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Biotechnology
• Biotechnology is more than just a single technology
• It is a field of biology that involves the use of living
things in engineering, technology, medicine, etc
• It includes working with the living cells and their
molecules and has a wide range of uses to improve our
lives
VISION OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Imagine a world…
…free from serious disease
…where food is abundant
…free of pollution
Scientists in biotechnology envision these scenarios and many more!
History of Biotechnology
The ideas of biotechnology have been around since
nearly 2000 B.C. Examples: wine and bread making
B.C. Events
•Domestication (taming) of
animals for use as livestock
•Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs
•Selective breeding (controlled
reproduction with a focus on a
certain trait) in farming &
agriculture
•Form of artificial selection
Fermentation
•Fermentation is the
process of a cell converting
sugar into energy in an
environment without
oxygen - to make bread,
cheese, yogurt, beer, wine,
etc… (process used in B.C.
era).
•The fermentation
properties of yeast were
not discovered until 1818.
Bacteria
• In 1885, the bacterium Escherichia coli
was discovered by Theodor Escherich
• It is one of the main species that lives in
the mammalian gut (coli is Latin derivative
of colon)
• It later became a major research,
development, and production tool for
biotechnology
Biotechnology
• The word “biotechnology” was first
used in print by a Karl Ereky, a
Hungarian agricultural engineer, in
1919.
• The term originally meant “all the
lines of work by which products are
produced from raw materials with the
aid of living organisms.”
Antibiotics
•In 1928, Alexander Fleming
discovered that Penicillium mold
inhibited the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus.
•This was the first antibiotic
•Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of
other microorganisms.
•Scientists used batch (large-scale) processes to grow bacteria and other cells in
large quantities to harvest these useful products.
Genetic Engineering
• Stanley Cohen (left) and Herbert
Boyer (right) perform the first
successful recombinant DNA experiment
in 1973.
• This technique became known as
genetic engineering.
• In 1980, a patent was awarded to
Cohen & Boyer for the gene cloning
technique (used to identify and
reproduce genes of interest).
http://www.dnalc.org/view/15915-The-first-recombinant-DNA.html
Genetic Engineering cont’d
Recombinant DNA technology (cutting and recombining DNA molecules)
produces many proteins of medical importance.
MOLECULAR
AGRICULTURAL
• Human growth hormone
(1977)
• Bacteria used to degrade
pollutants (1989)
• First monoclonal
antibodies produced
(1979)
• Disease-resistant crops (1997)
• Breast cancer gene
discovered (1994)
• More nutritious foods (2000)
Human Genome Project
1990 - 2003
•An international effort to identify the
genome (all of the genes) contained in the
DNA of human cells and to map their locations
to each of the 24 different chromosomes (1-22,
X, Y)
•Project coordinated by US Department of
Energy (DOE) and National Institutes of
Health (NIH)
•Potential exists for new molecular approaches for treating
and curing human genetic diseases & new diagnostics (to
detect disease)
Genome Projects
In 1995, the first genome
sequence of an organism,
Haemophilus influenzae,
was determined
Researchers completed a rough
draft of the human genome in
2000, but it wasn’t completed
until 2003.
Divisions of Biotechnology

Medical Biotechnology




Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Agricultural Biotechnology
 Plant agriculture
 Animal agriculture
 Food processing

