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Chapter 4.1 Resources, Strategies and Early Battles Objectives: Interpret a graph representing a real-world situation. Utilize timelines to identify sequences of historical data. Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past. Essential Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the early battles of the war? Union Advantages The north’s population was near 22 million, about 9.5 million white and 3.5 million slaves Availability of raw materials: coal, iron, gold, silver other resources Industrialized northern cities suited for manufacturing of ammunition, arms, uniforms, medical supplies and railroad cars Larger railroad network Small, but well organized navy Experienced government and leaders Confederate Advantages Psychological advantages – South was willing to fight to the death, northerners were not so committed Union forces were about 16,000 when the war started – most recruits signed up for only 3 months Excellent military leader in Robert E. Lee – turned down command of Union forces offered by Lincoln Northern military commanders were not as competent Confederates fought defensive war, north fought an offensive war Confederate Strategy Militarily: Keep the armies small Inflict damages that break the Union spirit Politically: Earn formal recognition from England and France Europe has become dependent on Confederate cotton Union Strategies Winfield Scott selected as commander of Union forces Anaconda Plan: Union navy will blockade all southern ports, starve south of income and resources Drive south along the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in two Many Congressmen favored a more aggressive plan to free the slaves across the south Lincoln was hoping for a quick victory in Virginia to force the Confederacy into negotiations Border States Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware and Maryland are slave states who remain loyal to the Union Union is concerned about how to keep these states from seceding to the Confederacy Lincoln’s inaugural address: I believe I have no lawful right to free the slaves and I have inclination to do so.” These states remained loyal to the Union Break Time! 5th Florida Volunteer Regiment Battle Flag Bull Run July 1861: Irvin McDowell leads 30,000 Union troops to battle with Confederates outside Washington DC Forces met at Bull Run a creek near Manassas, VA Union forces took control early, but Confederate forces fought back Confederate commander Thomas Jackson refused to yield and forced Union forces to retreat back to Washington DC Jackson earned the nickname Stonewall Jackson Lincoln replaces Win. Scott with George McClellen as commander of Army of the Potomac Grant in Tennessee Ulysses S. Grant leads Union forces in the Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan February 1862: Grant’s troops capture two Confederate forts – Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson Grant drive Confederate forces from Western Kentucky and most of Tennessee April 1862: Grant’s forces fight near Shiloh, TN – nearly 25,000 troops combined were killed or wounded Citizens of both north and south are horrified by the carnage New Orleans The Union navy captures the port city of New Orleans and head north to Vicksburg, MS. Grants forces work southward to meet up with Union navy commander, David Farragut, at Vicksburg The Union navy is forced to retreat about 50 miles south of Vicksburg Union forces cannot take control of the Mississippi at this time David Farragut The Southwest Early 1862: Confederate troops follow the Rio Grande from Texas into New Mexico Confederates are defeated at Glorieta Pass due to lack of supplies – Union forces disrupt the Confederate supply train Confederates retreat back to Texas – never attack in southwest again North and South try to sway native Americans and Hispanic residents of the Southwest to gain loyalty Ironclads North and south develop naval warships with ironclad sides Union ship: Monitor Confederate ship: Virginia March 9, 1862: The Monitor and the Virginia meet in battle – neither emerge as a clear winner These ironclad ships mark the end of an era of both sides using wooden battle ships Meet the Leaders George B. McClellen Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson George B. McClellen Plans an attack on Confederate capital, Richmond, VA Skilled leader, but overly cautious Lincoln becomes frustrated with McClellen’s lack of action Lincoln demands McClellen attack Richmond June 26 – July 2: McClellen attacks Richmond, but R.E. Lee’s forces engage McClellen’s troops at battle known as Seven Days Lee’s troops are outnumbered, but earn victory due to McClellen’s cautious tactics George B. McClellen Lincoln replaces McClellen with John Pope as commander of Army of the Potomac August 1862: Second Bull Run (Second Battle of Manassas) – Lee’s Confederate forces crush the much larger Union forces led by Pope Stonewall Jackson’s troops are able to out maneuver Union forces and inflict heavy casualties as they try to retreat Lincoln returns McClellen to commander of Army of the Potomac 4.1 Rewind! Essential Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the early battles of the war? The Confederacy held a psychological advantage of being willing to fight for survival, strong military leadership and homeland advantage lead to early victories. The Union had significant amounts of resources, a well organized battle plan (Anaconda Plan), but was unable to achieve military success early in the war. Chapter 4.2 African Americans and the War Objectives: Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and events Interpret a graph representing a real world situation Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War Essential Question: How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course of the war? Lincoln Lincoln is under immense pressure from the northern public to end slavery Lincoln realizes he has to set a goal to end slavery Lincoln has a plan, but needs to wait for the right time to announce his plan Slavery is unpopular in Europe, which prevents England from supporting the Confederacy during the war On the Battlefields Union officers are unsure what to do with freed slaves who come under their charge Union officers did not return the slaves to their owners and were often put to work in Union camps performing manual labor duties and jobs Some slaves were considered to be contraband, or “captured war supplies” Lincoln works on a plan to emancipate Lincoln waits for a major military victory to announce his plan Antietam September 1862: R.E. Lee leads his army into Maryland Lee wants a victory on Union soil to incite a pro- Confederate uprising and urge England to reconsider its opinion of the Confederacy McClellen learns of Lee’s battle plan and prepares for the two armies to meet at Sharpsburg, MD near Antietam Creek September 17: Union troops attack Lee’s army 23,000 killed or wounded marks the single bloodiest day of the war, Lee retreats back to Virginia Emancipation! Lincoln has the victory he wanted to make his announcement of emancipation Emancipation Proclamation is announced on Sept. 22, 1862 will take affect Jan. 1. 