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Endocrine Flashcards Substances that are secreted by one group of cells that affects the physiology of another group of cells Yes Adrenal gland, cortex region Adrenal cortex Blindness Diabetes insipidus The infundibulum Adenohypophysis is the anterior pituitary. Neurohypophysis is the posterior pituitary. Growth hormone(gh): Prolactin(prl): Thyroid stimulating hormone(tsh): Adrenocorticotropic hormone(acth): Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(msh): Follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh): Luteninzing hormone(lh) Oxytocin: stimulates childbirth contractions Adh: increases blood volume (no salt involved) Prolactin Iodine Gigantism Acromegaly Pituitary dwarfism Pituitary gland (posterior portion) Diabetes insipidus Thyroid hormone and calcitonin Increases metabolism Lowers blood calcium Parathyroid hormone Slows osteoclasts to allow for bone deposition (good for children). It does not increase intestinal 1 Endocrine Flashcards calcium absorption. 1) Increases blood concentration of ca2+ 2) Tells osteoclasts to release calcium from bone (increases calcium resorption from bone). 3) Tells kidneys to decrease secretion of calcium 4) Activates vitamin d which increases calcium uptake by intestines (increases intestinal calcium absorption). In the dermis Goiter Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Thymus gland Adrenal gland Cortisol Aldosterone Sex hormones for the opposite sex: males produce estrogen here, and females produce testosterone. Cortisol Aldosterone Adh Epinephrine and norepinephrine Cushing’s disease Addison’s disease Melatonin- A hormone that regulates circadian rhythms (sense of daytime and night; it regulates sleep cycle) Pineal gland Exocrine: acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into a duct. Endocrine: islets of langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon directly into the blood. Glucagon Insulin 2 Endocrine Flashcards Diabetes insipidus; can also be caused by damage to the pituitary or kidney damage. Type i (insulin dependent, develops in children) Type ii (insulin resistance, develops in adults) Type i diabetes (insulin dependent, develops in children) is more serious. It is caused by destruction of pancreatic islets by autoimmune disorders. They must have insulin injections daily throughout life. It is a consequence of obesity. They produce insulin, but their cells are less sensitive to the effects of insulin Diet and exercise Progesterone and estrogen Testes, not penis Secrete androgens (e.g. Testosterone) Epithelial duct cells (they are exocrine glands) Because all exocrine glands secrete into a duct, and the definition of a hormone is one that does not secrete into a duct; it secretes into the blood, where it is transported elsewhere in the body and has its effect there. The storage form of glucose. When glucose is in excess, it is taken to the liver and converted into glycogen, and stored there. When blood glucose is low Causes the intestines and kidneys to absorb more calcium, and tells the osteoclasts to degrade bone to increase blood calcium levels. Pituitary gland releases tsh (thyroid stimulating hormone) Tsh causes the thyroid gland (the worker) to secrete th (thyroid hormone) Low High High 3 Endocrine Flashcards Goiter caused by iodine deficiency High Low Low Low Low High High High Low Low Low Low High High High The thyroid follicle Autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism. There is increased th, and decreased tsh-rh and tsh Ptu (propylthiouracil) 4 Endocrine Flashcards -TH LOW, TSH-RH AND TSH HIGH - TH AND TSH HIGH, TSH-RH LOW - TH HIGH, TSH-RH AND TSH LOW. - TH LOW, TSH-RH AND TSH HIGH. Feels more alert, observing their environment with more interest They lose interest, become sluggish, hypoglycemia They get muscles tremors and hyperglycemia Insulin is released, tells the cells to take in the sugar from the bloodstream. Excess sugar is taken to the liver and converted to glycogen for storage Glucagon tells the liver to take the glycogen and break it back down into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. The liver takes fatty acids (leftover from fat metabolism) and joins them to amino acids (from broken down proteins), and makes new glucose molecules that you did not get from eating glucose. These new glucose molecules are then released into the bloodstream to elevate blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Insulin Pancreas Lowers blood sugar 5 Endocrine Flashcards Glucagon Pancreas Raises blood sugar Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown). Note: glucagon is released during both of these processes. Graves’ disease Thin person with eyes that stick out like a bug (exophthalmoses). It is an autoimmune disease Increased TH Decreased TSH-RH AND TSH Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune) Iodine deficiency Thyroid tumor, under-secreting Defective thyroid enzyme(s) Thyromegaly Idiopathic = unknown cause Iatrogenic = medical treatment caused the condition A baby with hypothyroidism because the mother had a lack of iodine. Mental retardation No, because th was not present during fetal development, when myelination and synaptic formation needed it. Congenital hypothyroidism This is a problem with the baby, not the mother. TH Hashimoto's thyroiditis Adrenal medulla Hormones that are also neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system. They are what trigger 6 Endocrine Flashcards fight or flight responses. Epinephrine and norepinephrine Aldosterone Androgens/estrogen Cortisol Stimulates fat and protein catabolism to use for gluconeogenesis. It also increases glucose levels. Cortisol Growth hormone To suppress the immune system, in cases of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Endogenous cortisol (the cortisol that his body makes) will be low. However, since they are given high levels of artificial (exogenous) cortisol, Acth-rh will be low, and therefore, Acth will be low Adrenal insufficiency (dehydration, low blood glucose, low plasma volume, low blood pressure) Kidney; increases the amount of salt and water absorbed. It increases blood pressure Male sex-hormones (the hormones responsible for male secondary sex characteristics), especially Testosterone. It is a steroid hormone. Deep voice, facial hair, and large thyroid cartilage. The testes enlargement is not a secondary sex characteristic. DHEA Testosterone or estrogen No effect Testosterone from the testes is the primary hormone responsible for male characteristics 7 Endocrine Flashcards Masculinization – facial hair and low voice No effect Estrogen Feminization – breast development Adrenal gland, in the adrenal cortex Stress It will cause androgens to be secreted instead of cortisol. More masculine characteristics Emotional or physical (fighting an infection, fasting, injury) The process by which the liver makes new glucose molecules that you did not get from food. Cortisol and prednisone It is a steroidal anti-inflammatory, which suppresses the immune system. It is used for inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Prednisone. In high doses, it suppresses smooth muscle constriction in the walls of blood vessels, so their bronchioles cannot close up. Prednisone can make you hungry and make it hard to sleep because brain is stimulated. They will get low blood pressure and low blood sugar Addison’s disease High dose, short duration (okay to stop abruptly) Low dose, long duration (must taper off) 8 Endocrine Flashcards Low blood pressure and low blood glucose, to the point where it is a medical emergency Hands, fingers, and gums Cortisol is low Acth and acth-rh are high Addison’s disease Pituitary tumor secreting large amounts of acth Buffalo hump, moon face, muscle loss, thin striated skin, hyperglycemia, immune suppression. Females get masculinization features (facial hair, thicker jaw and skull) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In a female fetus causes the clitoris to enlarge and the labia major fuse into a scrotal sac. Genetic problem, missing the enzyme to convert cholesterol into anything except androgens. Boys are not affected Girls need surgery and cortisol for life GH stimulates all cells to increase fat catabolism (breakdown), blood glucose levels, and protein synthesis. Gigantism Acromegaly Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin; produced in thyroid gland 9