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Word Functions
Simple Subject
• Part of sentence about which something is being said
• Must be a noun, pronoun, gerund or infinitive
• Can never be in a prepositional phrase
• There and here are never the subject of a sentence
• The subject can be an “understood you”
o Bring me the remote, please. (You bring it to me)
Simple Predicate
• The verb or action of the sentence.
Types of verbs:
• ACTION
o Shows action
o The dog smells the flower.
• LINKING / Verb of Condition
o Links two words together
o Is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste
o The flower smells pretty.
• HELPING / Auxiliary Verb
o “helps” an action or linking verb
o examples: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, have,
has, had, do, does, did, ought
o We have been taking notes all day (taking is action)
o She will be cold without a jacket (be is linking)
• Transitive: takes a direct object (We love English.)
• Intransitive: does not take a direct object (Please sit down.) All linking verbs are intransitive
Types of Conjunctions
• Coordinating Conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar
elements such as subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, or sentence+sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is
used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element.
o Examples: and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so
• Correlative Conjunctions also connect sentence elements of the same kind, however, unlike coordinating conjunctions,
correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs.
o Examples: both - and, not only - but also, not - but neither - nor, if - then
• Subordinating Conjunctions: These are the largest class of conjunctions. They connect subordinate clauses to a main
clause. They are adverbs used as conjunctions.
o Examples:
Time: after, before, since, when, while, until
Reason: because, since, so that, why
Place: where, wherever
Condition: if, unless, until, in case
Manner: as if, as though, how
Compliments
• Completes the meaning of the subject and verb
o Types:
Direct Object
• Noun or pronoun
• Follows an action verb
• To find it: “subject” “verb” “what?”
• I like English “I” “like” “what?” English
Indirect Object
• Noun or pronoun
• Comes before a direct object
• To find it: “subject” “verb” “direct object” “to or for whom or what?”
• He gave me the paper. “He” “gave” “paper” “to whom?” me
predicate nominative:
•
is a noun or pronoun; follows linking verb and renames subject. To find it, say "subject," "linking
verb," "what?"—He is a nice guy. "He" "is" "what?" guy (predicate nominative)
predicate adjective:
• is an adjective; follows linking verb and describes subject. To find it, say "subject," "linking verb,"
"what?"—He is nice. "He" "is" "what?" nice (predicate adjective)
VERBAL
• verb not behaving like a verb
• Types
o gerund (ger): verb acting like noun; ends in –ing. Reading is fun. (subj.) I enjoy shopping. (D.O.) Use pencils for
drawing. (O.P.)
o participle (part): verb acting like adjective; ends in -ing or -ed (or other past tense ending) I have running shoes.
Frightened, I ran down the street. It's an unspoken rule.
o infinitive (inf): to + verb; can act like noun (I like to eat), adjective (It's the best place to eat), or adverb (I need a
pen to write a letter)
Phrases
• Appositive Phrase
o Noun or pronoun that follows and renames another noun or pronoun
o My son Beck likes trains
o Ashley, my daughter, loves to dance.
• Prepositional Phrase
o Group of words beginning with preposition and ending with noun or pronoun
o Can act as an adjective (I want a room with a view) or adverb (His house is on the lake)
o Adjectival - describes a noun
o Adverbial - modifies a verb
• Gerund Phrase
o Gerund (ends in –ing) plus its modifiers and objects
• Infinitive Phrase
o Infinitive plus its modifiers and objects
o He likes to eat pepperoni pizza.
APPOSITIVE/APPOSITIVE PHRASE (app/ app ph)
• noun or pronoun that follows and renames another noun of pronoun. (My son Beck likes trains.) (Ansley, my daughter,
loves to dance.)
Objects:
• OBJECT OF PREPOSITION (op)
o follows a preposition and tells "what?" (The key is under the rug. "under what?" rug)
o If there's no object, it's not a preposition (Please stand up. “Up” is an adverb in this case.)
• OBJECT OF INFINITIVE (obj inf)
o follows an infinitive and tells "what?" (I want to eat pizza. "to eat what?" pizza)
• OBJECT OF GERUND (obj ger)
o follows a gerund and tells "what?" (I like eating pizza. "eating what?" pizza)
• OBJECT OF PARTICIPLE (obj part)
o follows a participle and tells "what?" (Riding his bike, he struggled up the hill. "riding what?" bike