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Classical Greece: 2000BCE-300BCE 5.1 Cultures of the Mountains and Sea I. Name: Test 3: Geography of Greece a. Geography shaped Greek b. Sea i. c. Land i. 75% mountains divided Greece into ii. iii. d. Climate i. II. Mycenaean Civilization a. b. c. Mycenaeans 2000-1100 BC i. Settled in ii. Dominated Greece Minoans i. Lived on the island of ii. Mycenaean + Trojan War i. ii. iii. III. Archaeological evidence supports the legend of The Dorians: 1150-750 BCE a. Following the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, the i. Much less 1. b. economy collapsed, Homer i. ii. iii. 1 Map of Ancient Greece Label on the map of Greece: use the maps on pages: 121, 124, 132, 137 Empires Greece (green) Persian Empire (purple) Bodies of Water (blue) Aegean Sea Gulf of Corinth Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea City-States/settlements (red) Abdera Acanthus Aenus Argos Athens Corinth Crete Cyclades Delos Delphi Knossos Methone Mycenae Olympia Potidaea Rhodes Sparta Thebes Tiryns Mt. Olympus (brown) 2 5.2 Warring City-States I. Greek city-states: 750 BC a. Greek polis: political unit i. 50-500 square b. Acropolis: c. Several forms of ii. Fewer than ii. Harsh punishments: Council of Five Hundred i. II. Athens and Democracy a. Draco—621BC i. b. Everyone is equal under the Solon—594BC i. ii. 4 social classes based on 1. iii. c. III. Cleisthenes—500BC i. Organized citizens into 10 districts by iii. ii. All citizens could iv. Athenian Culture a. Citizenship i. b. Only free adult male ii. Education i. IV. Anyone Sons of wealthy landowners ii. Girls were educated at Sparta a. Region of Peloponnesus, isolated by b. Messenians revolt c. Government i. Assembly iii. Officials ii. Council of Elders iv. Kings 3 d. Social Classes i. Ruling landowning families 1. free nona. i. V. VI. Daily Life in Sparta a. Service to Sparta over b. Focused on c. Disregard for the d. Military training from e. Girls received some The Persian Wars: Greece vs. Persian Empire a. Iron replaced b. 546—Persians conquer Ionia, Athens sends help, Darius vows to i. c. Marathon i. d. Some city-states surrendered/some 25,000 Persians vs. 10,000 ii. Persian iii. Persian iii. Places Persian warships iii. Athens emerged as the Pheidippides ran 26 miles from Marathon to i. ii. VII. Thermopylae and Salamis—480BC a. Xerxes wanted b. 7,000 Greeks blocked the narrow pass at i. c. VIII. Greek army arrived to defend Held for 3 days Themistocles: abandon Athens and fight at i. Assembled in a channel near Salamis ii. Xerxes burned Persian War a. Final Persian defeat at b. Delian League—478BC c. i. Alliance between ii. Eventually ended all Consequences i. Moved ii. Used military force to 4 5.3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age I. The Golden Age of Athens 477-431BC a. Pericles i. b. 1. Strengthen democracy i. ii. c. 2. Strengthen the empire i. ii. d. 3. Glorify Athens i. II. Peloponnesian War 431-404BC a. Sparta declared war on b. Athens i. ii. Vulnerable iii. c. Sparta i. Stronger ii. d. Truce in e. Athenians attempted i. f. Athens fended off g. Athens surrendered in 404BC losing their 5 Sparta vs. Athens 500-400 BCE SPARTA ATHENS Comparison of Social Classes Citizens: males from Sparta only Helots: captured Laconian peoples; servile status No foreign residents tolerated Citizens: all free males from Attica Slaves: privately and publicly owned servants Many foreign resident merchants Comparison of the Lives of Citizens and their Families Weak or deformed babes are legally killed by exposure. Children are considered to the property of the state. Boys are enrolled into companies of 15 members and live together in barracks. Education is exclusively physical and moral. Girls compete in athletics and physical fitness, but live at home. All young men become military cadets, acting as a police force and controlling the helot population. Young women marry; they are not trained in arms. Males gain the rights of full citizenship, including the right to marry and take public office. Farming on state-owned plots is the only available occupation for all but the wealthy. Citizens are always on call for military service. Women can own land (only those from wealthy families do). Many run their own households. Mothers of boys (future soldiers) are respected. Citizens retire from active military service. Some men become tutors at academies. The state provides for some veterans. A few women become wealthy from their commercial interests. Birth 7 20 30 60 Infanticide is illegal but occasionally unwanted female babies are killed. Fathers have absolute authority over their children. Boys live with their families and visit tutors for their education. Literacy and music are taught as well as physical training and morality. Girls stay at home with their mothers; most are illiterate. Some young men immigrate to Athenian colonies. Others begin carets or continue into advanced education. Young women marry. Males gain the rights of full citizenship. They are allowed to own land and hold offices in government. Most men marry at this age and pursue diverse careers, from farming to trade. The city may call on them for military service. Women have no political rights and cannot own land or profit from commerce. They stay at home, run their husband’s household, and care for their children. Citizens continue careers or retire to be cared for by their sons. Many become more involved in political debate. Women rely on their husband’s family for support in old age. Comparison of Political Structure Oligarchy: rule by 2 kings and a council Most land and assets are owned by the state Head of Peloponnesian League Powerful land army; agricultural economy Participatory democracy: offices assigned by lot Citizens free to own land and assets Head of Delian League Powerful fleet; wealthy trade economy Use the information in the chart above to fill in the chart on the next page. 6 SPARTA ATHENS Economy Government Education Family Life Freedoms Arts & Entertainment Military Social Life Role of Women Social Structure Citizenship Miscellaneous The Battle of Thermopylae—as you read the handout, answer the following questions. Questions continue on the next page. 1. What was Thermopylae? 