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Chapter 4.1
Resources, Strategies and Early Battles
Objectives:
 Interpret a graph representing a real-world situation.
 Utilize timelines to identify sequences of historical
data.
 Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past.
Essential Question:
How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the
early battles of the war?
Union Advantages
 The north’s population was near 22 million, about 9.5
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million white and 3.5 million slaves
Availability of raw materials: coal, iron, gold, silver
other resources
Industrialized northern cities suited for
manufacturing of ammunition, arms, uniforms,
medical supplies and railroad cars
Larger railroad network
Small, but well organized navy
Experienced government and leaders
Confederate Advantages
 Psychological advantages – South was willing to fight
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to the death, northerners were not so committed
Union forces were about 16,000 when the war started
– most recruits signed up for only 3 months
Excellent military leader in Robert E. Lee – turned
down command of Union forces offered by Lincoln
Northern military commanders were not as competent
Confederates fought defensive war, north fought an
offensive war
Confederate Strategy
 Militarily:
 Keep the armies small
 Inflict damages that break the Union spirit
 Politically:
 Earn formal recognition from England and France
 Europe has become dependent on Confederate cotton
Union Strategies
 Winfield Scott selected as commander of Union forces
 Anaconda Plan:
 Union navy will blockade all southern ports, starve
south of income and resources
 Drive south along the Mississippi River to split the
Confederacy in two
 Many Congressmen favored a more aggressive plan to
free the slaves across the south
 Lincoln was hoping for a quick victory in Virginia to
force the Confederacy into negotiations
Border States
 Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware and Maryland are slave
states who remain loyal to the Union
 Union is concerned about how to keep these states
from seceding to the Confederacy
 Lincoln’s inaugural address:
I believe I have no lawful right
to free the slaves and I have
inclination to do so.”
 These states remained
loyal to the Union
Break Time!
 5th Florida Volunteer Regiment Battle Flag
Bull Run
 July 1861: Irvin McDowell leads 30,000 Union troops to
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battle with Confederates outside Washington DC
Forces met at Bull Run a creek near Manassas, VA
Union forces took control early, but Confederate forces
fought back
Confederate commander Thomas Jackson refused to
yield and forced Union forces to retreat back to
Washington DC
Jackson earned the nickname Stonewall Jackson
Lincoln replaces Win. Scott with George McClellen as
commander of Army of the Potomac
Grant in Tennessee
 Ulysses S. Grant leads Union forces in the Mississippi
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Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan
February 1862: Grant’s troops capture two Confederate
forts – Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson
Grant drive Confederate forces from Western Kentucky
and most of Tennessee
April 1862: Grant’s forces fight near Shiloh, TN – nearly
25,000 troops combined were killed or wounded
Citizens of both north and south are horrified by the
carnage
New Orleans
 The Union navy captures the port city of New Orleans
and head north to Vicksburg, MS.
 Grants forces work southward to meet up with Union
navy commander, David Farragut, at Vicksburg
 The Union navy is forced to retreat
about 50 miles south of Vicksburg
 Union forces cannot take control
of the Mississippi at this time
David Farragut
The Southwest
 Early 1862: Confederate troops follow the Rio Grande
from Texas into New Mexico
 Confederates are defeated at Glorieta Pass due to lack
of supplies – Union forces disrupt the Confederate
supply train
 Confederates retreat back to Texas – never attack in
southwest again
 North and South try to sway native Americans and
Hispanic residents of the Southwest to gain loyalty
Ironclads
 North and south develop naval warships with ironclad
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sides
Union ship: Monitor
Confederate ship: Virginia
March 9, 1862: The Monitor and the Virginia meet in battle
– neither emerge
as a clear winner
These ironclad ships
mark the end of an
era of both sides using
wooden battle ships
Meet the Leaders
George B. McClellen
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson
George B. McClellen
 Plans an attack on Confederate capital, Richmond, VA
 Skilled leader, but overly cautious
 Lincoln becomes frustrated with McClellen’s lack of
action
 Lincoln demands McClellen attack Richmond
 June 26 – July 2: McClellen attacks Richmond, but R.E.
