Download The Civilizations of the Greeks

Chapter 3 The Civilizations of the Greeks: III. Archaic & Classical Greece
Classical Greece
Greece in the 5 th century B.C. Begins and ends with wars Persian Wars, 490 B.C. & 480­479 B.C. Peloponnesian War, 431­404 B.C. The high point of Greek culture (history writing, philosophy, architecture, sculpture, painting, etc.) The Challenge of Persia
Athens – c. 500 B.C., made a defensive treaty with Persia because worried about Sparta Ionian Greeks Revolt, 499 B.C.­494 B.C. Athens helps The Challenge of Persia
Persian Wars Darius I vs. Athens, 490 B.C. • Battle of Marathon Xerxes vs. all Greece, 480­479 B.C. Herodotus, The Histories The Challenge of Persia Herodotus, The Histories Spielvogel, p. 66 How does this passage reflect Herodotus’ pride in the Greeks? Herodotus
The Challenge of Persia 490 B.C.­480 B.C. Athens prepares for the return of Persia General Themistocles develops a navy • 200 triremes Trireme
Themistocles The Challenge of Persia
Xerxes (reigned 486­465 B.C.) invades Greece, 480 B.C. Huge invasion force Herodotus says army of 1 million men (probably closer to 150,000) As many as 700 ships Greeks unite against Persia! Battle of _____________, 480 B.C. 300 Spartans vs. Persian Army Battle of Salamis The Challenge of Persia Battle of Plataea, 479 B.C. Naval Battle of Mycale, 479 B.C. Greece Wins! The first and only time Greeks united!
Will Persia Come Back? Athens prepares for the return of Persia Delian League League members pay central treasury Greek states in Ionia liberated from Persian empire Money used to build ships – guess where? Athenian imperialism
Athens under Pericles Pericles, leader of Athens from 461­429 B.C. Full­blown Athenian Democracy What was undemocratic about Solon’s and Cleisthenes’ Athens? What did Pericles do differently? Pericles
Periclean Democracy The Assembly (Ecclesia) All male citizens over 18 participate Responsible for laws, foreign policy, declaring war Council of 500 (introduced by Cleisthenes) 50 men elected by lot from each tribe Prepared agenda for assembly The Acropolis as seen from the Pnyx
Periclean Democracy Magistrates Chosen by lot Board of 10 Generals (strategoi) Elected by vote Law Courts Direct democracy “Themistocles” Ostracon
All can participate All officials paid Ostracism “Mob­ocracy” “Aristeides” Ostracon Other policies of Pericles Didn’t let member states of Delian League secede Moved Delian League treasury to Athens Used treasury money to glorify Athens The Parthenon and the Acropolis Result: The Delian League is an Athenian Empire …Sparta noticed
Sparta in the 5 th century B.C. Athens’ enemy “Cold War” between Athens and Sparta warmed up by “Thirty Year’s Peace,” 445 B.C. Inevitable war between Athens and her allies (=the Delian League) and Sparta and her allies (=the Peloponnesian League) The Great Peloponnesian War, 431­404 B.C. (on and off) Thucydides (c. 460­c. 400 B.C.), Historian of the war The History of the Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War 431 B.C. ­ Sparta invades Attica Pericles’ Funeral Oration • Spielvogel, p. 68 • http://www.pbs.org/empir es/thegreeks/background/ 36_p1.html Athens invades Peloponnesus by sea 429 B.C. ­ Plague in Athens
The Peloponnesian War New leaders in Athens and Sparta Athenian general loses battle at Amphipolis, 424 B.C. Another battle at Amphipolis in 422 B.C. leaves Athenian General Cleon and Spartan General Brasidas dead Peace of Nicias, 421 B. C.
The Peloponnesian War Alcibiades (c. 450 ­404 B.C.) Nephew of Pericles General of Athens in the 420 and 410s Student and friend of Socrates Athenian invasion of _______, 415­413 B.C. Alcibiades
Thucydides, Historian of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides (c. 460­c. 400 B.C.) The History of the Peloponnesian War • Spielvogel, p. 70, “Disaster in Sicily” s What does the passage from Thucydides reveal about war and its consequences in ancient Greece? s What does the Sicilian campaign indicate about the extent of Greek civilization in the 5 th century? s Why were the losers treated so badly by the winners, and what might have been the reason why Athenians and Greeks from Italy and Sicily were treated differently than other Greek captives?
