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Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Latin IB Final Exam Review Packet Test Date: 6/3/13 Points: 100 In order to gage whether or not you are adequately prepared for Latin II, you will be taking a cumulative final exam on Monday, June 3rd. The exam will cover all the grammatical concepts we have covered this school year. This exam is not intended to fail or stress anyone out; it lets us know whether you are ready to move on to the next level of Latin. Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Exam Format Noun Declensions (36 pts): You will need to fully decline and translate two 3rd declension nouns. The nouns could be any gender, so be sure to study up! Verb Conjugations (24 pts): You will need to conjugate and translate 2 irregular verbs Grammar (10 pts): You will be given 10 English sentences with 1 word underlined which you willi need to translate into Latin. Ex: They call the boy: __vocant__ Adverb Formation (10 pts): You will be given 10 adjectives (both 1st/2nd and 3rd declension adjectives) from which you will need to create their adverb counterpart. Imperatives (10 pts): You will need to form the singular and plural imperatives of five verbs. One will be an irregular imperative. Prepared Translations (20 pts.): You will be given a translation from the textbook that you will need to translate into English. You will be given any vocabulary words that have not been covered in the textbook. At-sight translation (20 pts): You will be given a Latin passage that you will need to translate into English. The passage will be one that you have not seen before and will include all grammatical concepts and vocabulary that we covered this year. Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Cases Explanation: In Latin, each noun in a sentence has a specific “job”, just like it’s a teacher’s job within a school to teach. Each job is called a case. There are 6 cases in Latin. They are: Nominative: Nouns that are in the nominative case are the SUBJECTS of the sentence (Ex: The dog runs. Dog = subject --> Nominative case) Genitive: Nouns that indicate POSSESSION or OWNERSHIP. They are translated as “of ___” (Ex: The beauty of the girl is known to all. Girl = noun of possession --> Genitive case) Dative: The INDIRECT OBJECTS of a sentence. They answer the question “to whom/for whom” and are translated as “to/for” (Ex: The child gives a flower to the mother. Mother = indirect object --> Dative case) Accusative: The DIRECT OBJECTS of a sentence. Direct objects “receive the action”. (Ex: The child gives a flower to the mother. Flower = direct object --> Accusative case) Ablative: Typically, the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION. If there is no preposition present, can be translated as “by/with/from”. (Ex: The children sit in school. School = object of the preposition (in) --> Ablative case) Vocative: Nouns of DIRECT ADDRESS. Nouns in this case are the people/group that are being directly spoken to. (Ex: Child, why are you sad? Child = noun of direct address --> Vocative case) Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Noun Declensions Explanation: In Latin, certain endings are added to nouns to indicate what case they are in. Each list of singular and plural case endings is called a “declension”. We have learned 3 declensions this year. 1st Declension: 1st declension nouns are typically feminine in gender. You can tell if a noun is first declension by looking at its nominative and genitive singular endings. A 1st declension nominative singular ending will end in “a” and its genitive ending will end in “ae”. For example: puella, puellae, f. is a 1st declension noun. 1st declension endings are: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Singular Plural -a -ae -ae -am -a -a -ae -arum -is -as -is -ae When you decline a noun, you do two things: First, find the base and then add the endings. To find the base, just look at the genitive form and drop -ae. For example, if you were declining puella, puellae, you would look at puellae and drop -ae, making your base puell-. From there, you add the endings! Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Ex: puella, puellae, f. (girl) Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. puella puellae puellae puellam puella puella Plural puellae puellarum puellis puellas puellis puellae To translate each form, follow this model: Nom.: “the girl” Gen.: “of the girl” Dat.: “to/for the girl” Acc.: “the girl (after the verb)” Abl.: “by/with/from the girl” Voc: “girl” Try one on your own: Ex: cena, cenae, f. (dinner) Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Plural Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 2nd Declension: 2nd declension nouns can be either masculine or neuter in gender. You can tell if a noun is second declension masculine by looking at its nominative and genitive forms. If its nominative form ends in -us and its genitive form ends in -i, then it is a 2nd declension masculine noun. You can tell if a noun is second declension neuter by also looking at its nominative and genitive forms. If its nominative form ends in -um and its genitive form ends in -i, then it is a 2nd declension neuter noun. It is important to recognize its gender because there are two sets of endings. The endings for 2nd declension masculine nouns are: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Singular Plural -us -i -o -um -o -e -i -orum -is -os -is -i You decline a 2nd declension noun the same as the first, by looking at the genitive form, dropping -i, then adding the endings. Ex: colonus, coloni, m. Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. colonus coloni colono colonum colono colone Plural coloni colonorum colonis colonos colonis coloni Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Try one on your own: Ex: hortus, horti, m. (garden) Singular Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. The endings for 2nd declension neuter nouns are: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Singular Plural -um -i -o -um -o -um -a -orum -is -a -is -a Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Ex: bellum, belli, n. (war) Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. bellum belli bello bellum bello bellum Plural bella bellorum bellis bella bellis bella Try one on your own: Ex: caelum, caeli, n. (sky, heaven) Singular Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. 3rd Declension (Masculine/feminine): 3rd declension nouns can be any gender, but 3rd declension masculine and feminine nouns have the same endings. 3rd declension nouns are different from 1st and 2nd declension ones because they do not have a set nominative case. The nominative form is your “freebie”. To decline a 3rd declension noun, you must look at the genitive form to find the base for the rest of your cases. The genitive singular form will also tell you if your noun is 3rd declension or not. The genitive singular form of 3rd Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 declension nouns will always end in -is. The endings for 3rd declension masculine/feminine nouns are: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Singular Plural ----is -i -em -e ---- -es -um -ibus -es -ibus -es Ex: mons, montis, m. (mountain) Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Singular Plural mons montis monti montem monte mons montes montum montibus montes montibus montes Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Try one on your own: Ex: hiems, hiemis, f. (winter) Singular Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. 3rd declension (Neuter): 3rd declension neuter nouns are very similar to masculine and feminine nouns, but with a few differences in the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms. You still can tell if the noun is 3rd declension by seeing if its genitive singular form ends in is. To know whether a 3rd declension noun is a neuter noun, you must memorize its gender. The endings for 3rd declension neuter nouns are: Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Singular Plural ----is -i ----e ---- -a -um -ibus -a -ibus -a Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Ex: carmen, carminis, n. (song) Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Singular Plural carmen carminis carmini carmen carmine carmen carmina carminum carminibus carmina carminibus carmina Try one on your own: Ex: foedus, foderis, n. (treaty) Singular Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Voc. Plural Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Adjectives Explanation: Adjectives do not have a set gender. Adjectives match the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case. Ex: laetus, -a, -um Ex: If I wanted to say “the happy girl”, you would say: laeta puella Sometimes the adjectives and nouns will not look exactly the same (“fraternal twins”), but the important thing is that the noun and adjective match in gender, number, and case. Ex: She is proud of the good treaty.: foederis boni (Genitive singular neuter) Personal Possessive Adjectives Personal possessive adjectives must also match the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. The personal possessive adjectives that we have discussed are: Ex: meus, -a, -um: my tuus, -a, -um: your noster, nostra, nostrum: our vester, vestra, vestrum: your Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Adverbs Explanation: Many adverbs can be formed from adjectives. We do the same thing in English. For instance, the word “happy” describes a noun and the word “happily” describes an action. To form an adverb from a 1st or 2nd declension adjective, do two things: find the base and add -e. Ex: laetus, -a, -um: laete (happily) Try one on your own: Ex: iratus, -a, -um: To form an adverb from a 3rd declension noun, find the base and add -iter. The exception is when the base of the adjective ends in nt, in which you just add -er. Ex: tristis, triste (sad) --> tristiter (sadly) Try one on your own: Ex: felix, felicis: Verb Conjugations Explanation: In Latin, certain endings are added to the base of verbs to tell who is performing the action. Pronouns like “I” or “he” Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 are not frequently used. There are endings for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person singular and plural. The ending indicates who is performing the action. When translating verbs, make sure to check the ending! When you are given a verb, you get two principle parts: the first person singular form and the infinitive. There are 4 “groups” of verbs, called conjugations. 1st Conjugation: 1st conjugation verbs are those whose infinitives end in -are. The endings for first conjugation verbs are: -o -s -t -mus -tis -nt The translations for these endings are: -o -s -t -mus -tis -nt “I” “you” “he/she/it” OR a singular noun “we” “y’all” “they” OR a plural noun To conjugate a verb, you do two things: first, find the base and then add the endings. To find the base of a 1st conjugation verb, you look at the infinitive and drop -re. Then, you add the endings. Then you are able to translate each verb. The only exception is the 1st person singular, which is your “freebie”. Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Ex: libero, liberare (to free) Conjugation Translation libero liberas liberat liberamus liberatis liberant “I free” “you free” “he/she/it frees” “we free” “you all free” “they free” Try one on your own: Ex: tempto, temptare (to try) Conjugation 2nd Conjugation: Translation The infinitives of 2nd conjugation verbs end in ere. The endings and translations for 2nd conjugation verbs are the same as 1st conjugation verbs. Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Ex: teneo, tenere (to hold) Conjugation Translation teneo tenes tenet tenemus tenetis tenent “I hold” “you hold” “he/she/it hold” “we hold” “you all hold” “they hold” Try one on your own: Ex: exerceo, exereo (to exercise, train) Conjugation Translation Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 3rd Conjugation: The infinitives of 3rd conjugation verbs in in ere. Conjugating a 3rd conjugation verb is a little different than what you do for 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs. Instead of dropping -re, you now drop -ere. The endings are also slightly different. They are: -o -imus -is -itis -it -unt Ex: cano, canere (to sing) Conjugation Translation cano canis canit canimus canitis canunt “I sing” “you sing” “he/she/it sings” “we sing” “you all sing” “they sing” Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Try one on your own: Ex: contendo, contendere (to walk, march, hasten) Conjugation Translation 4th Conjugation: 4th conjugation verbs end in -ire. To conjugate a 4th conjugation verb just drop -re and add the same endings as 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.. Ex: circumvenio, circumvenire (to surround) Conjugation Translation circumvenio circumvenis circumvenit circumvenimus circumvenitis circumveniunt “I surround” “you surround” “he/she/it surrounds “we surround” “you all surround” “they surround” Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Try one on your own: Ex: custodio, custodire (to guard) Conjugation Translation Irregular Verbs Explanation: Just like in the English language, there are a few irregular verbs that you simply must need to memorize. We focused on three this year. sum, esse (to be) Conjugation Translation Singular Singular sum es est sumus estis sunt I am you are he/she/it is we are you all are they are Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 possum, posse (can/to be able) Conjugation Translation Singular Singular possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt I am able you are able he/she/it is able we are able you all are able they are able eo, ire (to go) Conjugation eo is it imus itis eunt Translation I go you go he/she/it goes we go you all go they go volo, velle (I wish, am willing) Conjugation Volo Vis Vult Volumus Vultis Volunt Translation I wish you wish he/she/it wish we wish y’all wish they wish Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Nolo, nolle (I do not wish, I refuse) Conjugation Nolo Non vis Non vult Nolumus Non vultis Nolunt Translation I refuse you refuse he/she/it refuses we refuse y’all refuse they refuse Infinitives Explanation: Infinitives are verbs that end in -re. They are translated into English as “to _____”. Infinitives are typically used with verbs such as: want, desire, ought/must, order, or decide. Ex: iuvare: to help tenere: to hold currere: to run audire: to listen Try a few on your own: imperare __________ iacere __________ habere __________ to answer _________ to sail __________ to work __________ Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Imperatives Explanation: Imperatives are the forms of verbs that are orders or commands. For example, if I said, “Listen to me”, I am commanding people to listen so the word “listen” would be the imperative. There are 2 imperative forms: singular and plural. The singular imperative is used when commanding only 1 person to do something. To find the singular imperative of a verb you drop -re from the infinitive. For example, to command one person to prepare (parare), you would say “para”. Ex: navigare: to sail Imperative singular: naviga (sail) Try one on your own: Ex: laborare: to work Imperative singular: To form the plural imperative, you do two things: drop -re from the infinitive and then add -te. Ex: docere (to teach) Imperative plural: docete (teach) Try one on your own: Ex: festinare (to hurry) Imperative plural: The exception to the rule is 3rd conjugation. For the 3rd conjugation plural imperative, drop -ere from the infinitive and add -ite. Ex: currere (to run) Imperative plural: currite (run) Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Try one on your own: Ex: dimittere (to send away) Imperative plural: The irregular verb “sum, esse” (to be) also has irregular imperatives. Both the singular and plural imperative is translated as “Be”. The word that usually follows is an adjective. The singular imperative is: Es/esto (If the word that follows begins with a vowel, use “es”; if the word that follows begins with a consonant, use “esto”) Ex: Esto laetus, colonus! Be happy, farmer! Try a few on your own: Ex: Es irata, puella! ______________ Ex: Be safe, children! ______________ Use the plural imperative if you are commanding more than one person to do something: Este Ex: Este laeti, coloni! (Be happy, farmers!) Try one on your own: Ex: Este magni, viri! ______________ Ex: Be brave, comrades! ______________ Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Other irregular Imperatives: Ducere Dicere Ferre Facere Duc Dic Fer Fac Ducite Dicite Ferte Facite =Lead =Say =Carry/Bear =Make Compound Verbs Explanation: Compound verbs are verbs that have a preposition attached as a prefix. It only slightly changes the meaning of the verb it’s attached to. Some prefixes that we have seen are: con-: together re-: back or again Ex: abeo I go away from Try one on your own: Ex: convocas ____________ Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 Personal Pronouns Explanation: Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Just like regular nouns in Latin, pronouns have different forms for each case. The ones we discussed are: Nominative: ego: I tu: you illa: she ille: he id: it nos: we vos: y’all ei: they (m.) eae: they (f.) Accusative: me: me te: you eum: him eam: her id: it nos: us vos: y’all eos/eas/ea: them Ablative: me: b/w/f me te: b/w/f you eo: b/w/f him/it ea: b/w/f her nobis: b/w/f us vobis: b/w/f y’all eis: b/w/f them Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns “reflect” the subject of a sentence, meaning that they refer back to the subject. For example, “I call myself a friend.” Contains the reflexive pronoun “myself” which refers back to the subject “I”. The reflexive pronouns in Latin are: Ms. Farrell 2008-2009 Myself: me Yourself: te Himself: ipse (or se) Herself: ipsa (or se) Itself: ipsum (or se) Ourselves: nos Yourselves: Vos Themselves: Se Demonstrative Pronouns Explanation: Demonstrative Pronouns specify (or demonstrate!) which noun is being referred. For example, “THIS student” instead of just “the student”. Singular = This Plural = These Nom. hic, haec, hoc (this) hi, hae, haec (these) Gen. huius x3 (of this) horum, harum, horum (of these) Dat. huic x3 (to/for this) his x3 (to/for these) Acc. hunc, hanc, hoc (verb this) hos, has, haec (verb these) Abl. hoc, hac, hoc (by/with/from this) his x3 (b/w/f these) Prepositions Explanation: Prepositions introduce a prepositional phrase and WHERE TOWARDS an action is intended. Objects of prepositions Ms. Farrell Brouse 2013 can either be in the accusative or ablative case. The following is a list of prepositions that take the accusative case: Ad: to/towards In: into Prope: near Circum: round Per: through/throughout Ante: before Post: after The following prepositions take the ablative case: A/ab: from De: down from E/ex: out of Cum: with In: in/on Sub: under Please see me if you have any questions about the exam!! Good luck studying!!!!!! :)