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The Challenges of the Internet of Nano
Things
Sasitharan Balasubramaniam (Sasi)
([email protected])
Nano Communication Centre
Department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering
Tampere University of Technology
Department of Communications Engineering
Outline
• Nanotechnology
• Nanomachines
• Nano Communications
• Molecular Communications
• Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
• Applications of IoNT
• Plans for Horizon2020
Department of Communications Engineering
Nanotechnology
• Concept was first proposed by Richard Feyman in
1959 in his nobel prize acceptance speech
•
“Plenty of room at the bottom”
• Nanotechnology are devices on the scale of the
order of one billionth of a meter(10-9)
• Example materials: Graphene, Nanocrystallites,
Nanoparticles
• Numerous healthcare applications
• Improved monitoring of chronic diseases
• Accurate drug delivery
• Nanorobots that can perform surgery
• Other applications include Aeronautics,
Environmental Science
Department of Communications Engineering
Nanomachine to treat cancer
• Issue with current chemotherapy is
that drugs kill good cells
• Aim – deliver drug to targeted
areas
•
Cut the dosage down by hundred –
thousand times
• Developed at the University of
California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
• Honeycomb nanostructure that
holds the drug particles
• Valves releases particles.
Numerous approaches:
•
•
Chemical agent
Light
http://www.rsc.org
Department of Communications Engineering
DNA Nanorobot
• Developed at Wyss Institute
• Robotic device developed from
DNA
•
DNA origami – 3D shapes created
from folding DNA
• Two halves connected with a
hinge, and shut using DNA latches
• The latches can be designed to
recognize certain cell proteins and
disease markers
• Hold molecules with encoded
instructions (antibody fragments)
•
Used on two types of cancer cells
(leukemia and lymphoma)
http://wyss.harvard.edu
Department of Communications Engineering
Problems and Challenges
• Scale of nanodevices allows us to….
• Reach hard to access areas…..
• Access vital information at a whole new level (molecular
information)…..
• Devices of the future will be built from nanomaterials
• Limitation – limited functionalities!!
• Communication and networking between nanomachines would further
advance their capabilities and functionalities
Department of Communications Engineering
What is the answer…..???
Department of Communications Engineering
Nano Communications!
• Two broad Areas…………
o Electromagnetic (EM) Nano Communications
o Molecular Communications
Department of Communications Engineering
Molecular Communication
Nanomachine
Bacteria
I. F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blasquez, “Nanonetworks: A New Communication Paradigm”, Computer Networks, 52, 2008
• Sender nanomachines encode information into information molecules
(e.g. DNA, proteins, peptides)
• Information can be transmitted through diffusion or active transport
• Ability to create communication systems and networks using biological
components and processes that are found in nature
• Interdisciplinary research (nanotechnology, communication technology,
biochemistry, molecular biology)
Department of Communications Engineering
Diffusion-based Molecular
Communications
• Communication is performed
through diffusion of molecules
• Information is embedded into
the molecules
• Ideally this is suited to fluidic
medium
I. F. Akyildiz, J.M. Jornet, M. Pierobon,,"Nanonetworks: A New Frontier in Communications," Communications of the
ACM, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 84-89, November 2011.
Department of Communications Engineering
Bacteria Communication
Nanonetworks (1)
Bacteria can hold genetic information
(plasmids)
Mess. 2
Mess. 1
Bacteria can swim – possible attraction
through the process of chemotaxis
M. Eisenbach, “Bacterial Chemotaxis”, Encyclopedia of Life
Sciences, 2001
λRandom
A
Chemoattractant
B
20μm
λBiased
L. C. Cobo-Rus, I. F. Akyildiz, "Bacteria-based Communication in Nanonetworks", Nano Communication Networks, vol. 1, no. 4, pp.
244-256, December 2010.
Department of Communications Engineering
DTN Bacteria Nanonetworks
Opportunistic multi-hop routing in bacteria nanonetworks using chemotaxis and
conjugation.
Each Bacteria is akin to a mobile node.
Chemoattractant
3 Emitter
3
Chemoattractant
3
Bacteria with transferred
message
Bacteria conjugation
point
2
2
Relay Node
2
1
(a)
1
(b)
1
(c)
Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Pietro Lio’, Multi-hop Conjugation based Bacteria Nanonetworks,
IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, vol. 12, no. 1, March 2013.
Department of Communications Engineering
Smart Organ
• Through tissue engineering we
can develop various body parts
•
Tissues -> Organs (skin, bone)
• Using nanomaterial scaffolds,
we can grow cells on the
scaffold into tissue
• Utilizing 3D bioprinting to
develop organs
• Challenge – integration to the
existing system within the body
• Integrate sensors into the tissue
(Smart tissue)
•
www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk
Robert Langer (BBC, October
2013)
www.explainingthefuture.com
Department of Communications Engineering
Internet of Things
Environmental
Sensors
BAN
•
Physical Interconnection of devices, objects……integrated with virtual
interconnection of services
•
A large number of these devices are MINITIARIZED devices (sensors,
BAN)!!!
