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Endocrine Flashcards
Substances that are secreted by one group of cells
that affects the physiology of another group of cells
Yes
Adrenal gland, cortex region
Adrenal cortex
Blindness
Diabetes insipidus
The infundibulum
Adenohypophysis is the anterior
pituitary. Neurohypophysis is the posterior
pituitary.
Growth hormone(gh): Prolactin(prl): Thyroid
stimulating hormone(tsh): Adrenocorticotropic
hormone(acth): Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone(msh): Follicle-stimulating hormone
(fsh): Luteninzing hormone(lh)
Oxytocin: stimulates childbirth contractions
Adh: increases blood volume (no salt involved)
Prolactin
Iodine
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Pituitary dwarfism
Pituitary gland (posterior portion)
Diabetes insipidus
Thyroid hormone and calcitonin
Increases metabolism
Lowers blood calcium
Parathyroid hormone
Slows osteoclasts to allow for bone deposition
(good for children). It does not increase intestinal
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Endocrine Flashcards
calcium absorption.
1) Increases blood concentration of ca2+
2) Tells osteoclasts to release calcium from
bone
(increases calcium resorption from bone).
3) Tells kidneys to decrease secretion of
calcium
4) Activates vitamin d which increases calcium
uptake by intestines (increases intestinal
calcium absorption).
In the dermis
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Sex hormones for the opposite sex: males produce
estrogen here, and females produce testosterone.
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adh
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Cushing’s disease
Addison’s disease
Melatonin- A hormone that regulates circadian
rhythms (sense of daytime and night; it regulates
sleep cycle)
Pineal gland
Exocrine: acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes
into a duct.
Endocrine: islets of langerhans secrete insulin and
glucagon directly into the blood.
Glucagon
Insulin
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Endocrine Flashcards
Diabetes insipidus; can also be caused by damage
to the pituitary or kidney damage.
Type i (insulin dependent, develops in children)
Type ii (insulin resistance, develops in adults)
Type i diabetes (insulin dependent, develops in
children) is more serious. It is caused by destruction
of pancreatic islets by autoimmune disorders. They
must have insulin injections daily throughout life.
It is a consequence of obesity. They produce
insulin, but their cells are less sensitive to the
effects of insulin
Diet and exercise
Progesterone and estrogen
Testes, not penis
Secrete androgens (e.g. Testosterone)
Epithelial duct cells (they are exocrine glands)
Because all exocrine glands secrete into a duct, and
the definition of a hormone is one that does not
secrete into a duct; it secretes into the blood, where
it is transported elsewhere in the body and has its
effect there.
The storage form of glucose. When glucose is in
excess, it is taken to the liver and converted into
glycogen, and stored there.
When blood glucose is low
Causes the intestines and kidneys to absorb more
calcium, and tells the osteoclasts to degrade bone to
increase blood calcium levels.
Pituitary gland releases tsh (thyroid stimulating
hormone)
Tsh causes the thyroid gland (the worker) to secrete
th (thyroid hormone)
Low
High
High
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Endocrine Flashcards
Goiter caused by iodine deficiency
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
The thyroid follicle
Autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism.
There is increased th, and decreased tsh-rh and tsh
Ptu (propylthiouracil)
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Endocrine Flashcards
-TH LOW, TSH-RH AND TSH HIGH
- TH AND TSH HIGH, TSH-RH LOW
- TH HIGH, TSH-RH AND TSH LOW.
- TH LOW, TSH-RH AND TSH HIGH.
Feels more alert, observing their environment with
more interest
They lose interest, become sluggish, hypoglycemia
They get muscles tremors and hyperglycemia
Insulin is released, tells the cells to take in the sugar
from the bloodstream.
Excess sugar is taken to the liver and converted to
glycogen for storage
Glucagon tells the liver to take the glycogen and
break it back down into glucose and release it into
the bloodstream.
The liver takes fatty acids (leftover from fat
metabolism) and joins them to amino acids (from
broken down proteins), and makes new glucose
molecules that you did not get from eating glucose.
These new glucose molecules are then released into
the bloodstream to elevate blood glucose levels.
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Insulin
Pancreas
Lowers blood sugar
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Endocrine Flashcards
Glucagon
Pancreas
Raises blood sugar
Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen
breakdown). Note: glucagon is released during both
of these processes.
Graves’ disease
Thin person with eyes that stick out like a bug
(exophthalmoses).
It is an autoimmune disease
Increased TH
Decreased TSH-RH AND TSH
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune)
Iodine deficiency
Thyroid tumor, under-secreting
Defective thyroid enzyme(s)
Thyromegaly
Idiopathic = unknown cause
Iatrogenic = medical treatment caused the condition
A baby with hypothyroidism because the mother
had a lack of iodine.
Mental retardation
No, because th was not present during fetal
development, when myelination and synaptic
formation needed it.
Congenital hypothyroidism
This is a problem with the baby, not the mother.
TH
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Adrenal medulla
Hormones that are also neurotransmitters in the
sympathetic nervous system. They are what trigger
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Endocrine Flashcards
fight or flight responses.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Aldosterone
Androgens/estrogen
Cortisol
Stimulates fat and protein catabolism to use for
gluconeogenesis. It also increases glucose levels.
Cortisol
Growth hormone
To suppress the immune system, in cases of
autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Endogenous cortisol (the cortisol that his body
makes) will be low. However, since they are given
high levels of artificial (exogenous) cortisol,
Acth-rh will be low, and therefore,
Acth will be low
Adrenal insufficiency (dehydration, low blood
glucose, low plasma volume, low blood pressure)
Kidney; increases the amount of salt and water
absorbed.
It increases blood pressure
Male sex-hormones (the hormones responsible for
male secondary sex characteristics), especially
Testosterone. It is a steroid hormone.
Deep voice, facial hair, and large thyroid cartilage.
The testes enlargement is not a secondary sex
characteristic.
DHEA
Testosterone or estrogen
No effect
Testosterone from the testes is the primary hormone
responsible for male characteristics
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Endocrine Flashcards
Masculinization – facial hair and low voice
No effect
Estrogen
Feminization – breast development
Adrenal gland, in the adrenal cortex
Stress
It will cause androgens to be secreted instead of
cortisol.
More masculine characteristics
Emotional or physical (fighting an infection,
fasting, injury)
The process by which the liver makes new glucose
molecules that you did not get from food.
Cortisol and prednisone
It is a steroidal anti-inflammatory, which suppresses
the immune system. It is used for inflammation and
autoimmune diseases.
Prednisone. In high doses, it suppresses smooth
muscle constriction in the walls of blood vessels, so
their bronchioles cannot close up.
Prednisone can make you hungry and make it hard
to sleep because brain is stimulated.
They will get low blood pressure and low blood
sugar
Addison’s disease
High dose, short duration (okay to stop abruptly)
Low dose, long duration (must taper off)
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Endocrine Flashcards
Low blood pressure and low blood glucose, to the
point where it is a medical emergency
Hands, fingers, and gums
Cortisol is low
Acth and acth-rh are high
Addison’s disease
Pituitary tumor secreting large amounts of acth
Buffalo hump, moon face, muscle loss, thin striated
skin, hyperglycemia, immune suppression. Females
get masculinization features (facial hair, thicker jaw
and skull)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In a female fetus
causes the clitoris to enlarge and the labia major
fuse into a scrotal sac.
Genetic problem, missing the enzyme to convert
cholesterol into anything except androgens.
Boys are not affected
Girls need surgery and cortisol for life
GH stimulates all cells to increase fat catabolism
(breakdown), blood glucose levels, and protein
synthesis.
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin; produced in thyroid gland
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