The Peloponnesian War Disastrous Sicilian Expedition As many as 50,000 Athenians dead or enslaved Alcibiades defects to Sparta! 405 B.C., Battle of Aegospotami Athens defeated at sea
The End of the Peloponnesian War Surrender of Athens, 404 B.C. Sparta installs the Thirty Tyrants The Thirty Tyrants expelled (by Sparta) in 403 B.C. Democracy [somewhat] re­established Athenians look for a scapegoat…and find one…
Decline of the Greek States, 404­338 B.C. Sparta Athens Thebes Persia Macedonia
Chapter 3 The Civilizations of the Greeks: IV. The Culture of Classical Greece
The Culture of Classical Greece The Firsts of Classical Athens 1 st _________________ 1 st _________________ 1 st _________________ Advances in Architecture Idealistic sculpture All this in between and during 2 major wars
The Culture of Classical Greece: History Writing __________ (c. 484­425 B.C.) The Persian Wars “Historia” __________(c. 460­400 B.C.) A History of the Peloponnesian War Spielvogel, p. 68, “Athenian Democracy: The Funeral Oration of Pericles” • According to Pericles, what are the ideals of Athenian democracy? • Was Athens a democracy?
The Culture of Classical Greece: Drama ­ Tragedy Part of religious festivals Subject matter ­ Myths and Legends from Greece’s heroic past Aeschylus Oresteia Sophocles Oedipus Rex (c. 420 B.C.) Euripides
The Culture of Classical Greece: Architecture The greatest architectural achievement was the temple which represented the bond between religious and patriotic feelings. Public buildings Private buildings Construction • Limestone and marble
The Culture of Classical Greece: Architecture Temples Three Orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
The Culture of Classical Greece: Sculpture Polyclitus’ Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman marble copy from Pompeii, Italy, after a bronze original of ca. 450–440 BC, 6’ 11” high. (See Spielvogel, p. 75) Contrapposto Pose Canon of Proportions
The Culture of Classical Greece: Vase Painting
The Culture of Classical Greece: Philosophy Pioneers of Rational Thought What are the elements from which all material things are made? 6 th century B.C.: The Pre­Socratic Philosophers (also known as the Ionian School)
The Culture of Classical Greece: Philosophy Thales of Miletus, 6 th century B.C. 1 st Greek to predict an eclipse Water the basic element Leucippus and student Democritus, 5 th century B.C. The universe is made up of indivisible units =Atoms Hippocrates of Cos, 5 th century B.C. Environment and health “Father of Medicine” The Pre­Socratic Philosophers Why are they called philosophers rather than scientists? “Lovers of Wisdom”
The Culture of Classical Greece: Philosophy __________(= “Wise Men”) Professional teachers What were the skills Athenians would need to be successful? Why did so many Athenians object to the Sophists?
Greek Philosophy: Socrates, 469­399 B.C. Socratic method Often mistaken for a Sophist because he was skeptical and interested in human affairs “Athens had had a tradition of free thought and inquiry, but its defeat in the Peloponnesian War had created an environment intolerant of open debate and soul­searching.” (Spielvogel, p. 76)
Greek Philosophy: Plato, 429­347 B.C. A student of __________ Dialogues The Academy The Republic What is the ideal government? The world of Forms The allegory of the cave
Greek Philosophy: Aristotle, 384­322 B.C. Student of __________ Scientific method “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation] Politics Spielvogel p. 77 Tutor of ______________
Greek Religion Festivals Mount Olympus and the Twelve Olympian Gods and Goddesses Anthropomorphic Ritual, Sacrifice, Prayer No body of dogma No special class of priests No consolation or promise of life after death Oracle of Apollo at Delphi Mystery Religions
Daily Life in Classical Athens The citizens of Athens Everyone else: Women ________ (resident aliens) Slaves • Domestic slaves vs. state­owned slaves
Women in Classical Athens The first woman: Pandora Women engaged in public life only at: Public funerals Religious Festivals Marriage Arranged by fathers when women were still young (as young as 5) Bride in her teens, husband about 30 years old Ceremony; “I give this woman for the procreation of legitimate children”
Sexuality in Classical Athens Prostitution Hetairai, “Companions to Men” Symposium Homosexuality