Download The American Journey: Modern Times

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Road to War
Section 2: War Begins
Section 3: On the Home Front
Section 4: War in Europe and Africa
Section 5: War in the Pacific
Visual Summary
The Road to War
Essential Question How did dictators acquire
and expand power in Europe in the 1930s?
War Begins
Essential Question How did peaceful nations
confront foreign aggressors in World War II?
On the Home Front
Essential Question In what ways did
American men, women, and minorities support
the war effort at home?
War in Europe and Africa
Essential Question What strategies did the
Allies pursue in Europe and Africa to defeat the
Axis Powers in World War II?
War in the Pacific
Essential Question What was the turning
point in the war in the Pacific, and what led up
to it?
How did dictators acquire and
expand power in Europe in the
1930s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• dictator
• totalitarian
• fascism
• appeasement
• anti-Semitism
Academic Vocabulary
• obtain
• unify
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Benito Mussolini
• Joseph Stalin
• Munich Conference
Rate your agreement with the following
statement:
The United States should take measures
to stop dictators from ruling in other
countries.
0%
D
D. Strongly disagree
C
C. Somewhat disagree
B
B. Somewhat agree
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
D.0% D0%
A
A. Strongly agree
The Rise of Dictators
Bitterness over the outcome of
World War I and serious economic
problems led to the rise of dictators
in several countries.
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• Adolf Hitler and other ruthless dictators rose
to power by taking advantage of people’s
fear, anger, and suffering in depressed
economic times.
• In Italy, Benito Mussolini made fascism
popular and forced Italy’s king to name
Mussolini the head of government.
– Mussolini ended democratic
rule and built up the military.
Rise of Nazism
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• Adolf Hitler, leader of the National Socialist
(Nazi) Party, blamed Jews for the problems
in Germany, and his anti-Semitism led to
unspeakable horrors.
– Hitler ended democracy and established a
totalitarian state.
Rise of Nazism
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• Japanese leaders, feeling they did not have
enough land or resources, invaded mineralrich Manchuria, a region of China, in 1931.
• In 1940, Japan joined Germany and Italy in
the “Axis” alliance.
• Joseph Stalin—who rose to power in the
Soviet Union in the late 1920s—used force
to obtain obedience from his
people.
Rise of Nazism
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• In America, Congress passed the Neutrality
Acts, which banned weapons sales and
loans to nations at war.
What was the name of Adolf Hitler’s
political party?
A. The Communist Party
B. The Nazi Party
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. The Socialist Party
B
C. The Fascist Party
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Germany on the March
Other European countries stood by
as Germany expanded its territory.
Germany on the March (cont.)
• In March 1936, Hitler ordered German
troops into the Rhineland.
• Hitler insisted that Austria be unified with
Germany and sent troops there in
March 1938.
Germany on the March (cont.)
• When Hitler declared it Germany’s right to
take over the German-speaking
Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, Britain and
France tried to avoid war through
appeasement.
– At the Munich Conference, British and
French leaders gave the Sudetenland to
Germany in exchange for Hitler’s pledge
that he would not expand any further.
Germany on the March (cont.)
– In March 1939, however, Hitler invaded
the rest of Czechoslovakia.
– Before invading Poland, Hitler signed the
Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact in
August 1939.
With what country did Germany sign
a nonaggression pact?
A. Czechoslovakia
B. Britain
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Russia
B
C. France
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
How did peaceful nations confront
foreign aggressors in World War II?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• blitzkrieg
• disarmament
Academic Vocabulary
• target
• fund
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Allied Powers
• Axis Powers
• Winston Churchill
• Atlantic Charter
• Pearl Harbor
Rate your agreement with the following
statement:
War could have been avoided if Europe’s
leaders had not tried to appease Hitler.
0%
D
D. Strongly disagree
C
C. Somewhat disagree
B
B. Somewhat agree
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
D.0% D0%
A
A. Strongly agree
War in Europe
World War II began in September
1939, when Germany invaded
Poland, and Great Britain and
France declared war on Germany.
War in Europe (cont.)