1863 Emancipation Proclamation: Frees all enslaved people in states still in rebellion Does not apply to slaves in border states loyal to the Union or under military control Lincoln hopes to convince southern states to surrender before Jan. 1 to retain the right to keep slavery Emancipation! Many northerners respond with strong support Some northerners still want total abolition of slavery Many northerners question Lincoln’s decision to only free slaves in the southern states, but not the border states The Emancipation Proclamation never actually frees a single slave, but it does turn the focus of war to slavery Southerners now feel they will have to fight to the end Emancipation Proclamation Click on the poster to watch the video African Americans Fight! African Americans of the north were inspired to join the Union army and the fight against slavery Congress passes the Militia Act which states black soldiers are to be allowed to enlist in the army 54th Massachusetts Regiment is an all black regiment About 18,000 northern blacks enlist in the army Many white soldiers are reluctant to serve with blacks Blacks earn the respect of white soldiers with their bravery and skills on the battlefields About 70,000 blacks lose their lives in the war 4.2 Rewind! Essential Question: How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course of the war? The Emancipation Proclamation redefined the Union cause for the war, making it about slavery. After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union started to recruit African Americans troops, many of whom fought bravely and helped the Union’s war effort. Chapter 4.3 Life During the War Objectives: Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and events Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War Essential Question: How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting changes to American society? Homefront in the North An income tax was imposed on income over $800to raise funds to support the war Bonds were sold to raise money to support the war The Legal Tender Act of 1862 allowed the treasury department to issue a single common paper money called Greenbacks due to the green color Homefront in the North The Homestead Act allowed settlers claim western lands if they would farm (develop) the land Conscription, or the draft, was instituted to gain fresh men (ages 20-45) for the army in the north Wealthy people could pay $300 to hire draft replacements Draft Riot of 1863: people rioted in NYC to protest the draft. Factories and businesses were destroyed Copperheads: Northern citizens who opposed the war Homefront in the South Great economic demands on the south and they are unable to meet the financial demands Northern blockades of southern ports are effective People had to exist on subsistence farming Difficult to get food products to market or troops due to blockades on rivers and railways Homefront in the South Southern economy invested in cotton, tobacco and sugar Difficult for Davis to convert goods to cash CSA soldiers often scrounged food, clothing and weapons from dead Union soldiers after battles CSA issued paper money backed by government’s promise to pay Homefront in the South Public had little faith in CSA paper currency which lead to rampant inflation, riots and food shortages CSA government enacted conscription laws, seizes private property and suspends Habeas Corpus which leads southerners to call for Davis’ impeachment A Soldier’s Life First time many ever traveled away from home Often homesick or bored Pass the time playing games, writing letters or participating in religious services Families in border states were often divided, and many families divided to fight on both sides Battle injuries often led to amputations Poor sanitation in camps led to infections Every one war death was met with two camp deaths due to disease A Soldier’s Life Andersonville (GA) was the largest CSA POW camp with 33,000 Union POWs Union troops often starved to death due to lack of food In operation for 15 months with more than 12,000 deaths due to malnutrition and disease African-American Union POWs were killed outright Women in the War Many women took over family businesses or farms while husbands and sons were away at war A few women dressed as men and fought in battle others would often joined their husbands in camp Some African-American women in the south acted as spies 1861: Clara Barton began a humanitarian campaign to act as a nurse for injured soldiers for both sides Barton’s efforts eventually lead to the establishment of the International Red Cross 4.3 Rewind! Essential Question: How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting changes to American society? Temporary Changes: Reduced the male population in the north and the south Lasting Changes: Strengthened the northern industry, the south’s destroyed agricultural base, women’s roles into male dominated professions, the nursing profession, the federal government’s role in public health Songs of the War! Solders on both sides would often entertain fellow troops with songs as they sat around campfires The Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie Click on the song titles to listen Chapter 4.4 Turning Points of the War Objectives: Use primary and secondary sources to understand a historical period Use a timeline to identify sequence of historical data Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War Essential Question: How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg changes the course of the Civil War? Union Victory at Vicksburg Click on the map to watch the video Union Victory at Vicksburg Thee CSA fort at Vicksburg (MS) is virtually impenetrable and surrounded by river and swamps May 22, 1863: Grant places Vicksburg under siege where the Union army surrounds, bombards and cuts off all supplies going into the fort The Union army bombards the fort constantly July 4, 1863: Confederate forces surrender to Grant The Union gain control of the MS river and splits the Confederacy in two Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville Lincoln replaces McClellen with Ambrose Burnside because McClellen didn’t chase the retreating CSA at Antietam Burnside’s forces face Lee’s at Fredericksburg (VA). The Union is soundly defeated Lincoln replaces Burnside with Joseph Hooker Hooker’s forces face Lee’s at Chancellorsville. The Union is soundly defeated CSA General Stonewall Jackson is accidentally killed by his own men at Chancellorsville Gettysburg After the Union defeat at Chancellorsville, Lincoln replaces Hooker with George Meade Lee’s army invades the north at Gettysburg, PA and on July 1 is confronted by Union general John Buford Both armies send reinforcements to the city Stronger CSA forces push Union forces back onto higher grounds. This, and Union reinforcements, strengthen the Union’s position Fighting continued until July 3. Gettysburg Lee’s forces suffer a crushing defeat CSA General George Pickett’s entire division is lost Over 50,000 soldiers killed or wounded Lee retreats back to Virginia and never invades the north again Lincoln honors the dead with his Gettysburg Address in November 1863 as a National Cemetery is dedicated to the fallen soldiers of this battle Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln places Grant in charge of Union army in early 1864 Grant implements a strategy of Total War in the south Inflict more casualties than the south can replace Grant’s forces attacked soldiers, civilians, burned buildings and crops, killed livestock. Grant wanted to break the spirit and the will of the people of the south Willian Tecumseh Sherman’s forces marched from TN to Savannah, GA inflicting Grant’s Total War tactics wherever his forces marched. Atlanta, GA was burned to the ground Sherman’s March Click on the map to watch the video Election of ‘64 Lincoln loses support from some Republicans Grasping too much authority Not fully committed to ending slavery Democrats nominate former Union General George McClellen McClellen wins 45% of the popular vote Lincoln wins 212 of 233 electoral votes Lincoln is elected to his second term as president Chapter 4.4 Rewind! Essential Question: How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg changes the course of the Civil War? The siege at Vicksburg allowed the Union to divide the Confederacy in two as designed by the Anaconda Plan. The battle at Gettysburg dealt a crushing loss to the Confederacy from which they do not fully recover Chapter 4.5 The War’s End and Impact Objectives: Organize information to show relationships among facts, ideas and events Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War Distinguish freedoms guaranteed in the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments Essential Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War? The Final Days Grant continues to lead forces toward Richmond March 1865: CSA makes a last desperate stand at Petersburg (VA) Grants forces lay siege on Petersburg More than 65,000 casualties result Grant suffers a greater loss, but Lee has no replacement troops Lee’s forces cannot break the siege, he orders a retreat on April 2 th 13 Amendment Lincoln begins planning of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to abolish slavery in the United States The 13th Amendment is ratified in December 1865 Click on the image to watch the video Lee Surrenders Lee orders his troops to retreat from Petersburg and head toward North Carolina Lee’s forces are chased by Union troops who surround and trap Lee at town of Appomattox Court House, VA Outnumbered, hungry, and exhausted, Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865 Lee’s surrender does not officially end the war Last Confederate troops did not offer surrenders until June 1865 due to lack of communication Lincoln is Assassinated! April 14: Lincoln is watching a play in Washington DC with his wife and another couple Actor, John Wilkes Booth, enters Lincoln’s balcony and shoots him in the back of the head at close range A massive manhunt is organized to find Booth 12 days later, Booth is surrounded and shot in Virginia A plot was uncovered to kill the President, VicePresident and Secretary of State Lincoln’s death has a deep emotional impact on the country Lasting Impact More than 600,00 Americans are killed in the war Hundreds of thousands are maimed or crippled Photojournalism by photographer Matthew Brady, show the public graphic images of the war Click on the image to watch the video Lasting Impact North The north continues their industrial economic boom The Land Grant College Fund – gave money made from sale of land to states to establish colleges that taught agricultural and mechanical arts United States emerges as a global economic power South Rebuilding the south was slow Major cities, railroads and factories lay in ruin For decades, agriculture remains center of Southern economy Effects on Society CSA soldiers returned to destroyed homes and farms Millions of people in the south were homeless and often wandered aimlessly Some thought they were being punished by God African-Americans suffered the same fates as whites Freed slaves now had hope that they could finally own land and control their own lives and destinies Many freed slaves migrated to northern states and western territories Chapter 4.5 Rewind! Essential Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War? The north won the war. An industrial boom in the north created by the war pushed America to become a global economic power. The south continued to depend upon agricultural to support their economy. Newly freed slaves migrated west and north to find better opportunities. The federal government became stronger.