Download Taxonomy Based on Cell Structures

Classifying
Living Things
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How do we keep track of
all the organisms?
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What is Classification?
• Grouping by similar or shared
characteristics
Why do we classify?
3
When did we first start to
classify organisms?
• Before …
• Aristotle
• Others
• Linnaeus
•Developed system we use
today – Father of Taxonomy
•Classified by structure
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Carolus Linnaeus
•Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern
system of naming known as
binomial nomenclature
Two-name naming system
(Genus & species)
•
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What is a taxon or taxa?
• Group (groups) – arranged in
hierarchy
What is hierarchy?
• Rank
•
•
(order of progression)
Military
Royalty
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What are the taxa (groups)
we use to classify?
• In plants – “Division” is used instead of Phylum
• Phyla is the plural of phylum
• Genera is the plural of genus
Create a mnemonic –
D–K–P–C–O–F–G–s
(must memorize the order)
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain
Kingdom
BROADEST TAXON
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Most
species
What are some other
words that could be used
besides “broadest” and
“most specific”?
Specific
Using
SupraSub8
Using this Triangle
moving up & down taxa
D
K
P
C
O
F
The bottlenose dophin, Tursiops truncatus, and
the killer whale, Orcinus orca, both belong to the
same order Cetacea. Knowing this, you would
also expect them to also belong to the same ___.
G
s
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Class
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Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
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How do you write a scientific name
using binomial nomenclature?
Bi = 2
Nom = name
2-name naming system
The 2 names (taxa) used = Genus and species
• Genus – always capitalized
• Species – always lower case
• If written – underlined
• If typed – italics
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Examples
Escherichia coli
E. coli
Fragaria anassa
Felis domestica
Drosophila melangaster
Canis familiaris
Triticum aestivum
Musca domestica
Zea mays
Canis lupus
Naja naja
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Why not common names?
Why Latin or Greek?
• Unique names
• Avoids confusion
• Used
universally – can communicated
with everyone
• Latin and Greek – don’t change (“dead”)
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How do you show which organisms
share the most characteristics?
Today, modern taxonomy uses:
• Phylogenetic trees
• Cladograms
• Biochemical evidence
• DNA (gel electrophoresis)
• Protein data
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What is a phylogenetic tree?
“tree” that infers relationships based on
similarities and differences in physical or
genetic characteristics
How does it show shared
characteristics?
The closer the branches – …
The further apart the branches – …
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What is a cladogram?
Very similar to “tree”
Shows relations – not how ancestors are
related to descendants
Could infer several different “trees” from
1 cladogram
How does it show shared
characteristics?
The closer the branches – …
The further apart the branches – …
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Cladogram (clade = branch)
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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What is an electrophoresis gel?
Gel that shows fragments (bands) of DNA
Identical twins have the same banding patterns.
(same “bar code”)
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How does a gel show shared
characteristics?
The more shared bands …
Which 2 bears are more closely
related?
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How Do You Know?
Pick 2 bears to compare – Bear 1 and 2
Count their total # of bands = 9 (denominator)
Count # bands they have in common = 4 (numerator)
Put into a fraction =
4
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Convert to a decimal = 0.44 or 44%
Bear 1 and 2 are 44% similar
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Can you put this into a cladogram?
•1 & 2 = 44%
•2 & 3 = 50%
•1 & 3 = 88%
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You TRY - Comparing DNA evidence
• Can compare differences
• Take 2 groups
•
# 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
• = % different
• Can compare similarities
• Take 2 groups
•
# 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
• = % similar
• Who goes where?
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Amino acids make up proteins
Directions for proteins come from DNA
How does amino acids show shared
characteristics?
The more amino acids
in common …
Be careful – Can you
tell why?
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Practice
Which are the most similar? Different?
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Membrane-bound
organelles ABSENT
•
•
•
Nuclear membrane
ABSENT around
genetic material
ALL CELLS
Cell membrane present
Genetic material present - DNA
Ribosomes present
1st way to split living things – contents of their cells
Nuclear membrane
PRESENT &
surrounds genetic
material
Membrane-bound
organelles present
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Life classified into 3 Domains
Living Things
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Domain
Eukarya
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From
Domains
to
Kingdoms
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Domain - ARCHAEA
• Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1 cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
st
–Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acidic
–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt
Lake) - Halophiles
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ARCHAEAN
Thermus
aquaticus
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Domain BACTERIA
• Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
• Many beneficial
•Important decomposers for environment
•Commercially important in making cottage
cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
•Give nitrogen to plants
•E.coli – gut flora
• Some may cause DISEASE
(pathogenic)
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Live in the intestines of animals
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Domain Eukarya is Divided
into 4 Kingdoms
•Protista [protozoans (animal-like), algae
(plant-like), slime molds (fungi-like)…]
•Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts, molds,
mildews …)
•Plantae (multicellular plants – mosses,
ferns, conifers, flowering plants)
•Animalia (multicellular animals –
invertebrates & vertebrates)
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom - Protista
• Most are unicellular
• Some are multicellular (but
no true tissues)
• Some are autotrophic,
others are heterotrophic
• Some have cell walls,
others do not
• Plant-like = algae &
phytoplankton
• Animal-like = protozoans
• Fungi-like = slime molds
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom -
• Multicellular, except
yeast
• Absorptive
Fungi
heterotrophs (digest
food outside their body &
then absorb it)
• Cell walls made of
chitin
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom -
Plantae
•Multicellular (with
true tissues & division
of labor)
•Autotrophic
• Absorb sunlight to make
•Cell walls made of
glucose – Photosynthesis
cellulose
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Domain Eukarya, Kingdom - Animalia
• Multicellular (with true
tissues & division of labor)
• Ingestive heterotrophs –
EAT
• (consume food & digest it inside their
• No cell walls
bodies)
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What does this information look like
in a table?
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What are these energy conversions?
Members of which kingdoms carry
these processes out?
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What molecules can the organelles of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells make?
Ribosome
s
Which
organelles
produce
proteins?
Chloroplasts
Which
Mitochondr
organelles
ia
produce ATP?
Which
Smooth ER
organelles
produce lipids?
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