Department of Communications Engineering
Internet of NANO Things
Environmental
Sensors
BAN
•
MORE MINITIARIZED -> Interconnection of devices at Nanoscale AND
connection to the wider Internet
Department of Communications Engineering
IoNT Architecture
Services Layer
Context
Management layer
nanosensors
nanosensors
on
clothing
s
Sweat
Micro-gateway
Query routing
Phone
surface
sensors
–
nanosensors
nanosensors
Microgateway
Blood
Molecular
nanonetworks
Department of Communications Engineering
Pathogens
EM – nano
communicatio
n
Nano-sensors
For
environmental
monitoring
Chemicals
Allergens
IoNT Challenges: Context
Models
Raw
Data
Nano
Sensors
Micro
Sensors
Molecular Communication
Temperature
Pressure
Data
Collection
Services
Application
Services
Micro-
Context
Inference
and
Deduction
Context Model
Contains
Context
Broker
Bio medical
Gene
Ontology
Smart Office
Ontology
Nano
Sensors
Contains
User
Profile
PerformingAt
EM nano
Shopping Env.
Smart Home
Nano-sensor
Bacteria Nanonets
Calcium Signaling
Activity
Context
Processing
BAN2
Accelerometer
MicroContex
t
Contex
t
BAN
Contains
LocatedAT
Location
X-value
Y-value
Z-value
Service
Directory
Medical Condition
Contains
Device
Contains
Nano
Sensors
Bio nano-sensor
Cross domain ontologies
Ontologies and Knowledge base
(a)
Cross domains of heterogeneous knowledge bases
Department of Communications Engineering
(b)
Mobile Phone
IoNT Challenges: Service
Models
Application
Services A
MicroContext
ServiceComposition”Molecular Nets”
MicroContext
ServiceComposition”EM Nanonets”
ContextInteraction
Data
Collection
Services A2
ContextInteraction
MicroContext
Data
Collection
Services A1
EM Nanonets
Department of Communications Engineering
Molecular
Communications
• Multitude of nanodevices and micro-gateways
• Big data from nanoscale sensors and networks
• New distributed service models (lightweight
services)
Applications (1): Body Area
NanoNetworks (BAN2)
• New healthcare monitoring
approaches
• BAN -> BAN2
• Heterogeneous molecular
communication networks
• Short range (Calcium
signalling)
• Medium range
(Bacteria)
• Long range
(Hormones)
Nucleus
Cell
Message
biomolecule
Long
range
transmis
sion
Nucleus
Enzyme
protocols
Cell
Nucleus
Cell
Microgateway
Nucleus
Cell
Nucleus
Short range
transmissio
n
Synthetic
Nanosensor
Cell
Nucleus
Cell
Baris Atakan, Ozgur B. Akan, Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, Body Area NanoNetworks with Molecular Communications in
Nanomedicine, IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2012.
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Applications (2): Smart Cities
Smart Agriculture
• Contamination control
• Urban agriculture
(hydroponics)
Smart Transport
• Pollution control
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Smart Water
• Contamination control
• Infrastructure
monitoring (smart
pipes)
Smart Energy
• Monitoring of renewable
energy infrastructure
( graphene-based solar
panels)
• Monitoring of biofuel
production
EU FET Project Plan (1)
• Coordinated Support Action (FET OPEN2 - September 2014) Planned
submission September 2014 (7 partners including TSSG - WIT, Ireland
(coordinator); Koc, Turkey, TUT (Finland)........
• FET Open (FET OPEN1 - September 2014): Internet of Bacteria Things
• Collaborator: Prof. Ozgur B. Akan, Koc University
• Partners: University of Helsinki (Finland), Tampere University of
Technology (Finland), Koc University (Turkey), University of
Cambridge (UK), Tyndall Institute (Ireland)
• Objective: To realize a simple bacteria nanonetwork that interfaces
to the Internet (software services)
•
•
Bridge ICT to Molecular Biology World. Linking communication of
behaviour of bacteria to the software services in Telecommunications.
Bacteria communication will be conducted through wet lab experiments
(Univ. of Helsinki).
Department of Communications Engineering
EU FET Project Plan (2)
Services
Services
Services
Bacteria
Microgateway
Department of Communications Engineering
Conclusion
• Basics of Nanotechnology
• Examples of Nanomachines
• Nano Communication
•
•
Electro-magnetic Nano Communications
Molecular Communications
• Internet of Nano Things
•
•
Body Area Nanonetworks
Smart Cities Applications
• Plans for Horizon2020
Department of Communications Engineering