2. When did the Battle of Thermopylae occur? 3. Who was the commander of the 300 Spartans? 7 4. What did the Spartans wear? 5. Why did Spartans refuse to retreat or surrender? 6. What did Spartan mothers tell their sons? 7. Who were the Spartans preparing to fight? 8. Who were the Persian’s finest troops? 9. Who was the leader of the Persian army and also king of the Persian Empire? 10. Why did Xerxes send ambassadors to the Greek city-states before he invaded? 11. How did the Spartans respond to Xerxes’ ambassador? 12. Why did King Leonidas choose Thermopylae? 13. Why did Leonidas have animals killed and farms burned? 14. Why were the Spartans combing their hair and beards before battle? 15. Once the Spartans were surrounded, what did Leonidas allow of his allies? 16. Why did Leonidas tell his 300 to eat a good breakfast? 17. About how many Persians were killed in the battle? 18. Who won the Battle of Thermopylae? Who won the Persian Wars? Philosophers of Ancient Greece Chart Socrates Plato Aristotle Early Life Philosophy/Major Contributions Critics/Conflict Death/Legacy 8 The Trial and Death of Socrates—as you read the handout, answer the following questions. 1. How did Socrates’ students pay him? 2. Why did the new rulers feel that Socrates was a bad influence? 3. Why was Socrates brought to trial? 4. How did a trial in ancient Athens differ from a trial today? 5. How was a convict sentenced? 6. Why did Socrates tell the jury he was actually brought to trial? 7. Why did Socrates not fear death? 8. Why did Socrates refuse to escape? 9. Who was Socrates most famous pupil? 5.4 Alexander’s Empire I. Macedonia a. King Philip II—359BC i. b. II. ii. VICTORY: ii. Alexander’s troops broke through the Persian line heading directly for Greece is City-states retained self-government locally, but under After Philip’s murder, his son Alexander Alexander the Great a. Plans to invade and conquer b. Invasion i. c. Alexander’s 35,000 soldiers met by 40,000 Issus i. III. Had a well End of Greek i. d. ii. Athens and Thebes joined forces too i. c. Wanted Conquering the Persian Empire a. Alexander rejects b. Egypt—332BC i. Crowned Alexander ii. 9 c. Mesopotamia i. ii. iii. VICTORY: iv. d. Alexander followed Darius to e. Indus Valley—326BC i. VICTORY: 1. low 2. 11 years 3. marched over 4. 5. f. Alexander died days later at the age of 3 new leaders i. iii. ii. 5.5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture: Read the section and answer the questions below. 1. How did Alexander’s conquests affect Greek culture? 2. What 4 influences blended to form the new Hellenistic culture? 3. What language was spoken in Hellenistic cities? 4. Which city was the center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization? 5. What attractions lured visitors to this city? 6. What were Aristarchus’ 2 significant scientific conclusions? 7. Archimedes accurately estimated the value of _________. 8. What did Stoics believe? 9. Epicureans believe the main goal of humans was: 10. Hellenistic sculpture was not idealized, instead it was: 10 Lost Civilizations: Greece 1. During the ____ century, Athens became even more powerful as many city-states and islands turned to her for __________________. 2. Under whose leadership was the Parthenon built? The Parthenon was built to honor the goddess, _____________________. 3. When did Pericles come to power? How did he pay for Athens’ beautification? 4. Athens was completed in _________ years. Who was allowed to vote in Athens? 5. Athenians had a passion for ____________________. 6. Who was the god of the sea? (the statue was found by divers) Where did the gods live? 7. ____________________ was the ruler of the gods. Apollo is the god of ______________________. 8. How did drama originate? 9. To the Greeks a beautiful _______________ was just as important as a beautiful mind. 10. Originally athletes competed in the _______________ and ___________________ were excluded. 11. Why was Socrates brought to trial? What was the outcome of his trial? 12. The plague killed ______________ of the Athenian population. 13. Who defeated the Athenians in 404BC? Who became the scapegoat for the decline of Athens? 14. How long did it take to build the original Parthenon? 15. How many people lived in Athens? STUDY GUIDE SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. b. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science. d. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world. Geography Sea Land Mycenaeans Minoans Trojan War Dorians Homer Greek city-state/polis Types of government in city-states Athens Democracy Draco Solon 11 Cleisthenes Athenian culture Citizenship Education Sparta Geography Daily life/culture Persian Wars Significance of iron Darius Marathon Xerxes Thermopylae Salamis Themistocles Delian League Golden Age of Athens Pericles—3 goals Peloponnesian War Plato Socrates Aristotle Macedonia King Philip II Chaeronea Alexander the Great Darius III Granicus River Issus Egypt Mesopotamia Indus Valley Death of Alexander End of the Persian Empire/Three new leaders Hellenistic culture 12 13 14