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COCAINE 2007 <240>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007199780
Authors Kalivas P.W.
Institution
(Kalivas) Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
(Kalivas) Department of Neurosciences, BSB403, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Neurobiology of cocaine addiction: Implications for new pharmacotherapy.
Source
American Journal on Addictions. 16(2)(pp 71-78), 2007. Date of Publication: Mar 2007.
Abstract
The development of pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction has been disappointingly slow.
However, new neurobiological knowledge of how the brain is changed by chronic
pharmacological insult with cocaine is revealing novel targets for drug development. Certain
drugs currently being tested in clinical trials tap into the underlying cocaine-induced
neuroplasticity, including drugs promoting GABA or inhibiting glutamate transmission. Armed
with rationales derived from a neurobiological perspective that cocaine addiction is a
pharmacologically induced disease of neuroplasticity in brain circuits mediating normal reward
learning, one can expect novel pharmacotherapies to emerge that directly target the biological
pathology of addiction. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.
ISSN 1055-0496
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name American Journal on Addictions
Volume 16
Issue Part 2
Page 71-78
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Mar 2007
COCAINE 2007 <256>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007198963
Authors Peoples L.L. Kravitz A.V. Lynch K.G. Cavanaugh D.J.
Institution
(Peoples) Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
(Peoples, Kravitz) Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA,
United States.
(Lynch) Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
(Cavanaugh) Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
(Peoples) Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106,
United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Accumbal neurons that are activated during cocaine self-administration are spared
from inhibitory effects of repeated cocaine self-administration.
Source
Neuropsychopharmacology. 32(5)(pp 1141-1158), 2007. Date of Publication: 24 May 2007.
Abstract
Hypoactivity of the accumbens is induced by repeated cocaine exposure and is
hypothesized to play a role in cocaine addiction. However, it is difficult to understand how a
general hypoactivity of the accumbens, which facilitates multiple types of motivated
behaviors, could contribute to the selective increase in drug-directed behavior that defines
addiction. Electrophysiological recordings, made during sessions in which rats self-administer
cocaine, show that most accumbal neurons that encode events related to drug-directed
behavior achieve and maintain higher firing rates during the period of cocaine exposure
(Task-Activated neurons) than do other accumbal neurons (Task-Non-Activated neurons). We
have hypothesized that this difference in activity makes the neurons that facilitate drugdirected behavior less susceptible than other neurons to the chronic inhibitory effects of
cocaine. A sparing of neurons that facilitate drug-directed behavior from chronic hypoactivity
might lead to a relative increase in the transmission of neuronal signals that facilitate drugdirected behavior through accumbal circuits and thereby contribute to changes in behavior
that characterize addiction (ie differential inhibition hypothesis). A prediction of the hypothesis
is that neurons that are activated in relation to task events during cocaine self-administration
sessions will show less of a decrease in firing across repeated self-administration sessions
than will other neurons. To test this prediction, rats were exposed to 30 daily (6 h/day)
cocaine self-administration sessions. Chronic extracellular recordings of single accumbal
neurons were made during the second to third session and the 30th session. Betweensession comparisons showed that decreases in firing were exhibited by Task-Non-Activated,
but not by Task-Activated, neurons. During the day 30 session, the magnitude of the
difference in firing rate between the two groups of neurons was positively related to the
propensity of animals to seek and take cocaine. The findings of the present study are
consistent with a basic prediction of the differential inhibition hypothesis and may be relevant
to understanding cocaine addiction. copyright 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights
reserved.
ISSN 0893-133X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Neuropsychopharmacology
Volume 32
Issue Part 5
Page 1141-1158
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication 24 May 2007
COCAINE 2007 <259>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007192341
Authors Devonshire I.M. Mayhew J.E.W. Overton P.G.
Institution
(Devonshire, Mayhew, Overton) Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United
Kingdom.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Cocaine preferentially enhances sensory processing in the upper layers of the
primary sensory cortex.