• France and Great Britain declared war on
Germany after Hitler sent his armies into
Poland on September 1, 1939.
• The Germans called their swift and fierce
attack on Polish targets a Blitzkrieg, or
lightning war.
America Prepares for War
War in Europe (cont.)
• In April 1940, the Netherlands and Belgium
asked the Allied Powers—Britain and
France—for help from the German attack but
were soon overwhelmed.
• In June 1940, the Germans crossed into
France. Italy joined the Germans and
attacked France from the southeast, and the
French surrendered after German troops
took Paris.
America Prepares for War
War in Europe (cont.)
• Germany, Italy, and Japan formed the
Axis Powers.
• In August 1940, the Germans began
bombing British air bases, shipyards,
and cities.
– Winston Churchill, the prime minister of
Great Britain, provided inspiration to his
people.
America Prepares for War
War in Europe (cont.)
• In June 1941, German forces invaded the
Soviet Union.
– As the Soviets retreated, Stalin ordered a
scorched-earth policy to make it harder for
Germans to supply their troops and to
keep advancing.
America Prepares for War
What was the Germans’ fast and
fierce style of attack referred to as?
A. The Allied Attack
B. The Axis Attack
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Scorched Earth
B
C. Blitzkrieg
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
America and the War
Wanting to defend democracy, the
United States gradually became
involved in the European conflict on
the side of the Allies.
America and the War (cont.)
• Although he vowed to remain neutral,
President Roosevelt prepared for war.
– In 1938, Congress strengthened the navy.
– The new Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed for
warring nations to purchase American
goods as long as they paid cash and
carried the goods on their own ships.
– In 1940, Roosevelt signed the Selective
Training and Service Act, the first
peacetime draft in United States history.
America and the War (cont.)
• Roosevelt ran for a third term as president in
1940 and won easily against Republican
Wendell Willkie.
• In March 1941, Congress passed the LendLease Act, which allowed the U.S. to sell,
lend, or lease weapons to any country vital
to the defense of the United States.
America and the War (cont.)
• In August 1941, Prime Minister Churchill and
President Roosevelt drew up the
Atlantic Charter, which set goals for the
world after the destruction of the Nazis.
– They urged disarmament and the
creation of a “permanent system of
general security.”
Why were isolationists opposed to the
Lend-Lease law?
A. Loans to other nations would
hurt the newly recovered economy.
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
A
A.
B.
C. It would bring America closer to war.
C.
0%
D. It favored the Germans.
D.
B
B. The U.S. might never get back
the military equipment lent to
other nations.
The Japanese Threat
The United States entered World
War II as a result of Japan’s attack
on the Pearl Harbor military base
in 1941.
The Japanese Threat (cont.)
• While Hitler and Mussolini waged war in
Europe, the Japanese made military
conquests in the Far East.
– Japan planned on taking the American
territory of the Philippines.
The Japanese Threat (cont.)
• In response, Roosevelt froze all Japanese
funds in U.S. banks and stopped the sale of
oil, gasoline, and other resources that Japan
lacked.
• On December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes
attacked the American military base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
– More than 2,300 soldiers, sailors, and
civilians were killed.
Shock at Pearl Harbor
The Japanese Threat (cont.)
– The next day, the United States declared
war on Japan.
– Japan’s allies—Germany and Italy—
declared war on the United States.
– The United States joined the Allied nations
and declared war on Germany and Italy.
Shock at Pearl Harbor
On which Axis power did the
United States first declare war?
A. Germany
B. Italy
0%
D
0%
C
A
B
C
0%
D
B
D. Russia
A
C. Japan
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
In what ways did American men,
women, and minorities support the
war effort at home?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• mobilization
• civil defense
• ration
• internment camp
Academic Vocabulary
• shift
• overseas
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• WACs
• WAVES
• Tuskegee Airmen
• bracero
• Nisei
Rate your agreement with the
following statement:
Women in the military should receive
the same tasks as men.
A
D. Strongly disagree
0%
0%
D
C. Somewhat disagree
A
B
C
0%
D
C
B. Somewhat agree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A. Strongly agree
America Prepares
The United States had to refocus its
economy to provide supplies for the
war effort.
