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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ The Tree of Life Study Guide Answer Key SECTION 1. THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 10. organisms or species physical similarities taxa organisms or species binomial nomenclature a scientific name or two-part Latin name In a hierarchy; each level is nested, or included, in the level above it. From kingdom to species, the taxa become more and more specific; broad to specific. Seven taxa: a. kingdom; b. phylum; c. class; d. order; e. family; f. genus; g. species The technology at the time did not allow Linnaeus to examine organisms at the molecular or genetic level. Unrelated species can evolve similar traits through convergent evolution. These types of similarities are more likely the result of species sharing a common ancestor than are physical similarities. naming, classifying Latin genus, species 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. group of organisms has, the later it descended from the common ancestor. A node is a place where a branch splits. It represents the most common ancestor shared by a clade. DNA sequences/genes, amino acid sequences/proteins, hormones, etc. As more research is done and the evolutionary histories of different species become better understood, evolutionary trees are rearranged to reflect the most current scientific understanding. The species are very closely related; they share a relatively recent common ancestor. A phylogeny shows the origins for a group, or “class,” of species. Cladistics is classification based on evolutionary relationships and a cladogram shows these relationships in a branching-tree diagram. derived SECTION 4. DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS 1. Since it reflects the most current understanding of how living things are related, new discoveries can change the way living things are classified. 2. Three hundred years ago, only two kingdoms were recognized. Now, a sixkingdom system is most widely accepted. 3. His research revealed two genetically different groups of prokaryotes, which justified splitting kingdom Monera into two kingdoms. The genetic and cellular differences were so great, that these two kingdoms were eventually placed into different domains in the current threedomain system. Timeline: 1753: Linnaeus introduced his two-kingdom system which included Plantae and Animalia; 1866: Kingdom Protista introduced by Haeckel; 1938: Kingdom Monera introduced by Copeland; 1959: SECTION 2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 1. the evolutionary history for a group of species 2. in a branching-tree diagram, such as a cladogram 3. to place species on a branching-tree diagram in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor 4. taxon being classified 5. clade 6. node 7. derived characters 8. a group of organisms that shares a common ancestor 9. Scientists must determine which derived characters are shared by which groups of organisms; the more derived characters a © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B i The Tree of Life Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Kingdom Fungi introduced by Whittaker; kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and 1977: Kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Animalia. Bacteria and Archaea by Woese. 7. Many bacteria and archaea are able to 4. Bacteria: single-celled prokaryotes classified transfer genes among themselves outside of by shape, need for oxygen, and whether they typical reproduction. This blurs the line cause disease; kingdom Bacteria. between species as they are defined in the 5. Archaea: single-celled prokaryotes Linnaean system. genetically distinct from bacteria, with 8. Eukarya different cell wall characteristics, many able 9. Archaea to thrive in extreme environments; kingdom 10. Bacteria Archaea. 6. Eukarya: eukaryotes (distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular; © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 2 The Tree of Life Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy binomial nomenclature taxon genus MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Fill in the concept map with details about Linnaean taxonomy. Linnaean taxonomy names classifies 1. 4. using a system called based on 2. 5. into groups called which gives each species a 3. 6. MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. 7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized? _______________________________________________________________ 8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to species. _______________________________________________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 1 The Tree of Life Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate boxes below. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. MAIN IDEA: The Linnaean classification system has limitations. 9. Why did Linnaeus base his system of classification on physical similarities alone, as opposed to including molecular and genetic similarities? _______________________________________________________________ 10. Why are physical similarities among species not always the result of being closely related? _______________________________________________________________ 11. Why do scientists today rely on molecular and genetic similarities to classify organisms? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Check 12. Taxonomy is the science of __________ and __________ organisms. 13. Words from the __________ language are used in binomial nomenclature. 14. In the binomial nomenclature naming system, each species is given a unique scientific name that includes a _________ name and a _________ descriptor. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 2 The Tree of Life Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. VOCABULARY phylogeny cladogram cladistics derived character MAIN IDEA: Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. 1. What is a phylogeny? _______________________________________________________________ 2. How can a phylogeny be shown? _______________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the main goal of cladistics. _______________________________________________________________ Use the word box below to label the main features of a cladogram. clade node taxon being classified derived character 5. 4. 7. 6. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 3 The Tree of Life Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued 8. What is a clade? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 9. How are derived characters used in making a cladogram? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 10. On a cladogram, what is a node and what does it represent? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ MAIN IDEA: Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. 11. Give two examples of molecular evidence that can be used to help determine species’ relatedness. _______________________________________________________________ 12. Why are evolutionary trees often changed? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 13. What can be concluded if the genes of two species are found to be nearly identical? _______________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Check 14. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny means “origin.” How do these meanings apply to the term phylogeny? _______________________________________________________________ 15. How are the words cladistics and cladogram related? _______________________________________________________________ 16. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other species in that group do not have, are called __________ characters. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 4 The Tree of Life Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms Study Guide KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains. VOCABULARY Bacteria Archaea Eukarya MAIN IDEA: Classification is always a work in progress. 1. Why is classification considered a work in progress? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. How has the kingdom system changed over the last three hundred years? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Describe Woese’s discovery and the impact it had on the tree of life. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ On the timeline below, fill in the major changes to the kingdom system that have occurred over the past three hundred years. 1753: 1700 1938: 1977: 1900 1800 1866: 1959: 2000 2000 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 5 The Tree of Life Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide B continued MAIN IDEA: The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Fill in the table below with notes about the three-domain system. Domain Characteristics Kingdoms Included 4. Bacteria 5. Archaea 6. Eukarya 7. Why is it difficult to classify bacteria and archaea down to the species level? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Check Bacteria Archaea Eukarya __________ 8. Have cells with distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles __________ 9. Known for their ability to live in extreme environments __________ 10. Classified by their shape, need for oxygen, and whether they cause disease © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide B 6 The Tree of Life Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms