Download 08GWHMT Chapter 04

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Europe in the Middle
Ages
Section 2: Early American
Civilizations
Visual Summary
What advancements will be
made in your lifetime?
El Caracol at Chichén Itzá, shown in
this photo, was used by the Maya and
the Toltec to measure the movement of
the moon, stars, and planets. Built
without metal tools, the windows of the
observatory were placed at precise
points in relation to the planets. In this
chapter you will learn how people on
different continents at different times
tried to understand their place in the
universe through science and religion.
• Why do you think studying the moon,
stars, and planets was important to
the Maya and the Toltec?
• How do people today try to
understand the universe?
Europe in the Middle
Ages
How do changes in the size
of a population affect a
society?
Early American
Civilizations
Why might several
civilizations develop in a
certain area?
The BIG Idea
New Technologies New farming practices led to
population growth, and architectural innovation made
Gothic cathedrals possible.
Content Vocabulary
• manor
• commercial capitalism
• serf
• Inquisition
• money economy
• new monarchies
Academic Vocabulary
• technology
• corporation
People and Places
• Venice
• Hildegard of Bingen
• Papal States
• Saint Francis of Assisi
• Pope Gregory VII
• Rome
• Henry IV
• Avignon
Do religious leaders influence the
policies of governments in the world
today?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Peasants, Trade, and Cities
New innovations in farming and more
stability led to the increase in trade and
the rise of cities.
Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)
• The European population doubled in size
between 1000 and 1300.
• The large population increase in Europe was
due in part to a more peaceful environment
and changes in technology.
• Food production was increased by using iron
to make scythes, axes, hoes, and the
carruca.
Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)
• Europeans also started using three-field
rotations, harnessing wind and water, and
using animal power to save labor and
produce more crops.
• The manor was an agricultural estate run by
a lord and worked by peasants.
Organization of a Manor
Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)
• Serfs were peasants who were legally
bound to the land. They had to provide labor
and pay rents, and were subject to the lord’s
control.
• Peasants lived in cottages that generally
consisted of one or two rooms.
Organization of a Manor
Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)
• Peasant women had to work in the field,
raise children, and manage the household.
• The seasons of the year dictated peasant
activities, which depended on the harvests.
Organization of a Manor
Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)
• Cities in Western Europe led a revival of
trade during the 1000s and 1100s.
• Venice had a fleet of trading ships and was
a major trading center in the Mediterranean.
• As trade increased, demand for gold and
silver coins increased. Eventually, a money
economy replaced the barter system.
Medieval Trade Routes
Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)
• New trading companies and banking firms
led to the economic system of commercial
capitalism.
• The revival of trade led to a revival of cities.
Merchants and artisans moved into these
newly revitalized cities and became known
as bourgeoisie.
Medieval Trade Routes
Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)
• The revival of trade allowed cities to become
centers for manufacturing.
• People began to organize business
associations or guilds based on a particular
skill.
Medieval Trade Routes
What enabled Venice to become a
major trading center?
A. Development of a
mercantile fleet
B. Low taxes
C. Use of silver coins
D. Influence of Muslim trade
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
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D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
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D
Medieval Christianity and Culture
The Catholic Church had political as
well as religious power.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• The popes of the Catholic Church had
political and religious control over the Papal
States in central Italy.
• Pope Gregory VII wanted to free the Church
of political interference from lords and kings
in the appointment of Church officials.
• Henry IV of Germany disagreed with the
pope’s view, but the new papal policy was
issued.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• Papal power was strengthened under Pope
Innocent III, who believed the pope was the
supreme judge of European affairs.
• During the late 1000s and early 1100s,
women and men joined religious orders in
great numbers.
• The Cistercian order took their religion
outside the monastery to the people, which
was contrary to the Benedictine monks, who
spent their time inside the monastery in
personal prayer.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• Intellectual women such as Hildegard of
Bingen joined convents. She became an
abbess in western Germany.
• In the 1200s the Franciscans were founded
by St. Francis of Assisi. The Franciscans
became popular for their missionary work
and devotion to the poor.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• The Dominican order was founded by
Dominic de Guzmán. The Dominicans were
dedicated to defending the Church from
heresy.
• To deal with heretics, the Church created the
Inquisition. This court held regular
proceedings to find and try heretics.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• The Church in the High Middle Ages played
a vital role in the lives of Europeans and
people relied on the Church to receive
sacraments.