Source
Neuroscience. 146(2)(pp 841-851), 2007. Date of Publication: 11 May 2007.
Abstract
Sensory systems are believed to play an important role in drug addiction, particularly in
triggering craving and relapse, and it has been shown in previous studies that administration
of cocaine can enhance evoked responses in the primary sensory cortex of experimental
animals. Primary sensory cortex comprises a multi-layered structure to which a variety of
roles have been assigned; an understanding of how cocaine affects evoked activity in these
different layers may shed light on how drug-associated sensory cues gain control over
behavior. The aim of the present study was to examine how cocaine affects whisker sensory
responses in different layers of the primary sensory (barrel) cortex. Field potential and multiunit activity were recorded from the cortex of anesthetized rats using 16 channel linear probes
during repetitive (air puff) stimulation of the whiskers. In control conditions (under saline, i.v.),
responses strongly adapted to the repeated sensory stimulation. Following an i.v. injection of
cocaine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.), this adaptation was strongly attenuated, giving each stimulus a more
equal representation and weight. Attenuation of adaptation was more marked in the upper
cortical layers in both field potential and multi-unit data. Indeed, in these layers, not only was
adaptation attenuated but multi-unit response amplitudes under cocaine exceeded those
under saline for stimuli occurring early in the train. The results extend our previous findings
concerning the enhancement by cocaine of primary sensory responses. Insofar as enhanced
neural responses equate to enhanced stimulus salience, the results indicate that cocaine may
play a previously under-appreciated role in the formation of associations between drug and
drug-related environmental cues by enhancing stimulus salience. The associative process
itself may be assisted by a preferential action in the upper cortical layers, thought to be
involved in learning and plasticity. copyright 2007 IBRO.
ISSN 0306-4522
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Neuroscience
Volume 146
Issue Part 2
Page 841-851
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication 11 May 2007
COCAINE (A) 2007 <277>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007181166
Authors Edwards S. Graham D.L. Bachtell R.K. Self D.W.
Institution
(Edwards, Graham, Bachtell, Self) Department of Psychiatry, Seay Center for Basic and Applied Research in
Psychiatric Illness, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Region-specific tolerance to cocaine-regulated cAMP-dependent protein
phosphorylation following chronic self-administration.
Source
European Journal of Neuroscience. 25(7)(pp 2201-2213), 2007. Date of Publication: Apr
2007.
Abstract
Chronic cocaine self-administration can produce either tolerance or sensitization to certain
cocaine-regulated behaviours, but whether differential alterations develop in the biochemical
response to cocaine is less clear. We measured cocaine-induced phosphorylation of multiple
cAMP-dependent and -independent protein substrates in mesolimbic dopamine terminal
regions following chronic self-administration. Changes in self-administering rats were
compared to changes produced by passive yoked injection to identify reinforcement-related
regulation, whereas acute and chronic yoked groups were compared to identify the
development tolerance or sensitization in the biochemical response to cocaine. Microwavefixed brain tissue was collected immediately following 4 h of intravenous cocaine
administration, and subjected to Western blot analysis of phosphorylated and total protein
substrates. Chronic cocaine produced region- and substrate-specific tolerance to cAMPdependent protein phosphorylation, including phosphorylation in striatal and amygdala
subregions and phosphorylation in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. Tolerance also
developed to cAMP-independent phosphorylation in the prefrontal cortex. In contrast,
sensitization to presynaptic regulation of synapsin <sup>S9</sup> phosphorylation
developed in the hippocampal CA3 subregion while cAMP-dependent tyrosine
hydroxylase<sup>S40</sup> phosphorylation decreased in striatal dopamine terminals.
