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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
The Tree of Life
Study Guide
Answer Key
SECTION 1. THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM
OF CLASSIFICATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
10.
organisms or species
physical similarities
taxa
organisms or species
binomial nomenclature
a scientific name or two-part Latin name
In a hierarchy; each level is nested, or
included, in the level above it.
From kingdom to species, the taxa become
more and more specific; broad to specific.
Seven taxa: a. kingdom; b. phylum; c. class;
d. order; e. family; f. genus; g. species
The technology at the time did not allow
Linnaeus to examine organisms at the
molecular or genetic level.
Unrelated species can evolve similar traits
through convergent evolution.
These types of similarities are more likely
the result of species sharing a common
ancestor than are physical similarities.
naming, classifying
Latin
genus, species
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
group of organisms has, the later it
descended from the common ancestor.
A node is a place where a branch splits. It
represents the most common ancestor shared
by a clade.
DNA sequences/genes, amino acid
sequences/proteins, hormones, etc.
As more research is done and the
evolutionary histories of different species
become better understood, evolutionary
trees are rearranged to reflect the most
current scientific understanding.
The species are very closely related; they
share a relatively recent common ancestor.
A phylogeny shows the origins for a group,
or “class,” of species.
Cladistics is classification based on
evolutionary relationships and a cladogram
shows these relationships in a branching-tree
diagram.
derived
SECTION 4. DOMAINS AND
KINGDOMS
1. Since it reflects the most current
understanding of how living things are
related, new discoveries can change the way
living things are classified.
2. Three hundred years ago, only two
kingdoms were recognized. Now, a sixkingdom system is most widely accepted.
3. His research revealed two genetically
different groups of prokaryotes, which
justified splitting kingdom Monera into two
kingdoms. The genetic and cellular
differences were so great, that these two
kingdoms were eventually placed into
different domains in the current threedomain system.
Timeline:
1753: Linnaeus introduced his two-kingdom
system which included Plantae and
Animalia; 1866: Kingdom Protista
introduced by Haeckel; 1938: Kingdom
Monera introduced by Copeland; 1959:
SECTION 2. CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS
1. the evolutionary history for a group of
species
2. in a branching-tree diagram, such as a
cladogram
3. to place species on a branching-tree diagram
in the order in which they descended from a
common ancestor
4. taxon being classified
5. clade
6. node
7. derived characters
8. a group of organisms that shares a common
ancestor
9. Scientists must determine which derived
characters are shared by which groups of
organisms; the more derived characters a
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
i
The Tree of Life
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Kingdom Fungi introduced by Whittaker;
kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
1977: Kingdom Monera split into kingdoms
Animalia.
Bacteria and Archaea by Woese.
7. Many bacteria and archaea are able to
4. Bacteria: single-celled prokaryotes classified
transfer genes among themselves outside of
by shape, need for oxygen, and whether they
typical reproduction. This blurs the line
cause disease; kingdom Bacteria.
between species as they are defined in the
5. Archaea: single-celled prokaryotes
Linnaean system.
genetically distinct from bacteria, with
8. Eukarya
different cell wall characteristics, many able
9. Archaea
to thrive in extreme environments; kingdom
10. Bacteria
Archaea.
6. Eukarya: eukaryotes (distinct nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles) that may be
unicellular, colonial, or multicellular;
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
2
The Tree of Life
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
VOCABULARY
taxonomy
binomial nomenclature
taxon
genus
MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Fill in the concept map with details about Linnaean taxonomy.
Linnaean taxonomy
names
classifies
1.
4.
using a system called
based on
2.
5.
into groups called
which gives each species a
3.
6.
MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized?
_______________________________________________________________
8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to
species.
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
1
The Tree of Life
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate
boxes below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
MAIN IDEA: The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
9. Why did Linnaeus base his system of classification on physical similarities
alone, as opposed to including molecular and genetic similarities?
_______________________________________________________________
10. Why are physical similarities among species not always the result of being
closely related?
_______________________________________________________________
11. Why do scientists today rely on molecular and genetic similarities to classify
organisms?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check
12. Taxonomy is the science of __________ and __________ organisms.
13. Words from the __________ language are used in binomial nomenclature.
14. In the binomial nomenclature naming system, each species is given a unique
scientific name that includes a _________ name and a _________ descriptor.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
2
The Tree of Life
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
VOCABULARY
phylogeny
cladogram
cladistics
derived character
MAIN IDEA: Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
1. What is a phylogeny?
_______________________________________________________________
2. How can a phylogeny be shown?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Describe the main goal of cladistics.
_______________________________________________________________
Use the word box below to label the main features of a cladogram.
clade
node
taxon being
classified
derived
character
5.
4.
7.
6.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
3
The Tree of Life
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
8. What is a clade?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
9. How are derived characters used in making a cladogram?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
10. On a cladogram, what is a node and what does it represent?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
11. Give two examples of molecular evidence that can be used to help determine
species’ relatedness.
_______________________________________________________________
12. Why are evolutionary trees often changed?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
13. What can be concluded if the genes of two species are found to be nearly
identical?
_______________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check
14. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny
means “origin.” How do these meanings apply to the term phylogeny?
_______________________________________________________________
15. How are the words cladistics and cladogram related?
_______________________________________________________________
16. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other
species in that group do not have, are called __________ characters.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
4
The Tree of Life
Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The current tree of life has three domains.
VOCABULARY
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
MAIN IDEA: Classification is always a work in progress.
1. Why is classification considered a work in progress?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. How has the kingdom system changed over the last three hundred years?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Describe Woese’s discovery and the impact it had on the tree of life.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
On the timeline below, fill in the major changes to the kingdom system that have
occurred over the past three hundred years.
1753:
1700
1938:
1977:
1900
1800
1866:
1959:
2000
2000
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
5
The Tree of Life
Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya.
Fill in the table below with notes about the three-domain system.
Domain
Characteristics
Kingdoms Included
4. Bacteria
5. Archaea
6. Eukarya
7. Why is it difficult to classify bacteria and archaea down to the species level?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
__________ 8. Have cells with distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
__________ 9. Known for their ability to live in extreme environments
__________ 10. Classified by their shape, need for oxygen, and whether they
cause disease
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
6
The Tree of Life
Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms