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Transcript
ANTHRAX Primal Sudjana Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008 20,000-100,000 cases estimated globally/year http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/whocc/mp_world.htm CAUSES Bacteria Bacillus anthracis SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus Species:B. anthracis STRAINS (TYPES) Cutaneous (skin) Inhalation (lungs) Gastrointestinal (digestive) ANTHRAX TOXIN Anthrax toxin is made up of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). PA binds to specific cell receptors, and following proteolytic activation it forms a membrane channel that mediates entry of EF and LF into the cell. EF is an adenylyl cyclase; with PA it forms a toxin known as edema toxin. LF plus PA form lethal toxin, which is a major virulence factor and cause of death in infected animals. HUMAN TRANSMISSION Industry Tanneries Textile mills Wool sorters Bone processors Slaughterhouses Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008 HUMAN TRANSMISSION Cutaneous Inhalational Contact with infected tissues, wool, hide, soil Biting flies Tanning hides, processing wool or bone Gastrointestinal Undercooked meat Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008 THROUGH ANIMALS Humans can become infected after handling infected animals Breathing anthrax spores from infected products (like wool) Eating undercooked meat from infected animals (Undercooked meat) HOW IS IT TRANSMUTABLE? AS A BIOLOGICAL WEAPON Anthrax spores can be distributed Ex. USA 2001, anthrax spores spread through postal system via letters containing spores ANTHRAX SPORES WHO GETS IT? Animals primarily Common in… South & Central America Southern/Eastern Europe Asia Africa Middle East INCUBATION PERIOD symptoms appear within 7 days of initial contact For inhalation anthrax, anywhere from a week to 60 days STRAINS (TYPES) Cutaneous (skin) Inhalation (lungs) Gastrointestinal (digestive) CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX Raised itchy bump (resembles incest bite) 1-2 days, develops into a vesicle (cyst) Develops into painless ulcer (1-3 cm diameter) Ulcer has black center Swelling of surrounding tissues Swelling of adjacent lymph glands GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX Initial signs: nausea Loss of appetite Vomiting blood Sever diarrhea Lesions & soreness in throat Difficulty swallowing Swelling of neck &lymph glands 50% of all patients develop meningitis INHALATION ANTHRAX Flu/cold like symptoms Cough Chest discomfort Shortness of breath Tiredness & muscle aches Meditational widening with inhalation anthrax DIAGNOSIS Bacterial cultures Measuring specific antibodies in blood Positive cultures are unlikely after antibiotic treatment has been started Anthrax is acute (of abrupt onset, of short duration, rapidly progressing & in need of urgent care) People can’t become immune to anthrax Can get anthrax multiple times WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY ARE AFFECTED? In cutaneous anthrax: Skin, surrounding tissues & lymph glands In gastrointestinal anthrax: Digestive system, neck & lymph glands In inhalation anthrax: Respiratory & immune system TREATMENST Anthrax vaccine Avoiding contact w/ animals Don’t eat improperly slaughtered/cooked meat FURTHER TREATMENT Prevention after exposure: Antibiotic & vaccine combo Treatment after infection: 60 day course of antibiotics Success depends on type of anthrax & how soon treatment was started Anthrax is terminal if left untreated