Environmental Biotechnology
 Cleaning through bioremediation
 Preventing environmental problems
 Monitoring the environment
Agriculture Biotechnology
 Agricultural
biotechnology includes a
range of tools that
scientists employ to
understand and
manipulate the genetic
make-up of organisms
for use in the production
or processing of
agricultural products.
Agricultural View
All of the applied science
based operations in
producing food, fiber, shelter,
and related products
Agricultural View
Milk production
New horticultural and
ornamental plants
Wildlife, aquaculture, natural
resources and environmental
management
Why is agricultural biotechnology
important?
 In a world where 800 million people, living mostly in rural
areas, go hungry every day
 food demand is set to double in the next thirty years and
arable land is limited
 advances in agriculture are critical if we are to reduce hunger
and promote growth and development in a socially
acceptable and environmentally sustainable way.
Source: www.wfp.org
How agriculture biotechnology is
used?
How is agriculture biotechnology is
used?
Benefits
Crop
Performanc
e
Environment
al Resistant
Crops
Higher Crop
yields
?
Reduced
Dependence
on Pesticides
Improved
Size
Nutrition
Supplement
Pest resistant
Crops
Issues & Concerns
• Health Effects
• Ecological Risks
• Lack of Consumer
Acceptance
• Food Safety Concerns
How long Agriculture
Biotechnology been used?
Facts about GE Crops
Developing countries?
Bio-Majors Control Everything
Companies
World
Pesticide
(mil$,
rank)
World
Seed
(mil$,
rank)
1999
1999
US Corn US Bt-gene OECD Corn / Soy
Seed
Plant related regist. GMOs in
(%, rank) patent patent GMOs field test
-1999
-1996.6
-2000.8
Syngenta 5,888 ① 947 ③ 9.0 ③ 205
Monsanto 3,885 ② 1,700 ② 14.0 ② 173
46
43
4
27
185
1,629
Aventis #
Dow
Bayer #
22
22
-
11
-
346
113
-
3,701 ③
2,271 ④
2,252 ⑤
1997
288 ⑫ 7.0 ④
350 ⑨ 4.0 ⑤
- - -
55
45
n.d.
-2001.5
2,228 ⑥ n.d. - - n.d.
4
2,009 ⑦ 1,850 ① 42.0 ① 184
5
3
848
80%
24%
76% 30 51% 88% 85%
Top 7
# Bayer announced the agreement to acquire Aventis CropScience recently.
%
BASF
DuPont
•Agriculture constitutes the largest sector of our economy
•It contributes about 24 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
•It accounts for half of employed labor force
•It is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings
Source: http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/agriculture_statistics/agriculture_statistics.html
Agriculture Subsector Share
Subsectors
Shares
Crops
47.9
Livestock
49.6
Fisheries
1.6
Forestry
0.9
Source: Malik, Dr. Kauser. “Agricultural in Biotechnology potential for economic Pakistan: potential for economic
development”
Biotechnology in Pakistan
• Status
– Use of biotechnology in agriculture sector started in 1985
– Currently there are 29 biotech centers
• Institutes and Universities
– Pakistan Biotechnology Information Center (PABIC)
– 29 universities and government institutes are working in the
field of biotechnology
– Member of Convention of Biological Diversity, and World Trade
Organization
– Forman Christian College University, Lahore
• Research Centers
– National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
– Center of Excellence on Molecular Biology
Source: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7098/is_5_90/ai_n28490423/
 However, few centers have appropriate physical facilities and
trained manpower to develop genetically modified (GM) crops.
 Most of the activities have been on rice and cotton, which are
among the top 5 crops of Pakistan.
 Biotic (virus/bacterial/insect) and abiotic (salt) resistant and
quality (male sterility) genes have already been incorporated in
some crop plants.
 Despite acquiring capacity to produce transgenic plants, no GM
crops, either produced locally or imported, have been released in
the country.
 Pakistan is signatory to the World Trade Organization,
Convention on Biological Diversity, and Cartagena protocols.
 Several legislations under the Agreement on Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights have been promulgated
in the country. National Biosafety Guidelines have been
promulgated in April 2005.
 The Plant Breeders Rights Act, Amendment in Seed Act-
1976, and Geographical Indication for Goods are still
passing through discussion, evaluation, and analysis
phases. Meanwhile, an illegal GM crop (cotton) has
already sneaked into farmer's field.
 Concerted and coordinated efforts are needed among
various ministries for implementation of regulation and
capacity building for import/export and local handling of
GM crops.
 Pakistan could easily benefit from the experience of Asian
countries, especially China and India, where conditions are
similar and the agriculture sector is almost like that of
Pakistan. Thus, the exchange of information and
experiences is important among these nations.
GM Crops Development
Crop
Feature
Cotton
-Diamondback moth resistance with Bt gene
- Virus (CLCuV) resistance with RNA
interference (RNAi)
Rice
-Salt tolerance with Yeast and Arabidopsis Na+/H+
antiporter genes
- Bacterial blight resistance with Xa21 gene
Potato
Virus resistance
Sugarcane
-Insect resistance with Cry gene
Tomato
- chloroplast transformation
-Male sterility through RNAi
- Virus (TLCV) resistance through RNAi
Source: Malik, Dr. Kauser. “Agricultural in Biotechnology potential for economic Pakistan: potential for economic
development”