Lee’s forces engage McClellen’s troops at battle known
as Seven Days
 Lee’s troops are outnumbered, but earn victory due to
McClellen’s cautious tactics
George B. McClellen
 Lincoln replaces McClellen with John Pope as
commander of Army of the Potomac
 August 1862: Second Bull Run (Second Battle of
Manassas) – Lee’s Confederate forces crush the much
larger Union forces led by Pope
 Stonewall Jackson’s troops are able to out maneuver
Union forces and inflict heavy casualties as they try to
retreat
 Lincoln returns McClellen to commander of Army of
the Potomac
4.1 Rewind!
Essential Question:
How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the
early battles of the war?
The Confederacy held a psychological advantage of
being willing to fight for survival, strong military
leadership and homeland advantage lead to early
victories.
The Union had significant amounts of resources, a well
organized battle plan (Anaconda Plan), but was unable
to achieve military success early in the war.
Chapter 4.2
African Americans and the War
Objectives:
 Organize information to show relationships among
facts, ideas and events
 Interpret a graph representing a real world situation
 Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War
Essential Question:
 How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the
efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course
of the war?
Lincoln
 Lincoln is under immense pressure from the northern
public to end slavery
 Lincoln realizes he has to set a goal to end slavery
 Lincoln has a plan, but needs to wait for the right time
to announce his plan
 Slavery is unpopular in Europe, which prevents
England from supporting the Confederacy during the
war
On the Battlefields
 Union officers are unsure what to do with freed slaves
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who come under their charge
Union officers did not return the slaves to their owners
and were often put to work in Union camps
performing manual labor duties and jobs
Some slaves were considered to be contraband, or
“captured war supplies”
Lincoln works on a plan to emancipate
Lincoln waits for a major military
victory to announce his plan
Antietam
 September 1862: R.E. Lee leads his army into Maryland
 Lee wants a victory on Union soil to incite a pro-
Confederate uprising and urge England to reconsider
its opinion of the Confederacy
 McClellen learns of Lee’s battle plan and prepares for
the two armies to meet at Sharpsburg, MD near
Antietam Creek
 September 17: Union troops attack Lee’s army
 23,000 killed or wounded marks the single bloodiest
day of the war, Lee retreats back to Virginia
Emancipation!
 Lincoln has the victory he wanted to make his
announcement of emancipation
 Emancipation Proclamation is announced on Sept.
22, 1862 will take affect Jan. 1. 1863
 Emancipation Proclamation:
 Frees all enslaved people in states still in rebellion
 Does not apply to slaves in border states loyal to the
Union or under military control
 Lincoln hopes to convince southern states to surrender
before Jan. 1 to retain the right to keep slavery
Emancipation!
 Many northerners respond with strong support
 Some northerners still want total abolition of slavery
 Many northerners question Lincoln’s decision to only
free slaves in the southern states, but not the border
states
 The Emancipation Proclamation
never actually frees a single slave, but
it does turn the focus of war to slavery
 Southerners now feel they will have
to fight to the end
Emancipation Proclamation
Click on the poster
to watch the video
African Americans Fight!
 African Americans of the north were inspired to join
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the Union army and the fight against slavery
Congress passes the Militia Act which states black
soldiers are to be allowed to enlist in the army
54th Massachusetts Regiment is an all black regiment
About 18,000 northern blacks enlist in the army
Many white soldiers are reluctant to serve with blacks
Blacks earn the respect of white soldiers with their
bravery and skills on the battlefields
About 70,000 blacks lose their lives in the war
4.2 Rewind!
Essential Question:
 How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the
efforts of African-American soldiers affect the course
of the war?
The Emancipation Proclamation redefined the Union
cause for the war, making it about slavery. After the
Emancipation Proclamation, the Union started to
recruit African Americans troops, many of whom
fought bravely and helped the Union’s war effort.
Chapter 4.3
Life During the War
Objectives:
 Organize information to show relationships among
facts, ideas and events
 Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past
 Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War
Essential Question:
How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting
changes to American society?
Homefront in the North
 An income tax was imposed on income over $800to
raise funds to support the war
 Bonds were sold to raise money to support the war
 The Legal Tender Act of 1862 allowed the treasury
department to issue a single common paper money
called Greenbacks due to the green color
Homefront in the North
 The Homestead Act allowed settlers claim western lands
if they would farm (develop) the land
 Conscription, or the draft, was instituted to gain fresh
men (ages 20-45) for the army in the north
 Wealthy people could pay $300 to hire draft replacements
 Draft Riot of 1863: people rioted in NYC to protest the
draft. Factories and
businesses were destroyed
 Copperheads: Northern
citizens who opposed the war
Homefront in the South
 Great economic demands on the south and they are
unable to meet the financial demands
 Northern blockades of southern ports are effective
 People had to exist on subsistence farming
 Difficult to get food products
to market or troops due to
blockades on rivers and
railways
Homefront in the South
 Southern economy invested in cotton, tobacco and sugar
 Difficult for Davis to convert goods to cash
 CSA soldiers often scrounged food, clothing and
weapons from dead Union soldiers after battles
 CSA issued paper
money backed by
government’s
promise to pay
Homefront in the South
 Public had little faith in CSA paper currency which
lead to rampant inflation, riots and food shortages
 CSA government enacted conscription laws, seizes
private property and
suspends Habeas Corpus
which leads southerners
to call for Davis’
impeachment
A Soldier’s Life
 First time many ever traveled away from home
 Often homesick or bored
 Pass the time playing games, writing letters or
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participating in religious services
Families in border states were often divided, and many
families divided to fight on both sides
Battle injuries often led to amputations
Poor sanitation in camps led to infections
Every one war death was met with two camp deaths
due to disease
A Soldier’s Life
 Andersonville (GA) was the largest CSA POW camp
with 33,000 Union POWs
 Union troops often starved to death due to lack of food
 In operation for 15 months with more than 12,000
deaths due to malnutrition and disease
 African-American Union
POWs were killed outright
Women in the War
 Many women took over family businesses or farms while
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husbands and sons were away at war
A few women dressed as men and fought in battle others
would often joined their husbands in camp
Some African-American women in the south acted as spies
1861: Clara Barton began a humanitarian campaign to act
as a nurse for injured soldiers for
both sides
Barton’s efforts eventually lead to
the establishment of the
International Red Cross
4.3 Rewind!
Essential Question:
How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting
changes to American society?
Temporary Changes: Reduced the male population in
the north and the south
Lasting Changes: Strengthened the northern industry,
the south’s destroyed agricultural base, women’s roles
into male dominated professions, the nursing profession,
the federal government’s role in public health
Songs of the War!
 Solders on both sides would often entertain fellow
troops with songs as they sat around campfires
 The Battle Hymn of the Republic
 Dixie
Click on the song
titles to listen
Chapter 4.4
Turning Points of the War
Objectives:
 Use primary and secondary sources to understand a
historical period
 Use a timeline to identify sequence of historical data
 Analyze how images may be used to interpret the past
 Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War
Essential Question:
How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg
changes the course of the Civil War?
Union Victory at Vicksburg
Click on the map
to watch the video
Union Victory at Vicksburg
 Thee CSA fort at Vicksburg (MS) is virtually
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impenetrable and surrounded by river and swamps
May 22, 1863: Grant places Vicksburg under siege
where the Union army surrounds, bombards and cuts
off all supplies going into the fort
The Union army bombards the fort constantly
July 4, 1863: Confederate forces surrender to Grant
The Union gain control of the MS river and splits the
Confederacy in two
Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville
 Lincoln replaces McClellen with Ambrose Burnside
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because McClellen didn’t chase the retreating CSA at
Antietam
Burnside’s forces face Lee’s at Fredericksburg (VA).
The Union is soundly defeated
Lincoln replaces Burnside with Joseph Hooker
Hooker’s forces face Lee’s at Chancellorsville. The
Union is soundly defeated
CSA General Stonewall Jackson is accidentally killed
by his own men at Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
 After the Union defeat at Chancellorsville, Lincoln
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replaces Hooker with George Meade
Lee’s army invades the north at Gettysburg, PA and on
July 1 is confronted by Union general John Buford
Both armies send reinforcements to the city
Stronger CSA forces push Union forces back onto
higher grounds. This, and Union reinforcements,
strengthen the Union’s position
Fighting continued until July 3.
Gettysburg
 Lee’s forces suffer a crushing defeat
 CSA General George Pickett’s entire division is lost
 Over 50,000 soldiers killed or wounded
 Lee retreats back to Virginia and never invades the
north again
 Lincoln honors the dead with his Gettysburg Address
in November 1863 as a National Cemetery is dedicated
to the fallen soldiers of this battle
Ulysses S. Grant
 Lincoln places Grant in charge of Union army in early 1864
 Grant implements a strategy of Total War in the south
 Inflict more casualties than the south can replace
 Grant’s forces attacked soldiers, civilians, burned
buildings and crops, killed livestock. Grant wanted to
break the spirit and the will of the people of the south
 Willian Tecumseh Sherman’s forces marched from TN to
Savannah, GA inflicting Grant’s Total War tactics wherever
his forces marched. Atlanta, GA was burned to the
ground
Sherman’s March
Click on the map to watch the video
Election of ‘64
 Lincoln loses support from some Republicans
 Grasping too much authority
 Not fully committed to ending slavery
 Democrats nominate former Union General George
McClellen
 McClellen wins 45% of the popular vote
 Lincoln wins 212 of 233 electoral votes
 Lincoln is elected to his second term as president
Chapter 4.4 Rewind!
Essential Question:
How did the battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburg
changes the course of the Civil War?
 The siege at Vicksburg allowed the Union to divide
the Confederacy in two as designed by the Anaconda
Plan. The battle at Gettysburg dealt a crushing loss to
the Confederacy from which they do not fully recover
Chapter 4.5
The War’s End and Impact
Objectives:
 Organize information to show relationships among
facts, ideas and events
 Review the causes and consequences of the Civil War
 Distinguish freedoms guaranteed in the 13th, 14th and
15th amendments
Essential Question:
What was the final outcome and impact of the
Civil War?
The Final Days
 Grant continues to lead forces toward Richmond
 March 1865: CSA makes a last desperate stand at
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Petersburg (VA)
Grants forces lay siege on Petersburg
More than 65,000 casualties result
Grant suffers a greater loss, but Lee has no
replacement troops
Lee’s forces cannot break the siege, he orders a retreat
on April 2
th
13
Amendment
 Lincoln begins planning of the 13th Amendment to
the Constitution to abolish slavery in the United States
 The 13th Amendment is ratified in December 1865
Click on the image
to watch the video
Lee Surrenders
 Lee orders his troops to retreat from Petersburg and
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head toward North Carolina
Lee’s forces are chased by Union troops who surround
and trap Lee at town of Appomattox Court House, VA
Outnumbered, hungry, and exhausted, Lee surrenders
to Grant on April 9, 1865
Lee’s surrender does not officially end the war
Last Confederate troops did not offer surrenders until
June 1865 due to lack of communication
Lincoln is Assassinated!
 April 14: Lincoln is watching a play in Washington DC
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with his wife and another couple
Actor, John Wilkes Booth, enters Lincoln’s balcony
and shoots him in the back of the head at close range
A massive manhunt is organized to find Booth
12 days later, Booth is surrounded and shot in Virginia
A plot was uncovered to kill the President, VicePresident and Secretary of State
Lincoln’s death has a deep emotional impact on the
country
Lasting Impact
 More than 600,00 Americans are killed in the war
 Hundreds of thousands are maimed or crippled
 Photojournalism by photographer Matthew Brady,
show the public graphic images of the war
Click on the image
to watch the video
Lasting Impact
North
 The north continues their industrial economic boom
 The Land Grant College Fund – gave money made
from sale of land to states to establish colleges that
taught agricultural and mechanical arts
 United States emerges as a global economic power
South
 Rebuilding the south was slow
 Major cities, railroads and factories lay in ruin
 For decades, agriculture remains center of Southern
economy
Effects on Society
 CSA soldiers returned to destroyed homes and farms
 Millions of people in the south were homeless and
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often wandered aimlessly
Some thought they were being punished by God
African-Americans suffered the same fates as whites
Freed slaves now had hope that they could finally own
land and control their own lives and destinies
Many freed slaves migrated to northern states and
western territories
Chapter 4.5 Rewind!
Essential Question:
What was the final outcome and impact of the
Civil War?
The north won the war. An industrial boom in the north
created by the war pushed America to become a global
economic power. The south continued to depend
upon agricultural to support their economy. Newly
freed slaves migrated west and north to find better
opportunities. The federal government became
stronger.