America Prepares (cont.)
• More than 15 million Americans joined the
armed forces during the war, both as
volunteers and as draftees.
• About 250,000 women served in the WACs
(Women’s Army Corps), the WAVES
(Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency
Service in the Navy), and women’s units in
the marines, Coast Guard, and army
air corps.
America Prepares (cont.)
• New agencies were created to speed up
mobilization for war.
– The War Production Board supervised
automakers as they shifted from
manufacturing cars to producing trucks,
jeeps, and tanks.
– The Office of Price Administration
established limits on consumer prices and
rents to prevent inflation.
America Prepares (cont.)
– The National War Labor Board helped
resolve labor disputes that might slow
down war production.
• The Revenue Act of 1942 raised corporate
taxes and required individuals to pay income
taxes in order to help fund the war effort.
Which of the following was NOT an
agency created during World War II?
A. The War Production Board
0%
D
0%
C
D. The National War
Labor Board
A
B
C
0%
D
B
C. The Office of
Price Administration
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A
B. The Civilian
Conservation Corps
Wartime America
During World War II, Americans
faced hardships but united to help
the war effort.
Wartime America (cont.)
• For many American families, the war meant
separation from loved ones serving
overseas.
• With industries geared to producing goods to
fight the war, Americans faced shortages of
many consumer goods.
• The government issued coupons for
individuals to purchase certain items—such
as gasoline and meat—that were rationed.
Wartime America (cont.)
• Many Americans helped the war effort by
planting victory gardens, collecting scrap
metal, or joining in civil defense.
How did the American economy change
when the U.S. entered World War II?
A. Many women lost their jobs.
B. Factories shifted to
producing tanks.
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
B. B
C. African American workers
C.0% C0%
0%
faced discrimination.
D. D
D. The military began drafting workers.
Women and Minorities
World War II brought new
opportunities to women and
minorities, but inequalities
remained.
Women and Minorities (cont.)
• Women were needed to fill the vacancies in
the labor force left by men going to war.
• About 1 million African Americans served in
the armed forces during World War II.
• The 332nd Fighter Group, known as the
Tuskegee Airmen, shot down more than
200 enemy planes.
Women and Minorities (cont.)
• President Roosevelt established the Fair
Employment Practices Commission to
combat discrimination in industry.
• Thousands of Native Americans left
reservations to work in defense industries
and serve in the armed forces.
• A group of Navajo soldiers known as the
“code talkers” used a special code based on
the Navajo language to send messages that
the Japanese could not decipher.
Women and Minorities (cont.)
• More than 250,000 Latinos served in the
armed forces.
• The bracero program recruited thousands of
farm and railroad works from Mexico to work
in American industry.
Women and Minorities (cont.)
• Although about two-thirds of Japanese
Americans were Nisei—American citizens
who were born in the United States—many
people questioned their loyalty.
– President Roosevelt directed the army to
relocate more than 100,000 Japanese
Americans who lived on the West Coast to
internment camps.
Women and Minorities (cont.)
– In 1944 in Korematsu v. United States, the
Supreme Court upheld the order providing
for the relocation of Japanese Americans.
What did the Supreme Court decision of
Korematsu v. United States state?
A. Internment camps
were unconstitutional.
0%
D
0%
A
D. Survivors of internment camps
should receive $20,000.
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Japanese Americans could
not join the U.S. military.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Internment camps
were constitutional.
What strategies did the Allies pursue
in Europe and Africa to defeat the
Axis Powers in World War II?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• siege
• Holocaust
• genocide
• concentration camp
Academic Vocabulary
• concentrate
• tense
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• George Patton
• Operation Overlord
• D-Day
• V-E Day
• Harry S. Truman
Given the wartime situation, should
Japanese Americans have been put
into camps during World War II?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
North African Campaign
Allied armies fought a successful
campaign against Axis forces in
North Africa.
North African Campaign (cont.)
• Allied leaders decided to concentrate on
defeating Hitler before dealing with Japan.
• Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed to
attack Germany in North Africa first.
– In November 1942, the British defeated
German general Rommel at the battle of
El Alamein.
– British and American forces led by
General Dwight D. Eisenhower drove the
Germans out of North Africa in May 1943.
North African Campaign (cont.)
• American general George Patton and
British general Bernard Montgomery took
Rome, Italy, in June 1944.
Who commanded the German forces
in North Africa?
A. Dwight D. Eisenhower
B. George Patton
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Benito Mussolini
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Erwin Rommel
The Tide Turns in Europe
From 1944 to 1945, the Allies fought
a two-front war in Europe to defeat
the Nazis.
The Tide Turns in Europe (cont.)
• In 1941, German troops began a siege of
Leningrad that lasted 900 days; however, the
Germans could not take the city.
• The Germans were also unsuccessful in their
attempts to take Moscow, the Russian capital,
and Stalingrad, a major industrial port.
World War II in Europe and Africa
The Tide Turns in Europe (cont.)
• As the Soviets pushed toward Germany from
the east, the Allies were tense as they
prepared for Operation Overlord—the
invasion of occupied Europe.
• On June 6, 1944, or D-Day, the Allies began
their invasion of Europe.
• On August 25, 1944, French and American
troops liberated Paris.
D-Day, June 6, 1944
The Tide Turns in Europe (cont.)
• The Germans counterattacked in Belgium,
but were eventually defeated in the Battle of
the Bulge.
• Realizing the situation was hopeless,
Hitler committed suicide in Berlin on
April 30, 1945.
D-Day, June 6, 1944
The Tide Turns in Europe (cont.)
• Germany signed an unconditional surrender
on May 7, and the Allies declared May 8
V-E Day for “Victory in Europe.”
• President Roosevelt died suddenly on April
12, 1945, and Harry S. Truman became
president.
The day the Allies invaded France at the
province of Normandy is known as what?
A. Operation Overlord
B. The Battle of the Bulge
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. D-Day
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. V-E Day
The Holocaust
The Nazis increased their
persecution of the Jews and set up
death camps in an effort to kill all of
Europe’s Jewish population.
The Holocaust (cont.)
• The Nazis planned genocide—wiping out an
entire group of people—of the Jews.
• About 6 million Jews were killed in the
Holocaust, along with millions of others—
Slavs, Roma (Gypsies), communists,
homosexuals, and people with handicaps.
• When Hitler gained power in 1933, Jews were
quickly deprived of their rights and citizenship.
The Holocaust (cont.)
• On November 9, 1938, the Nazis killed
many Jews, burned Jewish places of
worship, destroyed Jewish shops, and
sent about 30,000 Jewish men to
concentration camps.
• The mass killing of Jews began when the
German army invaded the Soviet Union
in 1941.
The Holocaust (cont.)
• In January 1942, the Nazis agreed on what
they called the “final solution” to destroy
the Jews.
– In death camps—such as Auschwitz and
Treblinka—healthy prisoners became
slave laborers, while the elderly, disabled,
sick, and mothers and children were sent
to the gas chambers.
What people did the Nazis single out for
total extermination?
A. Jews
B. Japanese
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Communists
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Czechs
What was the turning point in the war
in the Pacific, and what led up to it?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• island hopping
• kamikaze
Academic Vocabulary
• secure
• conflict
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Douglas MacArthur
• Bataan Death March
• Battle of Midway
• Guadalcanal
• Battle of Leyte Gulf
• V-J Day
Should the United States have used
the atomic bomb against Japan?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Pacific Front
The Allies fought the Japanese for
four long years in the Pacific.
The Pacific Front (cont.)
• On the same day the Japanese attacked
Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombers struck
American airfields in the Philippines and on
the islands of Wake and Guam—key
American bases in the Pacific.
• American general Douglas MacArthur and
his Filipino and American troops were forced
to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula and the
small island fortress of Corregidor.
Amphibious Warfare
The Pacific Front (cont.)
• Allied troops surrendered after months of
fierce fighting, and more than 20,000 of the
troops died during the Bataan Death March
to a prison camp.
– General MacArthur had left for Australia to
command Allied forces in the Pacific two
months prior to the surrender in Bataan.
Amphibious Warfare
The Pacific Front (cont.)
• James Doolittle’s bombing raid of Tokyo and
the American victory in the Battle of the
Coral Sea helped improve low American
morale.
• The navy destroyed four Japanese aircraft
carriers and hundreds of airplanes in a
victory at the Battle of Midway.
War in the Pacific
The Pacific Front (cont.)
• General MacArthur and Admiral Chester
Nimitz adopted a strategy know as
island hopping—attacking and capturing
certain key islands.
– American forces met stiff resistance when
fighting for control of Guadalcanal, but the
Americans finally secured the island in
February 1943.
War in the Pacific
The Pacific Front (cont.)
– American forces captured Guam and
neighboring islands in June 1944.
– American ships destroyed most of the
Japanese fleet at the Battle of Leyte Gulf
in the Philippines in October 1944.
• In March and June of 1945, American forces
seized the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
• In desperation, the Japanese
unleashed suicide pilots known
War in the Pacific
as kamikazes.
What is the capital city of the
Philippines?
A. Guam
B. Guadalcanal
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Midway
B
C. Manila
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
The End of the War
American use of the atomic bomb
brought about Japan’s surrender in
the Pacific conflict.
The End of the War (cont.)
• Although faced with certain defeat, the
Japanese continued to fight.
• President Roosevelt created a top-secret
operation—the Manhattan Project—to create
the first atomic bomb.
• President Truman, who took office after
Roosevelt’s death, regarded the atomic
bomb as a military weapon and believed it
was his duty to use it to save American lives.
The End of the War (cont.)
• The Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration,
warning that if Japan did not surrender, they
faced “prompt and utter destruction.”
• On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped
an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of
Hiroshima. A second atomic bomb was
dropped on Nagasaki three days later.
– Between 80,000 and 120,000 people were
killed in Hiroshima, and the Nagasaki bomb
killed between 35,000 and 74,000 people.
The End of the War (cont.)
• Japan surrendered, and August 15, 1945,
was proclaimed V-J Day for “Victory over
Japan.”
• World War II was the most destructive
conflict in history, with more than 55 million
people losing their lives.
– American casualties—about 322,000 dead
and 800,000 injured—were high, but light
compared to other nations.
For what event was the Potsdam
Declaration a warning?
A. The atomic bomb attack on
Hiroshima
0%
D
0%
C
D. The Midway invasion
B
C. The D-Day invasion
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B. The attack on Pearl Harbor
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dictator
a leader who rules with total authority,
often in a cruel or brutal manner
fascism
a political system, headed by a
dictator, that calls for extreme
nationalism and racism and no
tolerance of opposition
anti-Semitism
hostility toward or discrimination
against Jews
totalitarian
a political system in which the
government suppresses all opposition
and controls most aspects of people’s
lives
appeasement
accepting demands in order to avoid
conflict
obtain
to gain
unify
to join together
blitzkrieg
name given to the sudden, violent
offensive attacks the Germans used
during World War II; “lightning war”
disarmament
removal of weapons
target
an object of attack
fund
source of money
mobilization
gathering resources and preparing
for war
ration
to give out scarce items on a limited
basis
civil defense
protective measures taken in case
of attack
internment camp
detention center where Japanese
Americans were moved to and
confined during World War II
shift
to move
overseas
across the ocean
siege
military blockade
genocide
the deliberate destruction of a racial,
political, or cultural group
Holocaust
the name given to the mass slaughter
of Jews and other groups by the
Nazis during World War II
concentration camps
prison camps used to hold people for
political reasons
concentrate
to focus one’s effort on something
tense
anxious or nervous
island hopping
a strategy used during World War II
that called for attacking and capturing
certain key islands and using these
islands as bases to leapfrog to others
kamikaze
during World War II, a Japanese
suicide pilot whose mission was to
crash into his target
secure
gain control
conflict
disagreement; war or prolonged
struggle
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