knee, then no inversion or eversion)
Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus
“P.E”
Origin:
Proximal Lateral Fibula
Insertion:
Medial Foot (Base of 1st MT)
Peroneus (Fibularis) Brevis
“P.E”
Origin:
Distal ½ of Lateral Fibula
Insertion:
Lateral Foot (Base of 5th MT)
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
 Eversion
Actions of the Foot
 Plantar Flexion
 Eversion
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STATE v8.5
GROUP : FOREARM & HAND EXTENSORS
EXTENSORS
 Trace all forearm muscles with client supine, pronate the forearm to trace extensors
 All Extensors Originate on or near the Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
 All forearm muscles that have the name ULNARIS = unlar deviation the wrist
 All forearm muscles that have the name RADIALIS = Radial deviation the wrist
o The Brachioradialis is the only exception to this rule because it does not cross the wrist
 Trace the Anconeus with client’s elbow flexed, from posterior ulna (just below elbow) to lateral epicondyle
STRETCH
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Lateral Supracondylar Ridge
Origin:
Base of 2nd Metacarpal
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Extension
 Radial Deviation
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Lateral Epicondyle
Origin:
Base of 3rd Metacarpal
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Extension
 Radial Deviation
Extensor Digitorum Communis
Lateral Epicondyle
Origin:
Distal Phalanges of Digits 2 – 5
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Extension
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Lateral Epicondyle
Origin:
Base of 5th Metacarpal
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Extension
 Ulnar Deviation
Brachioradialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Lateral Supracondylar Ridge
Styloid Process of Radius
Actions at the Elbow
 Flexion
Anconeus
Origin:
Insertion:
Lateral Epicondyle
Posterior Ulna
Actions at the Elbow
 Extension
Actions of Digits 2 – 5
 Extension
Actions of the Forearm
(with resistance)
 Pronation to Midline
 Supination
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STATE v8.5
RADIAL-ULNAR JOINT MOTIONS ONLY
 Trace the supinator from lateral epicondyle anteriorly to radius (as if you had to hook between the anterior ulna
and radius to get to the medial border of the radius)
 Be sure to trace the Pronator Quatratus horizontally (from ulna to radius) not vertically
STRETCH
Supinator
Origin:
Insertion:
Pronator Quadratus
Origin:
Insertion:
Lateral Epicondyle
Proximal Ulna
Proximal Radius
Actions of the Forearm
 Supination
Anterior Distal Ulna
Anterior Distal Radius
Actions of the Forearm
 Pronation
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STATE v8.5
GROUP : FOREARM & HAND FLEXORS
FLEXORS
 Trace all forearm muscles with client supine, anatomical position to trace Flexors
 All Flexors Originate on or near the Medial Epicondyle of the humerus
 All forearm muscles that have the name ULNARIS = ulnar deviation of the wrist
 All forearm muscles that have the name RADIALIS = ulnar deviation of the wrist (except Brachioradialis)
 Flexor Digitorum Superficialis = “superficial people don’t go all the way” This is a wide muscle that stops at the
m.i.p.s of digits 2-5. Flexor Digitorum Profundus = ends at distal digits 2-5
 Pronator Teres starts at the medial epicodyle (tracing from the lateral is a common mistake!)
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
Origin:
Proximal Radius & Ulna
Digits 2 – 5 (M.I.P.)
Insertion:
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Medial / Anterior Ulna
Origin:
Digits 2 – 5 (D.I.P.)
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Flexion
Actions of Digits 2 – 5
 Flexion
Actions at the Wrist
 Flexion
Actions of Digits 2 – 5
 Flexion
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
Origin:
Base of 5th Metacarpal
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Flexion
 Ulnar Deviation
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
Origin:
Base of 2nd & 3rd Metacarpals
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Flexion
 Radial Deviation
Palmaris Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions at the Wrist
 Flexion
 Tenses Palmar Fascia
Actions at the Elbow
 Flexion
Actions at the Forearm
 Pronation
Actions at the Elbow
 Flexion
Pronator Teres
Origin:
Insertion:
Brachialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
Palmar Fascia
Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
Coronoid Process of Ulna
Lateral Radius
Distal ½ of Anterior Shaft of
Humerus
Ulnar Tuberosity


Actions at the Elbow
 Flexion
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STATE v8.5
GROUP : THUMB
THUMB
STRETCH
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
Origin:
1st Digits (D.I.P.)
Insertion:
Actions of the Thumb
 Flexion
at CMC, MCP & IP
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Retinaculum
Origin:
Trapezium
Proximal Phalanx of Thumb
Insertion:
Actions of the Thumb
 Flexion
at CMC & MCP
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Posterior Radius / Ulna
Origin:
Base of 1st Metacarpal
Insertion:
Actions of the Thumb
 Abduction at CMC
 Extension at CMC
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Retinaculum
Origin:
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Proximal Phalanx of Thumb
Insertion:
Adductor Pollicis
2nd & 3rd Metacarpal Capitate
Origin:
Proximal Phalanx of Thumb
Insertion:
Actions of the Thumb
 Abduction
Opponens Pollicis
Origin:
Actions of the Thumb
 Opposition of the
Thumb at CMC
Flexor Retinaculum
Trapezium
1st Metacarpal
Insertion:
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Posterior Radius
Origin:
Proximal Phalanx of Thumb
Insertion:
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Posterior Ulna
Origin:
Distal Phalanx of Thumb
Insertion:
Actions of the Wrist
 Flexion
Actions of the Thumb
 Adduction at CMC
Actions of the Thumb
 Abduction at CMC
 Extension at CMC, MCP
Actions of the Thumb
 Extension
at CMC, MCP & IP
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STATE v8.5
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