• Saints were very popular with Christians and
were revered by the people.
• Christians took pilgrimages to holy shrines.
The two most popular shrines were in Rome
and Santiago de Compostela.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• Because of the influence of the Church and
pilgrimages, many new churches were built
in medieval Europe.
• Romanesque churches required massive
pillars to hold up the stone roofs, and had
little light due to the lack of windows.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• A new style, called Gothic, utilized ribbed
vaults and flying buttresses to allow for
higher ceilings and thinner walls. Gothic
cathedrals were spectacular churches with
stained-glass windows.
Gothic Architecture
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• The High Middle Ages saw the rise of
universities.
• The first European university was
established at Bologna, Italy. Soon,
universities were set up in Paris, France,
and Oxford, England.
• Students studied liberal arts, and then could
move on to study law, medicine, or theology.
Theology was the most highly regarded
subject.
Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)
• New literature began to be written in
vernacular, or everyday speech, instead of
in Latin.
• The most popular vernacular literature of the
twelfth century was troubadour poetry.
• The chanson de geste, or the heroic epic,
was also popular.
What new style of architecture
allowed the use of stained-glass
windows in medieval churches?
A. Gothic
B. Romanesque
C. Vernacular
D. Cistercian
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
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D
C
0%
D
The Late Middle Ages
Wars, disease, and turmoil in the
Church brought changes in the 1300s.
The Late Middle Ages (cont.)
• During the 1300s, the Black Death killed
millions of Europeans.
• The Black Death’s most common form was
the bubonic plague, which was spread by
rats infested with fleas.
• The plague generally followed trade routes.
It devastated crowded cities, and entire
villages in Germany and England
disappeared.
The Late Middle Ages (cont.)
• Effects of the Black Death
− Decline in trade
− Labor shortages
− Less demand for food
− Decline of serfdom
The Late Middle Ages (cont.)
• Near the end of the 1200s, European kings
began to reject the papal claims of
supremacy.
• After the death of Pope Boniface VIII, King
Philip IV of France secured the election of a
French pope who moved to Avignon.
• Popes lived in Avignon instead of Rome until
Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377.
The Late Middle Ages (cont.)
• After Gregory’s death, the Italians elected an
Italian pope and a group of French cardinals
elected a French pope.
• The existence of two popes caused the
Great Schism and divided Europe.
• The schism ended in 1417, but by then the
Church had lost much of its political and
religious power.
The Late Middle Ages (cont.)
• The Hundred Years’ War began in 1337
between France and England.
• The nature of warfare changed as English
archers, using longbows, devastated the
French knights at the battles of Crécy and
Agincourt.
• The French, with the help
of Joan of Arc, eventually won
the war in 1453.
Hundred Years’ War
The Late Middle Ages (cont.)
• In the 1400s, rulers in France, England, and
Spain attempted to centralize power and
establish new monarchies.
• The Holy Roman Empire did not develop
strong monarchies and Germany remained a
land of independent states.
• Eastern Europe was also unable to
centralize due to religious and political
differences.
What was the Great Schism?
A. A decree by the French
king against papal supremacy
B. The existence of two popes
0%
D
C
B
D. Another name for the
Black Death
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
0%
D. D
A
C. The trial of heretics by
the Inquisition
The BIG Idea
Order and Security The Maya, Aztec, and Inca
developed sophisticated civilizations in Mesoamerica
and South America.
Content Vocabulary
• tribute
• quipu
Academic Vocabulary
• major
• region
People and Places
• Mesoamerica
• Tenochtitlán
• Yucatán
Peninsula
• Inca
• Maya
• Toltec
• Aztec
• Pachacuti
• Ecuador
• Cuzco
• Machu Picchu
Hundreds of years from now, future
generations will be able to completely
understand our society by studying
our artifacts.
A. Agree
A. A
B. B
A
0%
0%
B
B. Disagree
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
The Maya and the Toltec ruled
Mesoamerica for nearly nine centuries.
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)
• Mesoamerica is the area of modern Mexico
and Central America where ancient empires
flourished before the Spaniards arrived.
• The Olmec are considered the oldest
civilization in Mesoamerica.
• After the decline of the Olmec civilization, a
major civilization arose on the
Yucatán Peninsula.
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)
• The Maya were one of the most
sophisticated civilizations in the Americas.
• Maya cities were built around a central
pyramid topped with a temple to the gods. To
the Maya, all life was in the hands of the
gods.