Cocaine-induced ERK and CREB<sup>S133</sup> phosphorylation were dissociated in
many brain regions and failed to develop either tolerance or sensitization with chronic
administration. Positive reinforcement-related correlations between cocaine intake and protein
phosphorylation were found only in self-administering animals, while negative dose-related
correlations were found primarily with yoked administration. These regional- and substratespecific adaptations in cocaine-induced protein phosphorylation are discussed in view of their
potential impact on the development of cocaine addiction. copyright The Authors (2007).
ISSN 0953-816X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name European Journal of Neuroscience
Volume 25
Issue Part 7
Page 2201-2213
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Apr 2007
COCAINE (A) 2007 <283>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007173257
Authors Uhl G.
Institution
(Uhl) Molecular Neurobiology Branch, US National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Premature poking: Impulsivity, cocaine and dopamine.
Source
Nature Medicine. 13(4)(pp 413-414), 2007. Date of Publication: Apr 2007.
Abstract
Impulsivity occurs frequently in people with addiction and other common disorders such as
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Experiments in rats suggest that reduced
dopamine receptor availability in the brain's ventral striatum may underlie links between
impulsivity and addiction. copyright 2007 Nature Publishing Group.
ISSN 1078-8956
Publication Type Journal: Short Survey
Journal Name Nature Medicine
Volume 13
Issue Part 4
Page 413-414
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Apr 2007
COCAINE (A) 2007 <284>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007169542
Authors Centonze D. Rossi S. De Chiara V. Prosperetti C. Battista N. Bernardi G. Mercuri N.B. Usiello A.
Maccarrone M.
Institution
(Centonze, Rossi, De Chiara, Prosperetti, Bernardi, Mercuri) Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze,
Universita Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
(Centonze, Rossi, De Chiara, Prosperetti, Battista, Bernardi, Mercuri, Maccarrone) Centro Europeo Per la Ricerca
Sul Cervello (CERC), Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
(Battista, Maccarrone) Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
(Usiello) Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Chronic cocaine sensitizes striatal GABAergic synapses to the stimulation of
cannabinoid CB1 receptors.
Source
European Journal of Neuroscience. 25(6)(pp 1631-1640), 2007. Date of Publication: Mar
2007.
Abstract
Behavioural studies indicate that cannabinoid receptors are implicated in cocaine addiction.
The synaptic underpinning of cocaine-cannabinoid receptor interaction is however, obscure.
We have studied electrophysiologically the sensitivity of cannabinoid receptors modulating
synaptic transmission in the striatum of rats exposed to cocaine. One-day treatment with
cocaine did not modify the synaptic response to HU210, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist.
Seven days cocaine-treatment, conversely, caused conditioned place preference, and
sensitized striatal GABAergic synapses to the presynaptic effect of cannabinoid CB1 receptor
stimulation. The cannabinoid receptor-induced modulation of glutamate transmission was
unaltered by cocaine. Furthermore, the effects of chronic cocaine on cannabinoid-mediated
regulation of striatal GABA synapses were attenuated one week after the discontinuation of
cocaine, and absent two weeks later, indicating the progressive reversibility of the adaptations
of cannabinoid system during abstinence of drug consumption. Our data support the concept
that modulation of cannabinoid receptors might be useful against drug abuse. copyright The
Authors (2007).
ISSN 0953-816X
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name European Journal of Neuroscience
Volume 25
Issue Part 6
Page 1631-1640
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Mar 2007
COCAINE 2007 <291>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007159097
Authors Lundahl L.H. Lukas S.E.
Institution
(Lundahl, Lukas) Department of Psychiatry (Psychology), Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Negative cocaine effect expectancies are associated with subjective response to
cocaine challenge in recreational cocaine users.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 32(6)(pp 1262-1271), 2007. Date of Publication: Jun 2007.
