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Download New Ideologies HW - Ms. Cannistraci presents the World History
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Ms. Cannistraci Document 1 Name:________________________________________ Date:_____ What were his ideas on evolution? Charles Darwin Document 2 How would you explain his idea of Social Darwinism? Herbert Spencer Document 3 According to Thomas Malthus what were the preventative checks for population growth? Thomas Malthus According to Thomas Malthus what were the positive checks for population growth? Document 4 What are the main ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in section A? Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels What are the main ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in section B? What are the main ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in section C? What are the main ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in section D? Document 5 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels According to Marx and Engels, what are two ideas that characterize Marxist communism? 1st 2nd Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________________ Date:______ Document 1 Charles Darwin, On Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an English biologist was one of a number of scientists considering theories of evolution. He published On the Origin of Species, in 1859 and set forth his theory that animals evolved through variation and natural selection of those most fit to survive in particular environments. Darwin came to believe that species survived through a process called "natural selection," where species that successfully adapted to meet the changing requirements of their natural habitat thrived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce died off. Document 2 Modern History Sourcebook: Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism, 1857 [adapted] Herbert Spencer (18201903) was thinking about ideas of evolution and progress before Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species (1859). Nonetheless, his ideas received a major boost from Darwin's theories and the general application of ideas such as "adaptation" and "survival of the fittest" to social thought is known as "Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is an application of the theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues. In its simplest form, Social Darwinism follows the idea of "the strong survive," including human issues. [This form of justification was enthusiastically adopted by many businessmen as scientific proof of their superiority.] Spencer also applied Darwinian Theory to human development, arguing that wealth and power were signs of fitness and that mankind benefited from intense competition and removal of the weak and unfit. According to Social Darwinism, those with strength (economic, physical, technological) flourish and those without are destined for extinction. It is important to note that Darwin did not extend his theories to a social or economic level, nor are any credible evolutionists subscribing to the theories of Social Darwinism Document 3 Thomas Malthus’s Essay on Population Thomas Malthus believed that natural rates of human reproduction, when unchecked, would lead to geometric increases in population: population would grow in a ratio of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on. However, he believed that food production increased only in arithmetic progression: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. It seemed obvious to him that something had to keep the population in check to prevent wholesale starvation. He said that there were two general kinds of checks that limited population growth: preventative checks and positive checks. Preventative checks reduced the birth rate; positive checks increased the death rate. Moral restraint, vice and birth control were the primary preventative checks. Moral restraint was the means by which the higher ranks of humans limited their family size in order not to dissipate their wealth among larger numbers of heirs. For the lower ranks of humans, vice and birth control were the means by which their numbers could be limited - but Malthus believed that these were insufficient to limit the vast numbers of the poor. The positive checks were famine, misery, plague and war; because preventative checks had not limited the numbers of the poor, Malthus thought that positive checks were essential to do that job. The Communist Manifesto is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Choose one section of the text and explain the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in your own words. A The history of…society is the history of class struggles. Throughout history, there have been conflict between the haves and the have nots, between those who hold economic power and those whose labor is exploited. In ancient times, this conflict was between freeman and slave, between aristocrat and commoner. In the Middle Ages, it was between the lord and serf…Here in the industrial Age, there is a constant class warfare between the proletariat [worker] and the bourgeoisie [factory owner/employer]… __________________________________________________________________ B At one time, capitalism was beneficial to society. It enabled people to produce goods on a large scale. The machines and technical skills introduced by capitalism created unlimited opportunities for people to improve themselves. But now capitalism has outlived its usefulness…The workers…are forced to work long hours under miserable conditions. They receive little [money] in return for their labor [work]. Although the workers produce the goods, the profits go to the capitalists. Capitalism has brought great wealth to the bourgeoisie [factory owner/employer] and grinding poverty to the worker. __________________________________________________________________ C What is the solution? Communist theory is summed up in a single sentence: Abolish private property (property owned by individuals, and not the state [country]). Bring all the means of production [land, factory, machine, resources] into the hands of the state [country]; that is, the workers organized as the ruling class. When this happens, the class struggle will be over. In place of the capitalist society with its opposing classes, we will have a classless society, [a society without different social classes], in which everyone will be equal. __________________________________________________________________ D The immediate aim of the communists is…to organize the proletariat [the workers]. Aroused and united by the communist…the workers will rise up and overthrow their capitalist oppressors…They will take over the means of production and seize political power. Let the ruling class tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries unite! Adapted from: Bertram L. Linder, et al, A World history (Chicago, Ill: Science Research Associates, 1979), p. 459 Document 5 Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848 II. Proletarians and Communists . . .The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all the other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat. . . . The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property. But modern bourgeois private property is the final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few. . . .Source: Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, International Publishers Quiz Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________ Date:__________ 1._____ 2._____ 3._____ 4._____ 5._____ 1. What is a major belief associated with Marxism? (1) The proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie. (2) Religion should be more important than political forces. (3) Private ownership of property should be expanded. 2. Where did Karl Marx predict a revolution of the proletariat would occur first? (1) industrial Europe (2) independent Latin America (3) colonial Africa (4) agricultural Russia (4) Peasants would gain control of overseas markets. 3. During the 1800s, the writings of Marx, Engels, 4. “Famine seems to be the last, the most dreadful and Dickens focused attention on the problems faced by resource of nature. The power of population is so superior to the power in the earth to provide subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. . . .” (1) factory owners (3) farm laborers (2) investment bankers (4) industrial workers — Thomas Malthus, “Essay on Population,” 1798 This prediction proved to be wrong in part because of increases in (1) ethnic cleansing (2) farm productivity (3) the number of wars (4) the number of droughts Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies. Speaker A: Government should not interfere in relations between workers and business owners. Speaker B: The workers will rise up and overthrow the privileged class. Speaker C: Private property will cease to exist. The people will own the means of production. Speaker D: A favorable balance of trade should be maintained by the use of tariffs. 5. Which two speakers represent Karl Marx’s ideas of communism? (1) A and B (3) B and D (2) B and C (4) C and D 7 Which speaker is referring to laissez-faire capitalism? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D