• Maya society included nobles, scribes,
artisans, merchants, and peasant farmers.
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)
• The Maya created a sophisticated writing
system based on hieroglyphs and a 365-day
calendar.
• The Toltec came to power after the Maya
civilization declined.
• The Toltec built pyramids and palaces, and
worked with gold, silver, and copper.
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)
• The Toltec were a warlike people who
controlled the upper Yucatán Peninsula for
centuries.
• The Aztec established their capital of
Tenochtitlán on a swampy island in Lake
Texcoco.
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)
• The Aztec kingdom was not a centralized
state, but a collection of territories that were
governed by local lords who paid tribute to
the Aztec ruler.
• Aztec society included nobles who served in
the military, government, or priesthood.
• Most people were commoners, indentured
workers, and slaves. Merchants traded
extensively.
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)
• The Aztec believed in many gods. Their
religion was based on an unending struggle
between good and evil.
• At the center of Tenochtitlán was a massive
pyramid that contained shrines to the gods
and an altar for performing human sacrifices.
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)
• Tenochtitlán formed an alliance with two
other city-states that enabled them to
dominate an empire that included today’s
Mexico and south to the Guatemalan border.
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500
Which group of people had a
sophisticated writing system and
accurate calendar?
A. Olmec
B. Maya
C. Toltec
D. Aztec
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
South American Civilizations
The Inca civilization dominated South
America.
South American Civilizations (cont.)
• The Chavin, Nazca, and Moche cultures
existed in South America before the Inca
came to power.
• In the fifteenth century, the Inca rose to
power under the powerful leadership of
Pachacuti.
• The empire extended from Ecuador to
central Chile, with some
12 million inhabitants.
Cultures of South America,
A.D.
700–1530
South American Civilizations (cont.)
• The Inca state was built on war and
conquered areas were kept under strict
control.
• The Inca were great builders. The empire
was connected by an extensive road system,
and the buildings and monuments in the
capital city of Cuzco impressed European
visitors.
Cultures of South America,
A.D.
700–1530
South American Civilizations (cont.)
• The ruins of the abandoned city of Machu
Picchu demonstrate the architectural genius
of the Inca, who used close-fitting stones
without mortar.
• The Inca had no writing system, but kept
records using a system of knotted strings
called quipu.
Cultures of South America,
A.D.
700–1530
Which of the following was not a
characteristic of Inca civilization?
A. Irrigation techniques
B. Writing system
C. Advanced methods
in architecture
D. Extensive road system
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
EUROPE in the Middle Ages
• Farming inventions and
efficient use of land
contributed to population
growth.
• As trade grew, cities
expanded and became
manufacturing and trade
centers.
• The Catholic Church played a dominant role in the
lives of people during the Middle Ages.
EUROPE in the Middle Ages
• New technological
innovations during the High
Middle Ages led to the
building of Gothic cathedrals,
one of the period’s great
artistic triumphs.
• The Black Death caused
major economic and social
changes in the Late Middle Ages.
THE AMERICAS
• Unique civilizations
developed as people
spread through North and
South America.
• Because of the variety of
climate and geographic
features, many different
cultures emerged in the
Americas.
• In Mesoamerica, the Olmec, Maya, Toltec, and
Aztec developed influential civilizations.
THE AMERICAS
• In South America, the Inca
established a sophisticated
civilization, with sharp
social and political
divisions.
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manor
in medieval Europe, an agricultural
estate that a lord ran and peasants
worked
serf
in medieval Europe, a peasant legally
bound to the land who had to provide
labor and pay rents, and was subject
to the lord’s control
money economy
an economic system based on money
rather than barter
commercial capitalism
economic system in which people
invest in trade or goods to make
profits
Inquisition
a court established by the Catholic
Church in 1232 to discover and try
heretics; also called the Holy Office
new monarchy
in the fifteenth century, government in
which power had been centralized
under a king or queen, e.q., France,
England, and Spain
technology
the science or study of the practical or
industrial arts; applied sciences
corporation
form of business organization that
has a separate legal entity with all the
rights and responsibilities of an
individual, including the right to buy
and sell property, enter into legal
contracts, and sue and be sued
tribute
goods or money paid by conquered
peoples to their conquerors
quipu
a system of knotted strings used by
the Inca people for keeping records
major
great; significant in size or importance
region
a broad geographic area
distinguished by similar features
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