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that cognitive effect expectancies are associated with
drug use and drug treatment outcomes, few studies have compared effect expectancies with
drug response following drug challenge. Healthy male and female volunteers (n = 19, ages
21-35) who reported using cocaine 1-4 times per month completed the Cocaine Effect
Expectancy Questionnaire (CEEQ: [Schafer, J. and Brown, S.A. (1991). Marijuana and
cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 59, 558-565.]), were challenged with cocaine (0.9 mg/kg, i.n.), then completed a
series of visual analog scales (VAS) and the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) at
15 min intervals for 3 h following cocaine administration. Significant positive correlations were
found between global negative expectancies and peak responses on the VAS measures
"Good," "Happy," "High," "Stimulated," and "Desire to Use Cocaine," and on the LSD
subscale of the ARCI post-cocaine administration, and between global positive expectancies
and the MBG subscale of the ARCI, and on VAS items "Anxious" and "Good" post-cocaine
administration. Global positive expectancies also were positively correlated with peak systolic
blood pressure, and global negative expectancies with peak heart rate after cocaine
administration. These results suggest that negative and positive effect expectancies both play
a complex role in the subjective experience of cocaine effects, and thus likely in the
progression of non-use to recreational use, in the transition to abuse, and in individualized
treatment strategies. copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 32
Issue Part 6
Page 1262-1271
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Jun 2007
COCAINE (A) 2007 <340>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007107644
Authors Pamplona F.A. Vendruscolo L.F. Takahashi R.N.
Institution
(Pamplona, Vendruscolo, Takahashi) Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Increased sensitivity to cocaine-induced analgesia in Spontaneously Hypertensive
Rats (SHR).
Source
Behavioral and Brain Functions. 3, 2007. Article Number: 9. Date of Publication: 2007.
Abstract
This study examined the analgesic effect of cocaine in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
(SHR), which are considered a suitable model for the study of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), and in Wistar (WIS) rats of both sexes using the hot-plate test. In addition,
we tested whether habituation to the unheated hot-plate apparatus, that "normalizes" the
basal hypoalgesic phenotype of SHR, alters the subsequent cocaine-induced analgesia (CIA)
in this strain. SHR of both sexes were hypoalgesic compared to WIS rats in the hot-plate test
and showed higher sensitivity to CIA. Habituation to the unheated hot-plate reduced the basal
nociceptive latency of SHR, suggesting cognitive/emotional modulation of pain in this strain,
but did not alter the magnitude of CIA. The present study shows increased sensitivity to CIA
in SHR, which may be related to abnormalities in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system.
Further studies using SHR strain may reveal new information on the neurobiological
mechanisms underlying ADHD and its co-morbidity with drug addiction. copyright 2007
Pamplona et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
ISSN 1744-9081
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Behavioral and Brain Functions
Volume 3
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication 2007
COCAINE 2007 <342>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007107434
Authors Crits-Christoph P. Gibbons M.B.C. Barber J. Hu B. Hearon B. Worley M. Gallop R.
Institution
(Crits-Christoph, Gibbons, Barber, Hu, Hearon, Worley) Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, United States.
(Gallop) Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, United
States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Predictors of sustained abstinence during psychosocial treatments for cocaine
dependence.
Source
Psychotherapy Research. 17(2)(pp 250-263), 2007. Date of Publication: Mar 2007.
Abstract
Using data from the National Institute of Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment
Study, the authors examined 24 patient pretreatment variables as predictors of outcome. The
most clinically meaningful outcome in the treatment of substance dependence - degree of
sustained abstinence - was used. Predictor variables included demographic features, aspects
of the disorder and the recovery environment, expectations about treatment, and beliefs about
addiction, relapse, and the 12-step philosophy. Four of the 24 examined variables - craving,
acuity of biomedical problems, belief in the 12-step philosophy, and expectations for
improvement - were significantly predictive of degree of sustained abstinence using a
Bonferroni-corrected alpha level. No significant interactions with treatment condition were
noted. The joint effect of the 4 predictor variables had a clinically meaningful impact on
outcome.
ISSN 1050-3307
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Psychotherapy Research
Volume 17
Issue Part 2
Page 250-263
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Mar 2007